Balcan studies

Sui crimini contro l'umanità commessi dai partizan slavi nella ex-Iugoslavia tra il 1941 e il 1943 manca uno studio generale, come abbiamo evidenziato nel nostro breve saggio Crimini partigiani in Balcania (1941-1942). Il sacrificio degli Italiani nelle carte della Federazione del PNF di Fiume. Tra le evidenze della nostra analisi vi era l'assoluta mancanza di motivazioni che potessero, non diciamo giustificare, ma far comprendere la soppressione degli Italiani, se non quella di rappresentare un'idea e una nazionalità che i partizan slavi, illegittimi belligeranti, odiavano a prescindere. Il dato che tra i dodici nostri connazionali assassinati censiti dalla Federazione fascista di Fiume nel Giugno 1942 vi fossero ben otto civili, tra cui due donne (Ariella Rea e Francesca Accordino), rendeva bene l'idea dell'indeterminatezza delle accuse che si potevano fare loro, come della genericità delle soppressioni, che non risparmiavano nessuno. E lo si vide bene quando, crollato il sistema difensivo militare italo-tedesco in Istria, le formazioni titine invasero il territorio italiano massacrando la popolazione presente in quella che passò alla storia come la pulizia etnica dell'Istria, di Fiume e della Dalmazia, che per l'appunto non riguardò solo i militari dell'Asse, non riguardò solo i "fascisti", ma tutti gli Italiani, indistintamente. Omicidi, stragi, mattanze sommarie avvenute durante e dopo la fine della guerra, contro gente inerme. Nel nostro breve saggio ci colpì il duplice omicidio di Giovanni Renzi e Francesca Accordino, due insegnanti. Ha subito richiamato alla mente il modus operandi dei titini durante la pulizia etnica della Primavera del 1945, quando i primi ad essere "decapitati" furono proprio gli Italiani che avevano funzioni direttive nelle comunità locali, quindi non solo Podestà, Commissari prefettizi, Segretari comunali, ma anche imprenditori, insegnanti e Sacerdoti. Come abbiamo visto, questa violenza ha radici profonde: nella guerriglia come sviluppatasi in Balcania tra il 1941 e il 1943, quando alla guerra di liberazione nazionale si aggiunsero motivazioni politiche che tramutarono questa lotta-essenzialmente guerriglia-in guerra di classe, guerra etnica, guerra di conquista comunista del potere. Una guerriglia che ebbe la possibilità-a differenza di quanto avvenne nell'Italia settentrionale-di poter fare un salto di qualità, non solo per le masse che riuscì a mobilitare, ma anche per l'importante supporto operativo e materiale degli Alleati, tra i quali si distinsero i Britannici con l'invio di missioni, di armi e di mezzi, tra cui non dimentichiamo anche il sostegno diretto della ricostituita Regia Aeronautica del Regno del Sud, che effettuò aviolanci di armi e materiali, nonché bombardamenti (anche in territorio italiano). Tornando all'oggetto della nostra riflessione, le preoccupazioni delle Autorità italiane per la sorte degli insegnanti che operavano nelle zone soggette all'azione partigiana si sviluppò proprio all'indomani della sconfitta della Iugoslavia (Aprile 1941) a seguito della quale si istituì la Slovenia italiana (Provincia di Lubiana) e la Provincia di Fiume fu ampliata, inglobando alcuni Comuni della Liburnia croata. In questi territori presero ad operare varie organizzazioni anti-italiane che furono la base sulla quale si sviluppò la guerriglia.

Πρακτικά του πρώτου  Συνεδρίου Τοπικής Ιστορίας Παγγαίου / 1st  Congress of the local history of Paggaion, 2017, 356-375.
Αναστάσιος Ουλκέρογλου, Δρ Αρχαιολόγος.
Ιωάννης Τσάτσος, Διπλ. Αρχιτέκτων Μηχανικός.


Περίληψη

  Κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 2011-2015 πραγματοποιήθηκε το έργο «Στερέωση-Αποκατάσταση Οχύρωσης Ανακτορούπολης». Στο εσωτερικό του βυζαντινού κάστρου εμφανίστηκαν λασπόκτιστες κτηριακές εγκαταστάσεις (Κ1 ως Κ15). Τα κτήρια χαρακτηρίζονται από λιτό αρχιτεκτονικό σχεδιασμό και στοιχειώδη εσωτερική διάρθρωση. Με βάση τα κατασκευαστικά τους χαρακτηριστικά και τα κινητά ευρήματα εντάξαμε τα κτήρια σε τέσσερις διαφορετικές χρονικές περιόδους: Α) Τα κτήρια 9, 11 και 12 ως 15 ανήκουν στον μικρό οθωμανικό οικισμό Kale Çiftlik. Β) Τα κτήρια 2 και 3 ιδρύθηκαν ή ανακαινίστηκαν από ένα βουλγαρικό στράτευμα κατά τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Η στρατιωτική μονάδα καθαίρεσε και διέρρηξε πολλά σημεία του τείχους για να καταστήσει το μνημείο οχυρό. Γ) Οι πρόσφυγες της Ν. Περάμου μετά την άφιξή τους το 1923 ίδρυσαν τα κτήρια 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 και τα αποχωρητήρια νότια του Κ4. Επίσης, επαναχρησιμοποίησαν τα κτήρια 2 και 3. Δ) Κατά τη δεκαετία του 1930 ο κτηνοτρόφος Γεώργιος Τσίγκας επαναχρησιμοποίησε τα κτήρια 2, 3 και 10. Η υπόλοιπη έκταση του κάστρου λειτουργούσε σαν βοσκοτόπι, αλλά και σαν λατομείο οικοδομικού υλικού από τους κατοίκους της περιοχής μέχρι τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1960.


Summary

    During the project «Consolidation and restoration of the fortification of Anaktoroupolis» fifteen buildings (K1 to K15) were unearthed inside the byzantine castle. The buildings have simplified architectural design and basic internal structure. Based on their structural features and the artifacts found during the excavation we have distinguished the buildings in four different time periods: A) Buildings 9, 11 and 12 to 15 belong to the small ottoman settlement of Kale Çiftlik. B) Buildings 2 and 3 were founded or renovated by the Bulgarian army that camped in the castle during the First World War. The military unit demolished many parts of the fortification in order to make the monument stronghold. C) The refugees of N. Peramos after their arrival in 1923 founded the buildings 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and the lavatories southern of K4. They also reused the buildings 2 and 3. D) In the 1930s the farmer George Tsigkas reused the buildings 2, 3 and 10. The remaining area of the castle served as a pastureland, as well as a source of building material for the inhabitants of the region until the late 1960s.

This number of the review is called EU-WESTERN BALKANS
COOPERATION
ON JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS
ESSAYS
edited by
TERESA RUSSO, ANNA ORIOLO, GASPARE DALIA


This Special Issue collects some of the essays of the Jean Monnet Module
“EU-Western Balkans Cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs”
(EUWEB) admitted to financing by the European Commission for the
period 2019-2022. It is edited by: Teresa Russo (Coordinator of the
EUWEB Module), Anna Oriolo and Gaspare Dalia (Key Staff Members of
the EUWEB Module).

La grande battaglia di Qades (con introduzione di Sergio Cammelli) ANONIMO La morte dell'Africa GIOVANNI ARMILLOTTA Scuole e lingue native. L'esperienza della Nuova Caledonia MARINA BORGETTI Le elemosine al Continente nero MARCO COCHI Imperialismo e modernizzazione nella Cina degli ultimi Qing. Alle origini delle Imperial Maritime Customs ANDREA FRANCIONI Geopolitica e diritto internazionale. Nell'epoca dell'occidentalizzazione del pianeta TIBERIO GRAZIANI La crisi di Panamà sulle pagine de "L'Osservatore Romano" MASSIMILIANO LANDUCCI Il marabutismo. Culto e cultura popolare in Marocco MARIA PAMELA MUNZONE L'egemonia imperiale statunitense. Tra mito e declino ALFREDO MUSTO AEthiopia CLAUDIO MUTTI In and out of colonialism The fall of development aid and the marginalisation of Africa TEKESTE NEGASH L'Unione Sudafricana nelle mire dell'espansionismo politico-economico dell'Italia fascista ROSITA ORLANDI La posta del Levante MASSIMILIANO PEZZI Mitopoietica dello sviluppo neoimperialista RAFFAELE RAGNI L'Algeria di Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Un regime e la sua crisi FRANCESCO TAMBURINI Coppa Davis 1976. Si possono combattere le dittature con le racchette? CLAUDIA TOSI Da Bretton Woods alla crisi petrolifera. Dall'inconvertibilità del dollaro al Trattato di Maastricht GIORGIO VITANGELI ASE Africana, 2008: 121-124

Summary
The article gives an overview of the most important families of the medieval Albanian town of Drivasto, presenting some of them. Noble families of origin from Drivasto encountered in documents are numerous, however, as for any topic related to Drivasto's history, the activity of these families in political and economic life both inside and outside the city cannot be exhaustively explored due to incomplete resources. Their story after the Ottoman invasion of Drivasto, which for many of these families continues in emigration, will not be taken into consideration in this article, because it would overcome the framework of the article. There are two groups of families presented here. The first group consists of the principal families that often appear in documents and have played an essential role in Drivasto's history, such as Angelus, Spani, etc., while the second group consists of families of lesser importance, the nobility of whom is not sure. Among these, we can mention Skepudar, Svinji, Zogi families, etc.



Abstrakt
Në artikull jepet një pasqyrë të familjeve më të rëndësishme të qytetit mesjetar Drisht, duke paraqitur disa nga ato. Familjet fisnike me origjinë nga Drishti që hasen nëpër dokumente janë të shumta megjithatë si për çdo tematikë e lidhur me historinë e Drishtit, edhe aktiviteti i këtyre familjeve në jetën politike dhe ekonomike qoftë brenda qytetit, qoftë jashtë tij nuk mund të hulumtohet në mënyrë shteruese për shkak të burimeve jo të plota dhe të mangëta. Historia e tyre pas pushtimit osman të Drishtit, e cila për shumë nga këto familje vazhdon më tej në emigrim, në këtë artikull nuk do të merret në shqyrtim, pasi një gjë e tillë do të kapërcente kuadrin e tij. Në artikull do të merren në shqyrtim dy grupe familjesh. Grupi i parë përbëhet nga familjet më kryesore që gjenden dendur nëpër dokumente dhe që kanë luajtur një rol të rëndësishëm në historinë e Drishtit, si Engjëlli, Shpani, etj., ndërsa grupi i dytë përbëhet nga familje të një rëndësie më të vogël, fisnikëria e të cilave vihet në diskutim. Ndër këto mund të përmendim familjet Skepudar, Svinji,  Zogi, etj.

This paper analyses the complex and multiform thought and action of St. Clement. A Saint which has dedicated his name and his life not only to the hagiography of the Christian Orthodox Church (as well as of the Roman Catholic Church), or that may be appreciated only for the instinctive and even understandable connection with regard to the elaboration and the perfection of the Cyrillic alphabet.
Even though commonly and due to the adjectival use of the name, the introduction of this alphabet is attributed exclusively to Saint Cyril (and even to Methodius).
As mentioned above, in the largeness of the interests and intellectual speculations to which the thought of Saint Clement was dedicated for several decades, a particular consideration is to be reserved to the fact how the thought of the Saint, in the historical and social context of his life, did influence fundamental issues of good governance and his vision of justice not merely reduced within the limits of state community, but intended and projected in a general context, and therefore, has not missed to take under consideration and to influence even fundamental choices of principle of international law with regard, specifically, to that dimension of justice considered by the Saint of Ohrid (840-916 a. C.) with regard to the correct international relations between States.

Galaţi, a Danubian city and one of the most important Romanian ports, as well as an industrial center, attracted a large number of foreigners, including many Greeks, from the 19th century. This city flourished one of the largest Greek communities in the country with an important role in the economy, society and education. The Greeks of Galaţi,  founded a majestic church, clubs and many schools, making the city the educational center of the Greek diaspora in Romania. The Cemetery Eternitatea (Eternity) is the most important and oldest cemetery in the city. Apart from the Orthodox section, it includes sections for other Christian doctrines as well as many military monuments and memorials. In this cemetery, where many interesting funerary monuments are found, important members of the local community have been buried, including many Greeks. These funerary monuments provide many insights into the life and activity of members of the Greek community in Galaţi, based mainly on inscriptions. They are also testimonies  of the artistic activities of Greek marble sculptors who lived and worked in the port- city of Galaţi  and in neighboring cities. The paper  is a first presentation of the subject and it  is based on field research, archives and bibliographic sources.

Knjigu arheologa Ante Miloševića , ravnatelja Muzeja Cetinske krajine u Sinju, tiskamo kao drugu u nizu monografija koje znanstveno interpretiraju konzervatorske radove na spomenicima nacionalne baštine. Nije slučajno da se ova monografija temom tijesno veže uz prethodnu koja je obradila srednjovjekovnu nekropolu u Ri čicama. Regionalni zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Splitu pokušavao je osobito zadnjih godina pokrenuti intenzivniju zaštitu spomenika u zaleđu naše obale, koje nije bilo zapušteno samo u ukupnom gospodarskom pogledu, već i gotovo napušteno kao prostor nekoć toliko važnog kulturno povijesnog značaja . Već i prije smrti Stjepana Gunjače , koji je u velikoj mjeri uspio rekonstruirati umjetničku topografiju unutrašnjosti Dalmacije, pokušaji da se za nacionalnu povjesnicu ponovno »posvoje .. prostori u kojima se jednom utemeljila hrvatska povijesna misao, svedeni su na napore nekolicine stru čnjaka. Ipak, sustavni rad muzeja u Sinju i Kninu te splitskog Regionalnog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture -osobito nakon potresa 1986. godine kad je šezdesetak najugroženijih spomenika, a među njima i najznačajnijih za taj kraj konzervatorski istraženo i popravljeno -otvorio je novo poglavlje i nove znanstvene probleme. Konačno su na tim prostorima započeti konzervatorski radovi na nizu srednjovjekovnih utvrda, koje čine osobito značajan spomenički sloj i u znatno širim prostornim okvirima (kninska tvrđava , drniška Gradina, imotska Topana, sinjski Grad i Kamičak, tvrđave u Vrgorcu i Vrlici, Nečven, Čačvina, Nut jak, Travnik). Mnogo se učinilo , naročito na popravku oštećenih crkava, samostana i manastira. Konzervatorska su istraživanja na mnogo mjesta omogućila da dotad »sivi .. povijesni podaci ožive i da se potvrde konkretnim arheološkim i povijesno umjetničkim nalazima.

After the outbreak of the Great financial crisis in 1585 the importation of European coins became uncontrollable. The official authorities was forced not only to accept the facts but also tried to setup control by defining official exchange rates for the foreign coins in its territory. These rates were often much lower than the market ones. This way the Ottoman government tried to derive financial gains by setting state-controlled rates.
With the outbreak of the crisis in the Ottoman Empire, the population began intensively to conceal a large amount of coins. The hoards buried until the 1580s are few. But the amount of the hoarded coins afterwards increased many times. To this times refer a huge amounts of coins which were circulated on nowadays Bulgarian territory between 1585 and 1648. Hristo Kharitonov has collected information about a total of 460 single finds and coin hoards, found in Bulgaria. Most of them are a stray finds.
According to their origin coins from this period belong to several groups:
1. Domestic (i.e. Ottoman coins);
2. Foreign (mostly European, and very rarely coins of other Islamic states).
Coin finds from this era as well are divided into two major groups:
1. Single finds (stray coins);
2. Collective finds (coin hoards).
According to the material of which coins were struck, they are divided into several groups:
1. Hoards containing only gold coins;
2. Hoards containing only silver coins;
3. Hoards containing only copper coins;
4. Hoards containing both gold and silver coins;
5. Hoards containing both silver and copper coins.

The  disintegration  of  the  former  Yugoslavia  was  followed  by  a  series  of
wars  during  the  nineties,  marked  by  serious  human  rights  violations.
The  legacy  of  violence  in  the  past  still  hovers  over  the  region  and
threatens human rights and social cohesion.
The  purpose  of  this  essay  is  to  emphasize  that  the  right  to  information
about  past  human  rights  violations  remains  fundamental  to  achieving
national  reconciliation  and  also,  it  aims  to  survey  the  wide  range  of
means whereby this can be achieved.

Despre relaţiile lexicale româno-albaneze s-a scris până acum foarte mult, în primul rând despre subiectul cuvintelor comune. Un aspect mult mai complex al acestor relaţii îl reprezintă expresiile frazeologice. Există, de fapt, un număr considerabil de expresii fraseologice paralele în limbiile balcanice, care mărturisesc încă o dată relaţiile strânse dintre vorbitorii acestor limbi. În afară de albaneza şi româna, fac parte din acest cerc şi aromâna, bulgara, greaca nouă şi, mai puţin, sârbo-croata. Din cauza aceasta, este important să subliniem că, pe plan frazeologic, cele mai mare afinităţi se constată între română şi albaneză.

S u m m a r y

Economic and Trade Relations between Ragusa and Albanian Lands during the Middle Ages

Trade between the Republic of Ragusa and the Medieval Albanian lands
was quite extensive and active and included most of the Albanian markets. Almost in every town with importance in trade, there was a community of Ragusan merchants. Their consuls represented those communities. Besides the consuls and merchants who were present in the cities and markets of Albania, the Ragusans had seized the customs of various products, which they rented and paid to the local rulers for the duties related to them. The Trade with Ragusa was of great importance because in Albania came wares from Western European areas and other countries. Reciprocally, Albanian products arrived not only in Ragusa. Albanian Merchants exported further their wares through Europe. In addition, trade relations with Ragusa affected the culture and mastery of the country, too, which benefited from techniques exchanged through trade. That was seen in the elaborating of gold and silver, tailoring, and
other crafts. In conclusion, we can say that trade relations with Ragusa were of great importance to Albania. These relations were a key in the economic exchanges the Albanians had with other foreign countries during the Middle Ages.

BULGARIA MEDIAEVALIS 8 (2017)
PIECES OF EVIDENCE ABOUT THE MONASTERY FOUNDED BY ST. KLIMENT OF OHRID


Contemporary knowledge of historical and cultural development of Bulgarian monasteries dated between the ninth century and the eleventh century is limited to a large extent due to the dearth of written sources. Th ere are records about the existence of plentitude of convents which turned into mediaeval Bulgarian cultural centres. Some of them accommodated schools and scriptoria which have produced not only genuine pieces of literature, but also translations from foreign languages were conducted and copied, and miscellanea collections were compiled. Th ese monasteries have formed the backbone of Preslav and Ohrid literary schools. Yet, the issue where these centres were located or what was their historical development over the centuries is still puzzling the academic community. On the one hand, archaeological excavations off er new pieces of evidence about Bulgarian convents, but on the other hand, their publications hold certain inaccuracies and inconclusiveness. Th e monasteries founded by St Kliment and St Naum of Ohrid – disciples of St Cyril and Methodius – are well outlined in copious pieces of written evidence as to their founding, while fragments of data depict their later development. Unlike the state of knowledge about many other monasteries, their 548 Summaria exact locations are known to the modern scholars. A number of bits of data about the monastery founded by St Kliment of Ohrid were inserted in the two Lives of St Kliment – these being his Long Life of Th eophylact of Ohrid and his Synoptic Life of Demetrios Chomatenos – and in various scribal notes and epigraphic inscriptions. Th e archaeological data adds to these written records. Th e monastery has been excavated in four stages in 1942–1943, 1965, 1999–2002 and 2007–2016. Archaeological fi ndings – albite incompletely – have been presented in academic journals and publications. By comparison and analysis of diff erent source data – and in spite of its fragmentary qualities – one may sketch the general chronological framework of St Pantaleon monastery’s functioning in Ohrid. Th e St Kliment’s Lives clearly present the story of saint’s founding the monastery in the end of the ninth century and its role until the Ottoman conquest of Ohrid. Most detailed accounts about its history date from the fourteenth century. One may distinguish several renovation stages of monastery’s church. Various marginal notes and epigraphic inscription reveal the names of monastery’s sponsors and some of its hegoumenoi. Th e issue of when the monastery’s church was converted into a mosque remains to be solved in the future. Th e available sources allow me to conclude that this transformation should be dated to the end of the sixteenth century – beginning of the seventeenth century. I think that Prohor, Archbishop of Ohrid was the last sponsor who commissioned monastery church renovation as following his death he was placed in St Kliment’s grave. It is noted as the end that the monastery church is rebuilt following the reconstruction of architects Todor Paskali and his daughter Tania Paskali. While the aim of Macedonian scholars and politicians was to revive the monastery of St Kliment, one may ask the question whether the new construction works did not aim to annihilate the few remaining pieces of evidence from the monastery founded by St Kliment of Ohrid.

On Friday, May 13/25, 1877, shortly after Romania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire, prince Carol I of Romania conferred the Military Virtue Medal and the newly instituted Star of Romania Order to several officers, warrant officers and soldiers, who distinguished themselves in the first days of the Romanian-Ottoman conflict upon Danube, at Olteniţa.
Held on a field near the Princely Palace of Cotroceni (in Bucharest), this military ceremony – the first of that kind, involving war decorations – was recorded and depicted by an envoy of “The Illustrated London News” (being published on Saturday, June 16, 1877).
In the illustration, Prince Carol is attaching the Military Virtue Medal to the chest of general George Manu, commander of the 4th Division, while other militaries are also waiting to be decorated.
The study reviews the chronology of the events, the names of the people decorated on this occasion, the regulations issued regarding these two awards, together with the official and press testimonies of the ceremony.

Tesi triennale incentrata sulla nascita e l'evoluzione del Bektashismo, la figura di Ḥājjī Bektāš Velī e il ruolo che la ṭarīqa ha svolto nelle società post-ottomane. La seguente ricerca ha come scopo un'introduzione all'Islam europeo, analizzando in particolare il culto della Bektashiyya e la sua fusione con il folklore dell'Asia centrale e dei Balcani.

The described objects, preserved today in the treasury of the Monastery of St. Prohor Pcinjski should be perceived as a part of an entity formed together with relics and liturgical objects found within the temple. Judging by the inventory lists which, for the most part, continually recorded the monastic movable property during a XIX century, it is clear that the number of preserved objects matches the image we get from the lists to a large extent. Specific written materials provided additional support to the formation of insights concerning the monastic liturgical life in the previous two centuries. That period is exactly the one that can be credited to the largest extent for the present appearance and visual shaping of the monastery church and the complex itself in its entirety.
Relics, liturgical objects and the holy Liturgy Utensils that were present in the church during the medieval period remain unknown to this day. The oldest object related to the monastery’s past is a silver censer from XVI century, manufactured by goldsmith Dmitar. It is likely that pillages and fires during the period of the Ottoman rule contributed greatly to the perishing of the older layer of the monastic treasury. Several of the oldest objects originate from the end of XVIII century according to their artistic characteristics and style.
During XIX century, alongside the restoration of the monastery, movable liturgical objects were acquired which is particularly noticeable in inventories and votive inscriptions on liturgical objects themselves. Votive giving was traditionally one of the important factors influencing the furnishing of the monastery church. For the sake of prayerful remembrance, monks, priests and believers donated to the Monastery of St. Prohor Pcinjski: Gospels, crosses, tabernacles, chalices, spoons, katapetasmas, icon lamps and candleholders. 
In the beginning of XX century, a shift in the manner of manufacturing and supplying liturgical objects, vestments and mobile property to Serbian churches is noticeable in objects preserved from this period which mostly originated from larger supply shops supplying a very wide territory, such as Ivkovic’s shop from Novi Sad. After World War II, mobile monastic goods witnessed the greatest devastation during the last decade of XX century, when a significant number of objects which were previously scientifically studied disappeared from the monastery and their location was never determined.
The artistic characteristics of objects in monastery’s treasury can be tracked primarily through objects manufactured in the end of XVIII and during the end of XIX century by Balkan smiths, specifically through: silver reliquaries and reliquary cases, crosses and chalices, tabernacles, censers, icon lamps and candle holders, mostly shaped under the influence of Levant Baroque. They should be joined with zoographically painted wooden reliquaries used to contain the holy remains. A special group consists of imported objects such as Russian and Ukrainian Gospels which were regularly used for liturgical purposes and which still remain in the Monastery of St. Prohor Pcinjski. In the beginning of XX century, the monastery church was supplied with new liturgical objects which were made in accordance with schemes for serial production and which mostly originated from domestic specialized workshops and shops of church utensils. The complete pool of objects also includes objects manufactured by craftsmen from neighbouring areas. The preserved treasury material mirrors the shift of cultural models intrinsic to the Balkan area. A very important object is the silver bishop’s staff of Skopje Metropolitan Josif, manufactured in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as work of a mature domestic workshop for arts and crafts, which should be added to Metropolitan archpriest vestment, also created in Serbian surroundings in the period between wars. 
The treasury pool of the Monastery of St. Prohor Pčinjski, chronologically tied to the previous two centuries, witnesses to the full extent about the continuity of liturgical life in the monastery and manners of visually shaping the conduct of services through supporting objects, but also through cult worship of saints as important aspects of the knowledge of newer monastery history and its visual culture.

The activity of metropolitan Mihailo marked the second half of the XIX century and its different aspects were subjects of different scientific researches and interests. There are no clear data about the origin of the stereotypes of printed antimensions that he consecrated during his episcopacy. In his reforms of the
Serbian Church metropolitan Mihailo looked up to the Russian Church in various aspects, hence after his
enthronement he took over antimensions of the Russian Synod, breaking the practice of the use of the Serbian
printed baroque antimensions. The new antimensions of the Russian Synodic typography were designed
to replace the anachronic baroque antimensions. The most prominent Russian artists and the Synod of the
Russian Church participated in the process of creation and harmonization of their product with the currents
of historical Orthodox theology. The pictorial formulation of these antimensions, created by Fedor Grigorievich Solntsev in 1856, was shaped in accordance with the interpretation of the Russian-Byzantine style
created during the historicism époque, and its steel stereotype was engraved by the artist Konstantin Yakovlevich Afanas’ev. The final version of the Synodic antimension was shaped and engraved by the Russian
academic xylographer Lavrentiy Avksent’evich Seryakov in 1866. The antimension printed from the stereotype made by Solntsev and Afanas’ev and consecrated by metropolitan Mihailo in 1863 is the part of
the collection of the Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade. The antimensions printed from
the cliché engraved by Seryakov in 1866 are preserved in the Cathedral church of Vranje (from 1867), the
Museum of Macedonia in Skopje (from 1892), and Cathedral church of Negotin (from 1894). The tradition
of metropolitan Mihailo was also followed by Serbian Patriarch Varnava (Rosić), who consecrated the
Russian antimensions printed from the Seryakov’s cliché in the 1930s. Besides the abovementioned and
described Russian antimensions, a variation of the stereotype created by F. G. Solntsev together with engraver Afanas’ev, appeared in the wider Balkan area and it was printed in the lithographic printing houses
in Constantinople and Sofia. The central composition of the Entombment of Christ retained the previous
distribution and number of the figures, while the angels are omitted and on the left-hand side the figures
of the myrrh-bearing women are depicted in their places and on the right-hand side there is an angel on a
stone plate beside the empty grave. A realistic landscape was created in this way, instead of the previously used neutral background with rays of light. This narrative type of the scene was shaped under the influence of Palestinian antimension iconography of the XVIII century in the spirit of Orthodox puritanism. This
type of the antimension can be found in the Balkans and it was printed for the needs of various Orthodox
Churches from Bulgaria to Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 6). By attributing the country of
origin and the author, and also by pointing out the assumptions according to which the antimensions used
in the Serbian Church during the second half of the XIX century were shaped, a clearer image is created
about the artistic currents and dynamics of shaping the visual culture of this period, thus establishing a
firmer base for understanding the current artistic phenomena at the end of the XIX century.

Keywords: antimension, metropolitan Mihailo (Jovanović, 1826-1898), Russia, church art, XIX century.

Im Folgenden stehen fünf Städte in den epirotischen und makedonischen Provinzen im Fokus: Dyrrachium, Heraclea Lyncestis, Stobi, Thessaloniki und Philippi. Es sind Orte mit unterschiedlich weit zurückreichenden Wurzeln und Funktionen als Hafenort, Provinzhauptstadt, kaiserliche Residenz und Bischofssitz, die aus hellenistischen Neugründungen und römischen Kolonien hervorgingen.
An diese Städte werden folgende Fragen herangetragen: Welche Bauten und Strukturen wurden beibehalten, welche aufgegeben? Blieben die Stadtzentren bestehen oder bildeten sich neue? Welche alten oder neuen Funktionen und Handlungsabläufe bestimmten die Stadtraumentwicklung? Wo lagen die Prioritäten? Sind stadtstrukturelle Neuerungen erkennbar? Von welcher Art ist die Urbanitas der Spätantike? Wie ging man mit älterem Baubestand um? Lassen sich auch Innovationen, beispielsweise neue Bautypen, ausmachen? Sind neben ortsspezifischen Eigenentwicklungen auch regionale und überregionale Phänomene zu beobachten?
Fünf Bautypen werden anhand der Leitfragen detaillierter betrachtet: die Stadtmauern und die damit verbundene Entwicklung des innerstädtischen Stadtraums, die Platzanlagen, die Residenzbauten, die Spielstätten und die Kirchen.

Dopo la sconfitta della Iugoslavia dell'Aprile 1941, il giovane Stato che aveva tentato con un maldestro colpo di Stato di passare nel campo degli Alleati, l'intera regione venne occupata dalle Armate italo-tedesche e le nazionalità presenti ordinate in Stati indipendenti: Serbia, Croazia e Montenegro. Solo per gli Sloveni, come vedremo, non fu così. L'implosione della Iugoslavia e il dissolvimento del suo esercito fecero esplodere non solo l'antica e mai sopita rivalità tra le varie etnie slave, ma anche un forte movimento di resistenza, dapprima di stampo monarchico e, poi-dopo l'invasione dell'URSS da parte della Germania del Giugno seguente che spezzò il patto d'amicizia nazi-comunista-di matrice bolscevica. I Balcani divennero così un vero e proprio ginepraio. Le varie etnie presero a massacrarsi tra loro-e qui valga un accenno alla funzione di "cuscinetto" tra i vari contendenti svolta dal Regio Esercito-e la resistenza iniziò ad attaccare gli occupanti in un crescendo di agguati, sabotaggi, assassini, spesso con vilipendio di cadaveri, una prassi agghiacciante che indignò e inorridì i Comandi italiani. Contro lo stato di caos e disordine, il Regio Esercito-legittimo belligerante-intraprese vaste operazioni di bonifica: villaggi incendiati, deportazioni di massa, fucilazioni, furono il triste volto della controguerriglia anche in queste regioni. Come abbiamo accennato nel nostro breve saggio sul sacrificio degli Italiani nelle carte della Federazione del PNF di Fiume 1 , manca uno studio esaustivo che elenchi tutte le violenze che gli illegittimi belligeranti slavi condussero contro gli Italiani nella ex-Iugoslavia. Rimangono, scarsamente documentati e sconosciuti ai più, solo alcuni episodi inumani come quello avvenuto a Podhum (Fiume) il 12 Giugno 1942, del quale abbiamo già parlato 2. Oggetto di questa nostra nuova indagine è un altro episodio-simbolo della violenza comunista: l'attentato di Lubiana del 12 Giugno 1942. Un episodio cancellato dai libri di storia del quale vogliamo recuperare la memoria. La Slovenia, all'indomani dell'implosione della Iugoslavia, venne divisa tra Regno d'Italia, Regno d'Ungheria e Reich germanico. La parte meridionale di questa Nazione divenne una provincia italiana: la Provincia di Lubiana (3 Maggio 1941). Fu così che una popolazione di oltre 330.000 persone, in gran parte residenti nel capoluogo Lubiana e 95 Comuni si trovarono direttamente facenti parte del Regno d'Italia. Nonostante l'istituzione di un ordinamento autonomo con ampia partecipazione di Sloveni, nonostante una politica di "basso impatto" (17.ooo Sloveni fuggirono dalla zona annessa alla Germania per vivere in quella italiana), nella regione si sviluppò un forte movimento di resistenza anti-italiano. L'Alto Commissario Emilio Grazioli, nel Dicembre 1941, stante lo stato di disordine, eliminò tutti i Commissari distrettuali di nazionalità slovena, cercando di riportare l'ordine in un territorio dove con sempre maggiore frequenza venivano registrati sabotaggi, agguati, assassini. Intanto, fin dall'Ottobre 1941, era stata creata a Lubiana una Federazione del PNF, con tutte le organizzazioni dipendenti: GUF, GIL, OND, ecc. il tutto nel quadro di una più che problematica-e per molti aspetti fallimentare-politica di assimilazione dell'elemento sloveno. Probabilmente, la soluzione adottata, dovuta anche a complesse dinamiche geopolitiche, era legata al conflitto mondiale che continuava e, quindi, poteva non considerarsi come assetto immutabile.

Studie se zabývá historickým vývojem a kolonizací oblasti dnes srbského a rumunského Banátu, kde se v průběhu 18. století zformovala Banátská vojenská hranice. Její vznik je výsledkem mnohaletého historicko-politického vývoje, jenž byl ponejvíce determinován střetem habsburské monarchie a osmanské říše. Zřízení Banátské vojenské hranice, znamenalo transmigraci kolonistů z celé habsburské říše hájících pohraničí. Spolu s nimi migrovaly i početné skupiny obyvatel českých zemí, usazující se zde již od druhé poloviny 18. století. Studie se věnuje počátkům osídlení příchozích z českých zemí. Některými novými fakty rozšiřuje stávají poznání minulosti procesů vzniku osad s českým osídlením (např. Svatá Helena, Ablian, Kruščica). Autor vycházel zejména z archivního výzkumu ve Státním archivu v rumunském Temešváru a v Oblastním archivu vojvodinské Bele Crkve. Prostřednictvím nově nalezených archivních pramenů lze vyvrátit některé dosud tradované mýty opakované především etnologickou literaturou zabývající se českou menšinou v Banátu.

Franco Sacchetti ebbe incarichi politici e diplomatici prestigiosi dal Comune di Firenze, dentro e fuori le mura. Di lui, sappiamo con relativa certezza luogo e data di morte, intervenuta durante
l’ultima delle sue molte missioni per conto del Comune di Firenze, il vicariato a San Miniato al Tedesco nel 1400 (e probabilmente la causa, una pestilenza ivi scoppiata nell’estate di quell’anno). Franco aveva giurato come Vicario del Comune il 5 marzo di quell’anno, per un mandato di sei mesi, con atto ad oggi conservato nella cittadina toscana-

Ethnic mobilization and identity politics.
Aromanians in Bulgaria.

Baj Steriu, who considers himself a proud Aromanian, told me in an interview: “We come from Alexander the Great. There is even a song that Alexander the Great was our Tsar”. His narrative is one of many stories on the topic of “who are the Aromanians”. Stories ought to promote legitimacy and persuasiveness of contemporary revitalization efforts of Aromanians in Bulgaria.

Aromanians and their current endeavors are almost unknown in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the intent of this ethnographic study is not only to present a unique "revival" project and a little-known group. An analysis of particular identity politics and revitalization strategies, framed by the ethnicity discourse and negotiated in transnational networks, may offer an inspiration for comparative studies of other similar processes.

The book has three parts. The first part introduces the context of the ethnographic research and its theoretical and methodological framework. The second one outlines various versions of Aromanian past, covering the period from supposed beginnings of Aromanian history to the present, with emphasis on the moments highlighted by the actors themselves. The third part focuses on the current situation of Aromanians in Bulgaria. It describes the representatives of the revitalization project, strategies they employ to "revive Aromanianess,” and the socio-political contexts in which this is done. Special attention is payed to how Bulgarian Aromanians are framing their identity in terms of “ethnicity” and how they negotiate the "essence" of this identity arguing either for its traditionalist or modernist perception. The subsequent analysis of particular revitalization strategies reveals the importance of language revitalization, memory politics, and the politics of “in-formation” (related to the processes of education, institutionalization, and transnationalization). The conclusion of the book is devoted to the discussion of the motivations and limits of the entire Bulgarian Aromanian revitalization project.

The last shepherds of the Carpathians?
Carpathian Sheep Transhumance 2013 - a phenomenon of the international project on contemporary Vlach pastoral culture, ,,Culturologica Slovaca", 2, 2017

In recent years, more and more researchers have been interested in the pastoral culture of the Carpathian region. The central ideas of projects implemented in different countries relate to the traditional transhumant pastoralism, and they also propose new solutions that can contribute to the revival of this specific sphere of cultural heritage in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The article presents the phenomenon of one of the most famous cultural projects—Redyk Karpacki (Carpathian Sheep Transhumance). Based on the field research, the article discusses the main idea behind the sheep transhumance along with its course, time, and scale, as well as the reception of this event in the memory of the Carpathia. The paper uses qualitative research methodology applied from the emic (intra-group) perspective. The following research techniques were used in the ethnographic studies conducted among the project organizers and in selected villages/towns along the grazing route (standardized and free interviews, undisguised participant observation, analysis of texts and legal and archival documents, and visual methods).The research has shown that anthropology can bring new qualitative data to project analysis which unveil a different face of ongoing cultural undertakings. The results indicate the need to take into account the intercultural differences in the approaches to studied phenomena; otherwise project analysis cannot be entirely reliable.
Key words: cultural heritage – international project – intercultural communication – pastoralism – Carpathians – Redyk Karpacki 2013 – traditional professions – Vlach trail – emic methodology




Abstrakt:
W ostatnich latach wzrasta zainteresowanie badaczy kulturą pasterską w regionie Karpat. Realizowane w różnych krajach nowe projekty nawiązują swoimi ideami do tradycyjnego pasterstwa transhumancyjnego; proponują również nowe rozwiązania mogące przyczynić się do ożywienia tej sfery dziedzictwa kulturowego w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej oraz na Bałkanach. Celem tego artykułu jest kulturowa analiza projektu Redyk Karpacki 2013, który symbolicznie przeszedł przez 5 krajów karpackich, aby przypomnieć czym były tradycyjne profesje szałaśnictwa i pasterstwa oraz zintegrować lokalną społeczność. Artykuł prezentuje główne idee projektu, czas i przestrzeń jego realizacji, a także najważniejsze wątki i motywy związane z pamięcią mieszkańców Karpat o wydarzeniu. W artykule wykorzystano jakościowe metody badań prowadzone z organizatorami i mieszkańcami  regionu (wywiady, obserwacja uczestnicząca, analiza tekstów kultury oraz źródeł dokumentalnych i przekazów audiowizualnych). Badania pokazały, że antropologia kulturowa może przynieść wiele danych do analiz projektowych, ukazując je z perspektywy emic – wewnątrzgrupowej, co przyczynia się do lepszego zrozumienia różnic kulturowych, a w rezultacie do bardziej efektywnego zarządzania projektami kulturowymi.
Słowa kluczowe: dziedzictwo kulturowe – projekt międzynarodowy – komunikacja międzykulturowa - pasterstwo – Karpaty – Redyk Karpacki 2013 – tradycyjne profesje – szlak wołoski – metodologia emic