Ayurvedic medicinal plants

Leafs as well as Cotyledonary excised small explants of Ashwagandha were responsible and introduced to evaluate the effect of various growth regulators upon the in vitro micropropagation processes. Explants were applied to generate callus, shoot and root regeneration. In the first experiment small segments of leaf were cultured on MS basal medium added with mixture of 2,4 -Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA). The agile pharmacological components of Withania somnifera components are withanolides a Steroidal lactones ring with ergostane skeleton framework and alkaloids (Elsakka et al 1990; Gavande et al 2015). The active contents or substances of Indian Withania somnifera or Ashwagandha are normally withaferin-A and withanolide-D, both are generally present in leaves, stems and roots of the plant in high quantity, are used as a source of drugs. This procedure was standardized and stablished for very easy large scale mass propagation of ashwagandha medicinal plant. Callus formation was seen best in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with NAA (1.0-3.0mg/L) after 16-20 days.

The purpose of this article is to study and to verify the therapeutic effects and margin of safety of traditional medicines used by the tribal community for treating various diseases as described in ancient literature found in our country. Herbs have been important contributors to the quality of human life for thousands of years. Herbal medicine is the oldest and most widely used form of medicine in the world today. Throughout history plants have served humankind as valuable components of seasonings, teas, cosmetics, dyes, and medicines. Medicinal plants have a traditionally important position in the socio-cultural, spiritual, and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives throughout the world; India is rich in indigenous herbal resources due to its diverse climatic and soil conditions and multiple ecological regions. In Himalayan region of India, more than 2000 medicinal plant species exist. Although medicinal plants have been used since long, their scientific substantiation has recently been initiated. Looking into the steady expansion in the global population and prevalence of various diseases, such studies are the need of time to ensure availability of drugs in sustainable manner from natural sources for future generations. Based on the therapeutic and commercial importance of medicinal plants, the Cyperus rotundus has been undertaken to evaluate various ethnopharmacological parameters, as it has been used by number of tribal communities in Central part and Southern part of India. According to the WHO estimates about 80% of the of the world's population (mostly in developing countries) rely on traditional medicine, almost plant-based drugs, for their primary healthcare needs. Plants products also play an important role in the health-care systems of the remaining 20% of the population residing in developed countries. Currently, at least 122 phytoconstituents, derived from 94 plant species, can be considered as important drugs that are in use in one or more countries as therapeutic agents.

Context: In some extreme environments such as dune cordon in the region of Djelfa, the ability of species to adapt to extreme conditions, especially climatic stresses, appears to be highly developed. Notwithstanding this importance from an ecophysiological point of view, the plant genetic resources of the Algerian steppe are very little known and especially poorly valued. Aims: To inventorying the spontaneous species in an extreme "dune cordon" environment of the Algerian steppe and to collect information on the ancestral know-how of the local populations in terms of therapeutic use of these species. Methods: Foremost, a herbarium has been made which includes all species inventoried in dune cordon, then an ethnobotanical survey materialized by a direct questionnaire was conducted with different actors involved in the field of medicinal plants. It concerns the traditional use of these species. Results: Seventeen plants (20%) of the listed plant species have been recognized and identified as medicinal species. These plants belong to 13 families of which the Lamiaceae family is the most represented, followed by Asteraceae and Poaceae. Several diseases are treated by these species by local populations, some have a definite therapeutic use while others are used in the treatment of several diseases. The most incriminated pathologies concern rheumatism, diabetes, dental pain, fever and renal function. Leaves are most used with decoction as the most used mode. Conclusions: Results of the study showed that dune cordon contains a wide variety of spontaneous plants, which have a beneficial interest. It also indicated the link between natural resources and humans and the therapeutic use of these species for profit by local population. The rich ethno-pharmacological knowledge of this population must be preserved and valued. A phytochemical screening and biological investigation are needed to test this ancestral know-how.

Indukantha Ghritha (IG) is a polyherbal preparation consisting of 17 plant components widely prescribed by ayurvedic physicians for various ailments. Though it is a known ayurvedic drug, no attempt has been made to scientifically validate its mechanism of action. Preliminary studies in our laboratory showed IG to possess considerable immunomodulatory effects with a Th1 type of immune response. In this regard, we attempted to elucidate its role as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy. BALB/c mice were administered IG, for a period of 14 days and parameters such as Hb, total and differential WBC count, bone marrow cellularity, lymphocyte proliferation and function, macrophage phagocytosis and tumor remission were studied. Administration of IG could inhibit tumor development in mice challenged with Dalton's lymphoma ascites. IG-induced leukopoiesis and enhanced median survival time as well as life span in tumor bearing animals. Macrophage phagocytic capacity was also elevated. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets and MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt] assay for lymphocyte proliferation, yielded promising results which reinforces its use as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy. The polyherbal drug could reverse cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression in control tumor bearing animals significantly to values near or above normal levels. These results demonstrate the potential of IG, especially in several immunosuppressed conditions and patients suffering from leukopenia as a consequence of cancer chemotherapy.

Asoka is one of the most sacred and legendry trees of India. Its medicinal value seems to be recognized first in Agnivesha Charaka Samhita which dates backs to about 1000 BCE. The importance of asoka for female genito-urinary problems and especially in menorrhagia was recognized around the ninth century of our era. The constituents of asoka include glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and sterols. Research has shown that it has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, oxytocic, uterotonic, anti-cancer, anti-progestational, anti-estrogenic, anti-inflam-matory, and anti-oxidant activity. This article brings together information from ancient texts as well as recent research regarding the usefulness of this herb for health and in treating various diseases.

This paper introduces the updated and expanded 2nd edition of the book: Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief by Steven Maimes and David Winston.
• Book published by Inner Traditions. 432 pages. Includes 16-page color insert illustrations of herbs. Paperback and eText. 2019.
• The book explains how herbal adaptogens increase the body’s resistance to adverse influences, increase energy and stamina, and counter the effects of age and stress on the body.
• Includes a Materia Medica with monographs covering 25 adaptogens, including eleuthero, ginseng, rhodiola, schisandra, ashwagandha, licorice, shatavari, reishi, and holy basil, as well as complementary nervines, restorative tonics, and nootropics.
• See the attached paper for details.
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This review is aimed at conferring the efficacy of anticancer property of different phytochemicals from Nayantara (Catharanthus roseus). Cancer is one of public health burden in developed and developing country. Cancer chemo preventive agents, many of which are natural products, are capable of preventing or inhibiting the process of carcinogenesis. Herbal anticancer drug are obtained from Catharanthus roseus is wildly used because of their well defined mechanism of action as anticancer drug. The main alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus is vinca alkaloids which is important for being cancer fighters. There are four major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: vinblastine (VBL), vinorelbine (VRL), vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VDS). Recently vinflunine is discovered as new anticancer agent of vinca alkaloids. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the pharmacological effect of the above plant against anticancer property in a precise way to help the scientist and learners to understand the basis medicinal value of the plant.

Psychoactive plant research has been actively pursued over the last century around the world,
particularly in the Americas. Yet, southern Africa has often been regarded to have relatively few psychoactive
plant species of cultural importance with little research conducted on the region’s potential psychoactive flora.
However, in the last decade, renewed interest has occurred in the study of psychoactive plants from southern
Africa. Recent anthropological studies have demonstrated the significance of psychoactive plant medicines in the
initiation process of southern African traditional healers and in treating mental illness, while numerous
ethnopharmacological studies have screened southern African plants for psychotropic activity, with promising
new findings and research directions resulting. Yet, despite this great progress, the indigenous cultural (ritual) uses
of psychoactive plants by the indigenous people of southern Africa remains a neglected area of ethnobotanical
research. Aspects identified as requiring further study include: the indigenous cultural understandings of mental
illness and psychoactive plants, the role of psychoactive plants in the spiritual practices of southern African
traditional healers, the influence of various psychoactive plant species used in traditional formulas and the folklore
and mythology relating to indigenous psychoactive plants. Thus, much is still to be learnt and documented from
the southern African traditional healers regarding their worldview and their botanical, diagnostic, methodological
and healing knowledge that can provide insights into the treatment of mental illness and the actions of psychoactive
plants.

The present paper deals with traditional knowledge of medicinal plants among rural women of Garhwal. Seventy women of 11 villages were interviewed on the basis of their traditional knowledge on the various uses of medicinal plants found in the adjoining forest and agricultural areas. A total of 113 medicinal plant species were recorded during the intensive surveys and discussions held with the rural women.

Introduction- Nishamalaki or Nisha Amalaki representing various combination formulations of Turmeric (Nisha,
Haridra, Curcuma longa L.) and Indian gooseberry (Amalaki, Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is recommended in
Ayurvedic classics, proven efficacious and widely practiced in the management i.e. treatment of Diabetes along
with management and prevention of complications of Madhumeha (Diabetes). Aims and objectives-Inspite of
many pharmacological, clinical researches of Nishamalaki on Glucose metabolism and Glycemic control, their
review is not available, hence present study was conducted. Material and methods- Evidence based online
published researches of Nishamalaki on Glucose metabolism and Glycemic control and its efficacy in the
management of complications of Diabetes from available databases and search engines were referred for review
through. Summary of published researches was systematically arranged, analyzed and presented. Observations
and results-Review of online Published original research studies reveals total were found to be 13 in number,
comprising of 3 in vitro studies and animal experimental pharmacological researches each and 7 clinical
researches. Discussion and Conclusion- Nishamalaki is group of various combination formulations of Haridra
and Amalaki. It is effective in the clinical management of Madhumeha, Prameha and Diabetes. Nishamalaki
possess antihyperglycemic, Antidiabetic, insulinomimetic, α-Amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory,
antioxidant properties. It improves insulin sensitivity, increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscles and is
beneficial in the management of Madhumeha, Prameha and Diabetes as well as prevention of its complications
microvascular- like diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, gastropathy and macrovascular like
atherosclerosis. Conclusion- Nishamalaki is group of various combination formulations of Haridra and Amalaki. It
is effective in the clinical management as well as prevention of complications of Madhumeha, Prameha and
Diabetes.

Rasaratna Samuccaya (RRS) a 13th century C.E. alchemical treatise, authored by Vāgbhaṭa, is a
useful compilation related to preparation and properties of drugs of mineral and metallic origin. This
text throws light on the state of Indian expertise in the field of alchemy regarding the extraction,
purification, conversion of metals/minerals into therapeutically suitable forms, various instruments
developed for alchemical purposes and treatment of numerous diseases by using herbo‑mineral
preparations. The present work is an attempt to summarize the key features of RRS to highlight
its utility and contribution in the development of Indian alchemy. To study and summarize the
important, comprehensive and specific points mentioned in RRS and to elaborate the contribution of
RRS in the field of Indian alchemy. A critical review of RRS from Suratnojjvalā Hindi commentary
by Ambikadatta Shastri was done and the collected information was compared with other available
literature of Rasaśāstra. Research of modern science was also utilized to explore some facts
mentioned by Vāgbhaṭa. RRS is a precise treatise among available ancient literature. It comprises
of all eight branches of Ayurveda, although it mainly deals with therapeutic aspects of Rasaśāstra
and emphasizes the use of metals and minerals in treating nearly 68 types of ailments. It contains
30 chapters, 3871 verses and detailed description of 960 formulations. Classification of metals and
minerals; description of some new instruments, formulations and averting use of metals and minerals
in pregnancy are the key features of RRS.

The research for this article was prompted by the question: were Yoga and Āyurveda as intimately connected in premodern times as both seem today? It attempts to give a preliminary answer by assessing the shared terminology, theory and praxis of a corpus of mediaeval Yoga texts with the classical texts of Ayurveda. The date of the Yoga corpus ranges from the eleventh to the nineteenth century CE, and all of its texts teach physical techniques and an ascetic state of dormant meditative absorption (samādhi), either as auxiliaries within a system of Yoga or as autonomous systems in themselves. The physical techniques became known as Haṭhayoga and the ascetic state of samādhi as Rājayoga, and the texts in which they appear posit the practice (abhyāsa) of Yoga as the chief means to liberation (mokṣa). The article begins with a discussion of the terminology in these texts that is also found in the Bṛhattrayī, that is, the Carakasaṃhitā, the Suśrutasaṃhitā and Vāgbhaṭa’s Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā. It proceeds to discuss the relevant theory (digestive fire, humoral theory, vital points, herbs) and praxis (āsana, ṣaṭkarma and therapy or cikitsā) of the yoga texts in question in order to assess the possible influence of Āyurveda.

Dr. Gary Flam is an expert, consultant, author, inventor, entrepreneur, and visionary in the fields of health and wellness, nutrition, ergogenics, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices. After years of caring for patients and dealing with several family illnesses, Dr. Flam set out on a personal quest for the ultimate in nutrition, physical performance and supplementation. These goals have come to fruition with his establishment of PhytoLife, LLC, a premium, science-driven supplement company that delivers optimal health and performance through education, supplements, and super foods.

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ABSTRACT
Context: Mādhava is regarded as a 7th century Indian Physician
who composed two treatises (in Sanskrit) on Ayurveda, the
Mādhava Nidāna and Mādhava Cikitsā. The former treatise
deals with the diagnosis of diseases while the latter with the
treatment using medicinal plants and other recipes. In Mādhava
Cikitsā, a common Sanskrit name is found to describe two or
more totally different botanical plant species (thus leading to
ambiguity) and a distinct botanical species is also found to
represent two or more Sanskrit names at several instances.
Aims: The present paper deals with the correct botanical
identification (most probable) of Sanskrit named plants
described in Mādhava Cikitsā for the treatment of
Diarrhoea (Atisāra Cikitsā).
Subjects and Methods: The authentic manuscripts of
‘Mādhava Cikitsā’ were critically studied for the present
research outcome. A detailed literature survey is carried
out from various references and texts.
Results: The list of Sanskrit named plants contains
103 names, while after the critical study and assigning the
most probable botanical identification as per ICBN, the list
of plant species described in the text for the treatment of
Diarrhoea is found to contain 73 names.
Conclusions: The present study will certainly benefit
Ayurvedic medical practitioners and pharmaceutical
companies in selection of proper plant species avoiding
substitutions for drug formulation.
KEYWORDS: Atisāra Cikitsā, botanical identification,
diarrhoea, Mādhava Cikitsā

Traditionally, plants have been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people inhabiting various terrains for the control of different ailments afflicting human. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. The study was carried out regarding the medicinal plants used by the local peoples during 2000 to 2004. Finally, the data were assessed to which extent plants are vulnerable due to collection and habitat destruction. An ethno botanical survey was undertaken in the Nawarangpur District, Odisha, India. Data were collected through field assessments from traditional healers and locals by means of personal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Voucher specimens were collected following standard methods, identified with the help of pertinent floras and taxonomic experts and deposited in the Herbarium, RRL-B, India for future references. A total of 69 plant species belonging to 43 families are reported during the study. The major life forms were herbs, trees, shrubs, climbers, small tree and creeper. Several medicinal plants recognized for the treatment of various diseases were collected. The root parts were widely used, followed by leaf, bark, seed and stem. This study reveals that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary healthcare of this local community. Traditional medicines also have the potential to form the basis of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of a range of diseases. Further, the information requires validation for further clinical usage.

As Tibetan medicine faces increasing globalization its practitioners, and patients alike, will need to begin a serious dialogue about what is required to both preserve and perpetuate this ancient medical tradition. Any such effort will require solutions to the environmental, medical, economic, cross-cultural, linguistic and other challenges that face traditional Asian medical disciplines in the modern context. Some senior Tibetan doctors, lamas and leaders have already recognized the problematic results that can stem from the commercialization, commodification and professionalization of their medical tradition. Eliot Tokar, a senior Western doctor of Tibetan medicine, explores many of the central issues that need to be addressed, and proposes approaches to finding solutions.

The age-old traditional health care practices are still relevant and are followed by communities across the countries. India's contribution remains exemplary in the growth of traditional health care systems. The present study reviews the strength of traditional health care systems and medicinal plants of India that has been contributing in health care not only from time immemorial but also makes it numero uno choice of community for curing many chronic diseases. An extensive literature survey was undertaken for compilation of information on the traditional systems of medicine in India, which include Ayurveda, Unani, homeopathy and Siddha. The careful investigation of information reveals that Ayurveda is one of the oldest systems of medicine evolved in India. It is a holistic system of treatment, which is an amalgamation of regular diet, use of medicine and following practices like exercise and behavior. The contribution of plants, as raw material for making medical formulations, is significant in the Indian systems of medicine, and over 6,500 species of plants are known to occur in India those are used by various streams of traditional health care practitioners. Attempts made by the Government of India in enriching and managing these age-old health care systems are also discussed.

The conservation of traditional medicinal knowledge opens the door towards modern aspects of herbal drug
discovery. It was started from knowledge exchange through ethnic groups by oral tradition and then in the
documented form. Herbaria conserving identified and authenticated plants for future correspondence play an
important role in this regard. In presenting review, authors have declared different auxiliary aspects of herbaria
for phytomedicinal research.

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (Araceae) is a medicinally important plant and is used for the treatment of different diseases specially in dermatological disorders. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins have been reported from this plant. Antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities are also shown by Arisaema jacquemontii. The present review is an attempt to compile all the previous data on the basis of its medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported in the previous articles.

Indigenous plant use-systems have evolved under, and constantly adapted to human and non-human impacts. In the last decades however, increasing socioeconomic and cultural transformations, including land-use change, outmigration, globalized markets, the introduction of new species, and climate change have led to a decreasing availability of indigenous resources, and are ultimately leading to a reduction of local use-knowledge. Participant observations, discussions, walks-in-the-woods, semi-structured interviews and informal meetings were carried out in 12 villages of far western Nepal between 2011 and 2015 to assess how sociocultural changes have affected the sustenance of indigenous systems and local biodiversity, when compared to studies carried out in the previous decades. Our findings show that there were no statistically significant differences in subject variable means, but differences were relatively important to plant parts-use and plant growth-forms (p = 0.183 and 0.088 respectively). Cissampelos pareira, Acorus calamus, Calotropis gigan-tea were found to have the greatest relative importance, whereas Ageratina adenophora, Melia azedarach, Carum carvi were most important based on use values. Among them, C. pareira and A. adenophora were introduced. The spatial distribution of species collected for medicine showed that all habitats were important for collection however, habitats close to villages were more favored. The use of non-indigenous and easily available species and more accessible habitats is becoming more prevalent as primary forests become increasingly overexploited, indigenous species become limited, and sociocultural cause of land use change expand. The utilization of indigenous and non-indigenous species and nearby habitats , although possibly affecting the quality of medicinal species, nonetheless reveals the dynamism of indigenous medicines as an adaptive asset mitigating human and non-human environmental changes.

Background: This study seeks to better understand the human-nature interface and to measure the variability of plant use knowledge among cultures, through inter-and intracultural analyses. We compared plant collection, use, and management of two culturally distinct groups (Baitadi and Darchula) of the Nepal Himalaya. They inhabit different physiographic regions, yet share the same ecological landscape, environmental resources, and livelihood challenges. We hypothesized that the elderly, native, and traditional healers living in remote and rural places possess more diverse and detailed knowledge of plant use and conservation than young, non-native, and non-healers. Methods: A total of 106 people were contacted for interviews, and 100 (68 men and 32 women) agreed to share ethnobotanical, demographic, and socioeconomic information. They were asked about the three most important plants for their socioeconomic benefit, culture, primary health care, and livelihood.

Haridrā (Curcuma longa Linn.) is considered to be one of the most easily available important herbal drug used as a home remedy, since ancients days. Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia recommends both external and internal applications of Haridrā for the management of different disease conditions. This review portrays the wide usages of Haridrā through internal administration, being comprised from 9 Saṁhitā (treatise), 17 Cikitsā grantha (compendia of Ayurveda) and 30 Rasagrantha (compendia related to Rasaśāstra). It is observed that about 948 formulations, having Haridrā as an ingredient, are used to combat almost 110 varied diseases. Among these diseased conditions, maximum are indicated for the management of Kuṣṭha (disease of skin), followed by Prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine) and Jvara (fever) etc. In these formulations, its rhizome has been reported as the most common part used. Present data may encourage researchers to think over this easily available and non controversial drug in pharmaceutical and clinical research.

Acne is a common disorder of pilosebaceous gland. It is a great
challenge for the dermatologist for its complexity, prevalence and
also huge range of clinical  expression. Due to hormonal changes
99.5% of teenage boys and 83% of teenage girls are affected by acne
which may continue throughout adolescence. Now-a-days different
modern allopathic medicines viz., anti-inflammatory agents,
antibiotics and comedolytic  agents are developed for treatment
purpose topically and systematically. But these have many side
effects. Prolonged and excessive use of antibiotics may develop
resistance in acne causing bacteria viz.  Propionibacterium acne  and
Staphylococcus epidermidis. So to give relief from acne problems
and also to minimize the side effects it is better to use herbal drugs
than allopathic drugs. This article describes about different plants
used starting from their name, their family, part used and active
constituents.

Asparagus racemosus is an important medicinal plant. Its medicinal usages has been reported in Indian and British pharmacopoeias. Qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed on the crude extract for the presence of bioactive compounds. The pure compound isolated to the Column chromatography and purified this compound by Thin Layer Chromatography with suitable solvent systems and visualizing reagents. Structure elucidation of pure compound has been accomplished through the extensive use of UV-Visible, IR, 1 HNMR and Mass spectroscopy. Phytochemistry and spectral analysis showed the presence of steroidal saponin in Asparagus racemosus leaves extract.

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Ayurvedic drugs have been used since ancient times in periodontal therapy and Oral diseases. It also reflects the quality of life of the individual. Due to the high prevalence rate, these  oral, periodontal and dental diseases continueto be a major threat in India. There are limited references available on the prevention of these diseases in conventional medicines. At this juncture, a glimpse into classical Ayurvedic texts reveals huge potential of many medicinal plants being used. Hence an effective makeshift from synthetic chemicals can be through the medicinal plants mentioned in traditional science. These also serve as a promising approach in prevention and therapeutic strategies of dentistry. Hence, an attempt has been made to understand the phytochemicals contributing to specific actions in oral diseases. Hence, a thorough review has been made in the science of Ayurveda regarding the detailed descriptions of oral diseases (Mukha rogas) by various Acharyas with respect to its diagnosis, examination, management and prevention. A concept has been framed accordingly as a guide to practitioners focusing mainly on the possible role of Ayurveda in the management of Oral Diseases and also to create awareness regarding the usage of medicinal plants in oral diseases.

Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis L.) is a chief source of mangiferin, which has antidiabetic and anticancer properties. Extraction using
continuous shaking extraction (CSE), ultrasonic extraction (UE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and steam bath assisted
extraction (SBAE) were evaluated for extraction of mangiferin (MF) from roots of S. chinensis. The extracts were analyzed by reverse
phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Operational
parameters such as different solvents and exposure period were also evaluated. N,N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF 30%, v/v) extracted
higher quantity of MF compared to other solvents. The results shows that the extraction of MF by SBAE was more efficient followed
by MAE, CSE, and UE methods. Maximum quantity of MF (391.80 ppm) was obtained by SBAE technique and DMF (30%) as a
solvent system. SBAE is the easiest and best method for screening of MF from S. chinensis. Furthermore, use of FT-IR validates the
RP-HPLC technique for identification and quantification.

in India used medicinal plants since before history was recorded. Ayurvedic and other indigenous medical systems that developed in India and surrounding areas including Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan perfected the use of local herbs further. Each of these systems had and still has an entirely internally consistent philosophy and understanding of how humans work, why diseases occur, and why certain plants help to relieve or cure certain conditions. Many people have heard of the philosophy of Ayurvedic medicine in particular, including its three major energetic types or doshas (vata, kapha, and pitta). Various herbs are said to have differing actions explained in terms of temperature (hot or cold), dryness (dry or wet), and so forth. There are many parallels between these concepts and those in traditional Chinese medicine and other traditional medical systems around the globe. In modern times, the herbs used in India and other developing nations are being subjected to scientific scrutiny as well. With growing internationalization of the world, these herbs are showing up in greater numbers in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Four interesting examples are discussed here, focusing on both modern research and traditional

Mary M. Cameron first encountered an Ayurvedic medical practice in remote, western Nepal in 1978. In Three Fruits, Cameron traces Ayurvedic medical practices from those village healers to the professionally trained doctors in the Kathmandu Valley. An intimate portrayal of Ayurvedic doctors in Nepal during a period of political unrest and social change, Three Fruits connects the doctors’ care for Nepal’s valued medicinal plants to the boundless joy of health they desire for their patients. Combining ethnography with history and Indian philosophy, this detailed study weaves the elegant theory of tridosa (three humors) and the popular medicine trifala (three fruits) into the narrative accounts of doctors’ multi-sited practice. Aware of rising global alternative medicine and environmental movements, the doctors speak to their relevance for Ayurveda and sustainable, integrated, and culturally meaningful plural medicine in Nepal. This book is recommended for scholars of anthropology, sociology, Asian studies, history, philosophy, ethnobotany, public health, and environmental studies.

Abstract
Background: There are some factors such as age, stress and emotions that may lead to impaired learning, memory loss, amnesia,
and dementia or threats like Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) recommended some
herbs and herbal preparations for treatment or prevention of CNS problems. In this study, the scientific evidences related to
effectiveness of TIM herbal medicine on memory and learning will be reviewed.
Materials and Methods: The scientific evidences of the plant efficacy were searched in electronic databases including Pub Med,
Scopus, SID, Science Direct, and Google Scholar by keywords like memory, Alzheimer, amnesia, learning and scientific plant
names from 1969 to 2014.
Results: The finding of this study confirmed effectiveness of some of TIM medicinal plants on enhancing memory and learning or in
treatment or prevention of amnesia and AD. Some of TIM plants like Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa showed
improving effect on memory in clinical trials. In some cases, the active principles responsible for efficacy of these plants on memory
were also determined.
Conclusion: Most of the studies on TIM plants were designed in animal models and a few herbs were evaluated in clinical trials on
AD. Also, for some of the herbal medicine used in TIM, there are no or not enough studies to confirm their effectiveness on memory
and learning. Therefore, further experimental and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants on
memory and AD and also to determine the active components of them.
Key words: Memory, Iranian Traditional Medicine, Medicinal plants, learning

Introduction-Nishamalaki [combination formulation of Turmeric and Indian goose berry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)]; is recommended in Ayurvedic classics, proven efficacious and widely practiced in the management (treatment, prevention of complications) of Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). Dose related antihyperglycemic activity of Nishamalaki prepared by levigation method has not been evaluated till the date. Aims and objectives-To evaluate dose related antihyperglycemic activity of Nisha Amalaki yoga. Materials and methods-Antihyperglycemic study of Nisha Amalaki yoga (ASBNAC) was conducted after approval of IAEC at 2 dose levels (43.29 and 260mg/kg) and Standard control (SC) Glibenclamide (0.065 mg/kg)given orally 1hr before Glucose overload, in acclimatized and overnight fasted Swiss albino mice. BSL were recorded initially and at 30, 60, 90 and 120min after Glucose overload. Results-Statistically insignificant difference in between blood sugar of test drugs, water control and standard control groups suggested cohort experimental conditions. ASBNAC at both the dose level showed comparative reversal of BSL at all test intervals after 30 minutes, whereas Glucose control group had shown statistically significant hyperglycemia. Conclusion-Nisha Amalaki yoga exhibited dose related antihyperglycemic effect at 43.29 and 260mg/kg, orally corresponding to 0.33gms and 2gms single human dose.

Epidermal nevi are hamartomas that are characterized by hyperplasia of epidermis and adnexal structures. These nevi may be classifi ed into a number of distinct variants, which are based on clinical morphology, extent of involvement, and the predominant epidermal structure in the lesion. Variants include verrucous epidermal nevus, nevus sebaceous, nevus comedonicus, eccrine nevus, apocrine nevus, Becker’s nevus, and white sponge nevus. A 22-year-old girl approached us with complaints of blackish-colored hard growth, increasing in size over the right post-auricular region since 5 years.
Ksharakarma is a procedure that involves the most important surgical, para-surgical, and critical-care procedures like incision, excision, scraping, and hemostatic locally (pratisaraneeya) and generally (paneeya). Pratisaraneeya kshara is prepared with herbo-mineral medicines having an average pH of 13, possessing penetrating, corrosive, scraping, and healing properties, and are evidently indicated for external application in charmakīla. For the present case, kshara karma was preferred for  application as the lesion was bigger in size and the results were appreciable clinically.

Shilajit Gold is a unique combination of Shilajeet and Gold ash. Gold is a powerful rejuvenator that helps increase stamina, vigour and vitality.Shilajit gold  mainly contains mono atomic gold or gold bhasma and shilajeet. Swarna Bhasma rejuvenates the five basic elements of the body, nourishes the body and cures psychic disorders, epilepsy and impotency

Elemental analysis of some medicinal plants used in the Indian Ayurvedic system was performed by employing instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. The samples were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor and the induced activity was counted by gamma ray spec-trometry using an efficiency calibrated high resolution high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Most of the medicinal plants were found to be rich in one or more of the elements under study. The variation in elemental concentration in same medicinal plants samples collected in summer, winter and rainy seasons was studied and the biological effects of these elements on human beings are discussed.