Asylum seeker

Einleitung: Im Laufe des Jahres 2014 sollten ca. 140 000 Asylbewerbern aufgenommen werden, wovon ca. 15 % nach Bayern verteilt wurden. Das bayerische Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, Familie und Integration förderte ein Projekt in deren Rahmen erstens die Häufigkeit und die Art der psychiatrischen Diagnosen bei den Asylbewerbern in der ZAE Zirndorf untersucht werden sollte und zweitens sollten Empfehlungen zur psychiatrisch-psychologischen Versorgung von Asylbewerbern erfolgen. Methodik: Insgesamt wurden 283 Asylbewerbern untersucht. Die Stichprobe setzte sich aus 2 Substichgruppen zusammen: 1. Selbstzuweiser und 2. Randomisierte Gruppe. Es wurde ein strukturiertes diagnostisches Interview sowie mehrere Selbst-und Fremdbeurteilungsskalen eingesetzt (MINI, BSI, MADRS, WHO-5, ETI, PSQI). Ergebnisse: Bei 180 (63,6 %) Asylbewerbern wurde eine oder mehrere psychiatrische Diagnosen gestellt. Die häufigste Diagnose war die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (F43,1) gefolgt von den depressiven, rezidivierenden depressiven Episoden (F32, F33), Anpassungsstörung (F43,2) und chronischer Insomnie (F 51,0). Suizidgedanken wurden bei 26 % der Selbstzuweiser aber nur bei 6 % in der Zufallsstichprobe exploriert. Schlussfolgerung: Wir empfehlen eine niederschwellige psychiatrische Notfallversorgung von Asylbewerbern in der zentralen Aufnahmeeinrichtung. Dies soll nicht auf ehrenamtliche Basis erfolgen, sondern gesetzlich geregelt werden. Für eine flächendeckende Versorgung durch niedergelassenen Kolleg/Innen ist es notwendig, die Veränderungen des seit dem 1993 bestehenden Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz vorzunehmen.

In Australia, asylum seekers either are detained in immigration detention centres or, depending upon their mode of entry into Australia and the status of their application for protection, live in the community, often in a state of abject poverty. Hotham Mission’s Asylum Seeker Project (ASP), a Melbourne-based non-governmental organization (NGO), is unique in Australia in its comprehensive work in housing and supporting asylum seekers in the community, particularly those released from detention. The work of the Asylum Seeker Project illustrates that it is possible, through the application of a comprehensive reception casework system, to adequately support asylum seekers in the community with their welfare needs and to prepare asylum seekers for all immigration outcomes. The Project thus provides a compassionate model of reception support and a viable alternative to immigration detention.

This paper explores ethical questions arising from the work of health practitioners in immigration detention centres in Australia. It raises questions about the roles of professional disciplines and the ways in which they confront dual loyalty issues. The exploration is guided by interviews conducted with health professionals who have worked in asylum seeker detention and an examination of the outsider advocacy role undertaken by the social work profession. The paper discusses the stance taken by individuals and professional associations on participation in controlled settings, including as participant, bystander and advocate, and asks when the provision of care becomes collusion with oppression.

Issues of power and consent, confidentiality, trust, and benefit, risks to researchers, and potential harm to participants, are all contested when working with different cultures and within environments marked by violence and insecurity. Difficulty resolving these dilemmas may paralyse ethics committees, may fail to give the guidance sought by researchers, and will not help populations who are among the world's most vulnerable. Even where efforts are made to respond to ethical guidelines and to improve practice, considerable impediments are present in many developing countries, including lack of formal ethical review structures in unstable settings, lack of required skills, limited political and institutional recognition of ethical issues, competing interests, and limitations in clinical and research practice . In conflict settings, these limitations are more marked, and the responsibilities of the researcher for ethical practice are greater, but the mechanisms for oversight are weaker. Moreover, the constant focus on vulnerabilities and problems, and the often almost total lack of recognition of strengths and resilience, can further disempower already exploited groups and individuals. The capacity of refugees and communities in conflict to take an active role in the research process is seldom acknowledged, and undermines the potential for more innovative research which can help generate the evidence for better policy and practice.

This paper investigates migrants' perceptions and experiences of urban greenspaces. The research used innovative participatory and visual (photography) methods and the 12 week programme included visits to 10 greenspaces in Sheffield. The participants were all asylum seekers and refugees from Asia and Africa. This paper discusses how and why the participants engaged or disengaged with local greenspace in the short and medium term. In particular, the importance of memory and nostalgia in participants' experiences; the significance of plants; the novelty of visiting British 'parks'; and the role of greenspace in enhancing the quality of life of immigrants are explored. The paper concludes that a positive impression of the local environment and meaningful participation in it can be a useful component of integration into a new society. Furthermore, recognition of landscape elements or characteristics can provide a conceptual link between former and new homes. However, for this refugee group many physical and psychological barriers must be overcome if the full benefits of urban public open space are to be realised.

A corpus-based analysis of discourses of refugees and asylum seekers was carried out on data taken from a range of British newspapers and texts from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees website, both published in 2003. Concordances of the terms refugee(s) and asylum seeker(s) were examined and grouped along patterns which revealed linguistic traces of discourses. Discourses which framed refugees as packages, invaders, pests or water were found in newspaper texts, although there were also cases of negative discourses found in the UNHCR texts, revealing how difficult it is to disregard dominant discourses. Lexical choice was found to be an essential aspect of maintaining discourses of asylum seekers — collocational analyses of terms like failed vs. rejected revealed the underlying attitudes of the writers towards the subject.

This article discusses the extent to which methods normally associated with corpus linguistics can be effectively used by critical discourse analysts. Our research is based on the analysis of a 140-million-word corpus of British news articles about refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants and migrants (collectively RASIM). We discuss how processes such as collocation and concordance analysis were able to identify common categories of representation of RASIM as well as directing analysts to representative texts in order to carry out qualitative analysis. The article suggests a framework for adopting corpus approaches in critical discourse analysis.

This paper reports work on an ongoing project on the representation of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. In recent years, the issue of refugees and asylum seekers entering the UK has has attracted intense media and political discussion. As the representation of these groups in the press can influence the way in which readers perceive them, the discourses surrounding these, and related, groups have been the focus of linguistic studies (eg Greenslade, 2005; ter Wal, 2002). Although the project combines approaches within ...

Sometimes stories can only be told when there is safety, the possibility of a future, when one is drawn back from the 'abyss'; when the shame, guilt, and anger can be faced in circumstances of trust; when 'perennial' losses can be accommodated; when needs for human rights and justice can be expressed; when therapists and others can bear to hear; and when compassion abides." (Raphael, in Wilson and Drozdek 2004) 1 In many law schools, students may enroll in clinics in which the students represent real clients with real legal problems. There are numerous asylum and immigration law school clinics in the United States. At the University of Connecticut School of Law, our students work in teams

Background Forced migration leaves deep marks on the psychological well-being of migrants, with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological conditions being prevalent among them. While research has clarified the extent to which pre-migration trauma is a predictor of mental health outcomes, the role of post-migration stressors in the settlement environment are yet to be fully characterized. Methods We monitored mental health of a cohort of 100 asylum-seekers during their 14-day COVID-19-related quarantine in reception facilities in Rome, Italy, through the administration of six questionnaires (a demographic survey, the WHO-5 well-being index, the Primary Care PTSD Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report, and the LiMEs -Italian version). Through the combination of statistical analysis and supervised learning, we studied the impact of the first contact with the reception system on asylum-seekers' mental health and sought for possible risk and shielding factors for PTSD. Results We find that sheltering in refugee centers has a positive impact on migrants' mental health; asylum-seekers with PTSD reported more traumatic events and personality characteristics related to loss and trauma; life events are predictors of PTSD in asylum-seekers. Conclusions We identify past traumatic experiences as predictors of PTSD, and establish the positive role the immediate post-migration environment can play on migrants' psychological well-being. We recommend for host countries to implement reception models that provide effective protection and integration of asylum-seekers, similar to those in the Italian system.

The goal of our study was to examine the relationship between the under-5 infant mortality rate and a nation's economic condition, as shown by log GDP. To investigate how economic growth affects child mortality rates in both rich and poor nations. Data from the World Bank Data covering the years 2001-2020 were used. The results demonstrate that there are notable differences in infant mortality rates between rich and poorer nations. Infant mortality and log GDP had a substantial inverse relationship, which was confirmed by Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis, indicating that greater infant mortality rates are linked to less economic progress. The results also show that growth in the economy has a greater effect on lowering infant mortality in low-income countries than in wealthy ones, as evidenced by the steeper decline in death rates. This implies that in areas of poverty, even small economic advancements might have a noticeable positive effect on health. The study concludes that lowering child mortality requires deliberate investments in maternal health initiatives, healthcare infrastructure, and preventive services. Economic growth is crucial to improving public health and promoting the welfare of future generations, so policymakers in lowincome nations should give priority to these areas.

Background: Since the onset of the 2015 European refugee crisis, ~4. 46 million people have sought asylum in the European Union, with Germany logging the largest share of all asylum applications. In addition to the severe adversities before and during flight, the process of settling into a new environment involves stressors that affect psychological well-being and mental health. The aim of this systematic review was to examine contextual factors during post-migration that influence the mental health and well-being of asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) in Germany.Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted across multiple databases for English and German studies published between 2015 and 2020 with index keywords.Results: From a total of 303 articles, 156 duplicates were removed and, after title review, another 87 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. After assessing the abstracts of the remaining 60 articles, 39 were excluded. Full texts o...

In the period from 2011 to 2017, there was a fluctuating yet notable increase of unaccompanied minors transiting through Croatia. The 2015 and 2016 events involving the Balkan corridor included a significant number of unaccompanied and separated children, who count as vulnerable groups of refugees and migrants. State policies and measures aimed at providing care and protection to these groups include mechanisms of appointing special guardians, who are tasked with safeguarding their rights and providing general assistance within the system of care during their stay and/or during the status recognition procedure. Using a desk study of relevant accessible documents together with a thematic content analysis of 26 expert interviews that were conducted in three cycles; in 2014, 2016, and 2018 with relevant stakeholders and care providers, the authors discussed the experiences of practitioners in the field and some of the most important challenges they are facing within the special guardia...

This research uncovered evidence that refugees and asylum seekers are susceptible to forced labour in the UK. The findings are based on a two-year study by academics at the Universities of Leeds and Salford, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). The research explored experiences of forced labour among 30 people who had made claims for asylum in England, supplemented by interviews with 23 practitioners and policy-makers.

The co-occurrence of t wo words wit h frequency above chance (statistically calculated). Collocation is directional. The collocat es of a word cont ribut e t o it s meaning (Nat t inger & DeCarrico,1992: 181-182), or can provide " a semant ic analysis of a word" (Sinclair, 1991: 115-116). " Pat t erns of associat ion -how lexical it ems t end t o co-occur -are built up over large amount s of t ext and are oft en unavailable t o int uit ion or conscious awareness. They can convey messages implicit ly and even be at odds wit h an overt st at ement " (Hunston, 2002: 109). Collocat es present in at least seven ' year' sub-corpora. MI score favours low-frequency collocates. Ext ract ing collocat es from t he whole corpus may (and does) include a large number of ' seasonal collocat es' . They indicat e core element s of meaning / usage / associat ions. Tot al word forms: 152 4%-9%of t he t ot al collocat es for each t erm.

Refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants (henceforth RASIM) coming into the UK have attracted increased press attention . As their representation in the press can construct their identity (Duffy and Rowden, 2005: 6, in Greenslade, 2005: 7), the discourses surrounding these groups have been the focus of linguistic studies (e.g. ter . This paper reports on the ESRC funded project, 'Representation of refugees and asylum seekers in UK newspapers 1996-2005'. Although the project combines critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics approaches, the paper aims to exemplify the contribution of corpus research to discourse analysis (cf.

Almost six years on from the introduction of the Pacific Solution, the commitment of Australia's federal government to the regime of offshore processing of asylum seekers appears undiminished. The offshore processing regime has damaged Australia's international standing and has cost its taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars. But its highest cost has been in human terms. This article examines the evolution of Australia's offshore processing regime with reference to its objectives, its consequences and its ramifications for Australia's performance of its human rights obligations under international law.

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This article analyses four emerging refugee support organisations in Austria, founded before the so-called refugee crisis in 2015. It argues that these organisations have managed to occupy a middle space between mainstream NGOs and social movements with structures of inclusive governance, a high degree of autonomy, personalised relationships with refugees, and radical critique combined with service delivery. Based on interviews with the founders of each organisation, we show that their previous NGO and social movement experience formed a springboard for the new initiatives. It not only allowed them to identify significant gaps in existing service provision, but also provided the space of confrontation with the asylum system inspiring a strong sense of outrage, which in turn developed into political critique. We argue that this critique combined with identifying the needs of asylum seekers and refugees has produced a new type of organisation, which both delivers services and articula...

ObjectivesWe sought to identify and review published studies that discuss the ethical considerations, from a physician’s perspective, of managing a hunger strike in a prison setting.MethodsA database search was conducted to identify relevant publications. We included case studies, case series, guidelines and review articles published over a 20-year period. Non-English language publications were translated.ResultsThe review found 23 papers from 12 jurisdictions published in five languages suitable for inclusion.ConclusionsKey themes from included publications are identified and summarised in the context of accepted guidelines from the World Medical Association. Whilst there seems to be an overall consensus favouring autonomy over beneficence, tensions along this fine balance are magnified in jurisdictions where legislation leads to a dual loyalty conflict for the physician.

Housing is an important social determinant of health; however, little is known about the impact of housing experiences on health and wellbeing for people from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds. In this paper, we outline a qualitative component of a study in South Australia examining these links. Specifically, interviews were conducted with 50 refugees and asylum seekers who were purposively sampled according to gender, continent and visa status, from a broader survey. Interviews were analysed thematically. The results indicated that housing was of central importance to health and wellbeing and impacted on health through a range of pathways including affordability, the suitability of housing in relation to physical aspects such as condition and layout, and social aspects such as safety and belonging and issues around security of tenure. Asylum seekers in particular reported that living in housing in poor condition negatively affected their health. Our research reinforces the importance of housing for both the physical and mental health for asylum seekers and refugees living in resettlement countries. Improving housing quality, affordability and tenure security all have the potential to lead to more positive health outcomes.

Irregular migration is increasing in the Caribbean while the opportunities for applying for asylum hardly exist. The policy regarding most Caribbean irregular migrants is based on the view of the potential destinations, namely that the migrants are economic ...

Return migration is a significant aspect of global migration patterns, encompassing individuals who choose to return to their home countries after spending time abroad. Trust plays a crucial role in this process, influencing migrants' decisions to return, their reintegration experiences, and their relationships with both their home communities and the institutions that govern them. This article explores the multifaceted dynamics of trust in the context of return migration, examining the factors that shape trust levels and the implications for successful reintegration and community cohesion.

Almost six years on from the introduction of the Pacific Solution, the commitment of Australia's federal government to the regime of offshore processing of asylum seekers appears undiminished. The offshore processing regime has damaged Australia's international standing and has cost its taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars. But its highest cost has been in human terms. This article examines the evolution of Australia's offshore processing regime with reference to its objectives, its consequences and its ramifications for Australia's performance of its human rights obligations under international law.

Seeking asylum is a perilous endeavour with unpredictable border crossings, protection prospects, and settlement outcomes. Young unaccompanied asylum seekers face even greater risks. Yet exclusively characterizing them as vulnerable or passive ignores their agency in making choices in a range of unique, dynamic, and challenging circumstances. In this article, we use deep ethnographic methodology to amplify young asylum seekers’ voices, examining their capacity to enact agency along the asylum journey. We employ Bourdieu’s non-doxic contexts and Jackson’s “border situations” to describe the unstable environments young people navigate at home and during their journey to Australia. Our findings reveal a nuanced picture of young people both as objects of other people’s decisions (with reduced agency) and as highly engaged in dynamic decision-making during their journey to Australia (with more salient agency). These findings indicate the importance of research methods that steer away fro...

This article investigates the extent to which restrictive asylum and visa policies trigger an unintended behavioural response of potential and rejected asylum seekers. Based on our analysis of bilateral asylum and visa policies on migrant flows to 29 European states in the 2000s, we find evidence of a significant deflection into irregularity at work. Our estimates suggest that a 10 per cent increase in asylum rejections raises the number of irregular migrants by on average two to four per cent, and similarly, a 10 per cent increase in short-stay visa rejections leads to a four to seven per cent increase in irregular border entries. We identify significant nuances in the impact of restrictive asylum and visa policies on the number of apprehensions 'at the border' versus 'on territory'.

Background Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) play a significant role in hosting and supporting refugees. Refugees and asylum seekers in OECD countries may face unique challenges in accessing perinatal healthcare. These challenges can impact their use of and experience with perinatal health services leading to poor maternal and infant outcomes. This scoping review describes the general trends in perinatal health research among refugees/asylum seekers in OECD countries over the past fifty years (1970 to 2021) as well as summarizes their perinatal experience. Methods Databases including Embase and Medline were searched using relevant key words for "refugee/ asylum seeker", "perinatal ", and " OECD countries.". Articles were excluded if they only involved economic migrants or internally displaced persons, conducted in non-OECD countries, only assessed health behaviors and practices during pregnancy (e.g., smoking), or were published in a language other than English. The final list of articles included 82 unique studies. Results In the 40 years between 1970 and 2009, very few studies (n = 9) examined perinatal health among refugees/ asylum seekers in OECD countries. However, an increasing trend was observed over the past decade. Early studies (1980 to 2009) focused more on traditional perinatal outcomes; however, from 2010 onwards, studies related to perinatal experience were more likely to emerge in the global health literature. Access to timely prenatal care remains a challenge with failure to address the root causes of the problem in several OECD countries including those with a long history of hosting refugees. The limited availability of

Migration, particularly among refugees and asylum seekers, poses many challenges to the health system of host countries. This study examined the impact of migration history on illness experience, its meaning and help-seeking strategies of migrant patients from Bosnia and Turkey with a range of common health problems in general practice in Basel, Switzerland. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue, a data collection instrument for cross-cultural research which combines epidemiological and ethnographic research approaches, was used in semi-structured one-toone patient interviews. Bosnian patients (n ¼ 36) who had more traumatic migration experiences than Turkish/Kurdish (n ¼ 62) or Swiss internal migrants (n ¼ 48) reported a larger number of health problems than the other groups. Psychological distress was reported most frequently by all three groups in response to focussed queries, but spontaneously reported symptoms indicated the prominence of somatic, rather than psychological or psychosocial, problems. Among Bosnians, 78% identified traumatic migration experiences as a cause of their illness, in addition to a range of psychological and biomedical causes. Help-seeking strategies for the current illness included a wide range of treatments, such as basic medical care at private surgeries, outpatients department in hospitals as well as alternative medical treatments among all groups. Findings provide a useful guide to clinicians who work with migrants and should inform policy in medical care, information and health promotion for migrants in Switzerland as well as further education of health professionals on issues concerning migrants health.

Refugee, asylum seekers, and migrant (displaced) children are at protracted vulnerability levels, and COVID-19 has exacerbated the situation. Zimbabwe accepts refugees but enforces an encampment policy, and displaced populations are encamped at Tongogara Refugee Camp (TRC).  The research gap is that there is very little literature on refugees in Zimbabwe. The research objectives for the study were to explore the challenges that refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced children at TRC face, ascertain how COVID-19 has affected children at TRC, and propose solutions to these challenges. This research relied upon a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach considering the immediacy of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data is referred from published articles and organizational reports. The population size of 2,304 children aged 12 to 17 was obtained through the United Nations refugee agency (UNHCR)’s January 2021 population statistics for TRC. A 10% sample of 230 respondents w...

An increasingly common response to the lack of specialist mental health services for refugees and asylum seekers in European host countries is peer-supported services. This study examined the association between a peer-provided psychosocial intervention and psychological symptom reduction among refugees and asylum seekers in Greece. The intervention consisted of Problem Management Plus (PM+) and peer case management sessions delivered by a team of Community Psychosocial Workers (trained refugees). The sample consisted of 173 participants, comprising Arabic and Farsi speakers, male and female participants, recognized refugees and asylum seekers. Anxiety, depression, and psychological distress were measured before and after the intervention using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Psychological Outcome Profiles scales, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance was adopted to evaluate the difference in the degree of change across patient characteristics over the follow-up period. The level of statistical significance was set at p < .05, and analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software (version 26.0). Significant decreases were found in all postintervention scores, indicating significant decreases in anxiety and depression symptoms as well as in psychological distress following the peer-provided psychosocial intervention, which included emotional support and social care. Large effect sizes were found at all scales. The findings support the notion that there is an association between the implemented intervention and symptom reduction in refugees. For future research, a randomized controlled trial is proposed as a study protocol.

A global refugee crisis? 1 WILLIAM MALEY Refugees and illegal migrants in the Asia-Pacific region 9 ALAN DUPONT 'Illegal refugees' or illegal policy? JEAN-PIERRE FONTEYNE The 'Pacific solution'? GREG FRY Australia's refugee and humanitarian policies JAMES JUPP Statistics: Refugees and Australia's contribution THUY DO Contributors v Preface CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT When governments suffer crises of legitimacy, politics becomes desperate and truth is often a casualty. For more than a decade the Australian public has been losing faith with politicians, political parties and governments. As Coalition and Labor governments have radically restructured Australian society to accommodate the forces of economic globalisation, their promises of the good life have clashed with widespread perceptions of social breakdown. The message that Australians must endure short-term pain to reap long-term gain has worn thin, and the idea that governments are serving the people has been undermined by the perceived neglect of rural communities, the crises of the national health and educations systems, the national drug problem, urban crime, and more. As trust in the two major parties has declined, support for minor parties has grown, particularly on the right.

List of tables 1 Countries of origin of interviewees 2 Socio-legal status of refugees and asylum seekers 3 Sectors of jobs in UK held by interviewees This report presents new findings on forced labour and migration in the UK. The Precarious Lives research demonstrates for the first time that refugees and asylum seekers are a group of migrants susceptible to exploitation in various forms of severely exploitative, and, in some cases, forced labour in England. The report focuses on the experiences of refugees and asylum seekers in forced labour and considers the reasons they are engaged in it. Key findings • Forced labour is experienced by three particular groups who interact with the asylum system at different points while in the UK: asylum seekers at entry, trafficked migrants and undocumented migrants. Most of our interviewees moved between various types of precarious work across a spectrum encompassing vulnerable work, seriously exploitative work and forced labour. • All found themselves either on the margins of the labour market or in transactional exchange in a wide range of jobs in catering and hospitality, care, domestic work, food packing or processing, cleaning, manufacturing, retail, construction, security and other sectors. • The most common experiences were of 'employers' and/or 'intermediaries' abusing workers' socio-legal status of diminished rights to welfare, work and residence to withhold promised wages, enforce excessive overtime and subject them to abusive working and living conditions.

Background: Student-run asylum clinics handle an increasing proportion of forensic medical evaluation requests for asylum cases across the country, but the impact on medical students participating in these evaluations remains poorly understood. This study investigates the self-reported backgrounds, roles, and experiences of medical students who directly participated in forensic evaluations of asylum-seekers at a student-run forensic asylum clinic between 2017 and 2021. Methods: Electronic surveys were sent to 40 medical students who had completed at least one asylum evaluation through the student clinic. Survey questions asked about student background, motivations, volunteer roles, and learning experiences during the evaluation process. Frequencies were calculated for multiple choice and 10-point Likert scale responses. Reviewers independently identified themes in free-response answers. Responses were subsequently coded using a consensus theme bank. Results: Eighteen of 40 (45%) students emailed completed the survey. Seventy-eight percent of respondents reported a personal or familial history of immigration. Almost all wrote the first draft of the medical affidavit. All respondents to the question reported improvement in their confidence working with patients who had experienced physical or psychological trauma as a result of persecution or feared persecution, because of their participation in an asylum evaluation. Conclusions: Students frequently were motivated to participate in forensic examinations of asylumseekers for personal reasons related to their immigrant backgrounds. Our findings suggest that asylum evaluations promote professional development and skills working with survivors of trauma, though there remain technical and emotional challenges that mandate adequate training and support for student volunteers.

Surveys show that issues to do with population-migrant numbers, asylum seekers and, to a lesser extent, population size-are matters of growing concern, though whether opposition to a bigger Australia is greater now than twenty or thirty years ago is doubtful. While the majority of respondents over the last thirty years have opposed the idea of a bigger population, the extent of the opposition reported in the surveys also reflects the way questions are framed, the kinds of questions that precede these questions, the range of possible responses the questions allow, and so on. They may also reflect mode effects, especially differences between online polls and polls conducted face-to-face, by telephone or via the mail. Opposition to population growth reflects environmental more than economic concerns; economic concerns are the main reason for supporting population growth. In responses to the question of whether migrant numbers should be increased, maintained or reduced three things stand out. First, since 2005, the proportion of respondents saying too many migrants are coming to Australia has increased. Second, while opposition to immigration may be on the increase, levels of opposition in recent years have been lower than those recorded in the first half of the 1990s or in the 1980s. Third, the polls reporting the highest levels of opposition-all conducted online-have framed the questions in ways that appear to encourage responses opposed to immigration. Pagliaro of Amnesty International Australia for allowing us to access their data; members of the Parliamentary Library for comments on a draft and Paige Darby for her copy-editing. The usual disclaimers apply.

As of December 2021, about 13.399 asylum seekers had entered Indonesian territory. As a non-signatory party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, refugee protection is becoming ambiguous and uncertain; specifically, about the treatment of asylum seekers and refugees who are in transit in Indonesia. This study used a sociolegal technique to answer that question, using data from the UNHCR High Frequency Survey: Communication with Communities 2022, which included 400 respondents from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, collected between 15 December 2022 and 09 January 2023. The finding stated that detention is still utilized to treat asylum seekers, sexual and verbal abuse is still happening in detention centres, also illegal deportation is still common. The legal analysis found that it happens because the asylum seeker does not belong to the subject of protection and categorized as illegal migrant by the current legal framework.

Many studies reveal the effectiveness of different psychological interventions on the adult refugees reporting mental health distress. Aim of this metanalysis was to test the efficacy of different psychological treatments on the depressive, anxiety and somatization symptoms on refugees and asylum seekers. Fifty-two studies, since 1997 to 2019, were included in the systematic review and 27 of those were included in the metanalysis. Studies providing a pre and post treatment methodological design were included. All treatments reported significant effects on the three outcomes. Qualitative observations showed a probability to have a significant pre-post treatment effects on trials with outcome of depression (56%), anxiety (44%), and somatization (42%). Cognitive behavioral treatment resulted the most effective treatment. The status of refugee compared to the status of asylum seeker seems to have a great effect on the effectiveness of the treatment.

The return of rejected asylum seekers has a high priority on the national agendas of European States. In order to make wellinformed asylum decisions involving children, knowledge of how asylum-seeker children fare after their return to their countries of origin is needed. This study aims to gain knowledge about the child-rearing environment and the social-emotional wellbeing of migrant children who have returned to Kosovo and Albania after a stay in a European host country. Based on a sample of 106 returned families, the study investigated the predictive factors for children's social-emotional wellbeing using regression analyses. The findings show that procedural characteristics and ethnicity predict wellbeing, mediated through the quality of the childrearing environment. The most vulnerable children did not have a stable resident status in the host country, belonged to a minority ethnic group and were older adolescents. The findings indicate that the wellbeing of returned children is not only dependent on conditions after repatriation, but also on the conditions which the families left in the host country. To enable sustainable return in a child's best interests, the needs of vulnerable families and children should be thoroughly assessed prior to return, and reintegration support should be tailored to their situation.

Background: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in developed countries has decreased since the 1990s, reflecting worldwide efforts to identify and treat TB according to WHO recommendations. However TB remains an important public health problem in industrialized countries with a high proportion of cases occurring among subjects originating from high prevalence countries. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and social characteristics of patients with TB and their outcome in a low incidence area with a high immigration rate. Methods: Four-year retrospective study based on a computerized database and subsequent review of medical records of all patients with TB followed at the outpatient section of the

Warm Welcome? Understanding public attitudes to asylum seekers in Scotland ippr 2 The Institute for Public Policy Research (ippr) is the UK's leading progressive think tank and was established in 1988. Its role is to bridge the political divide between the social democratic and liberal traditions, the intellectual divide between academia and the policy making establishment and the cultural divide between government and civil society. It is first and foremost a research institute, aiming to provide innovative and credible policy solutions. Its work, the questions its research poses, and the methods it uses are driven by the belief that the journey to a good society is one that places social justice, democratic participation, economic and environmental sustainability at its core.

Background Forced migration leaves deep marks on the psychological well-being of migrants, with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological conditions being prevalent among them. While research has clarified the extent to which pre-migration trauma is a predictor of mental health outcomes, the role of post-migration stressors in the settlement environment are yet to be fully characterized. Methods We monitored mental health of a cohort of 100 asylum-seekers during their 14-day COVID-19-related quarantine in reception facilities in Rome, Italy, through the administration of six questionnaires (a demographic survey, the WHO-5 well-being index, the Primary Care PTSD Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report, and the LiMEs -Italian version). Through the combination of statistical analysis and supervised learning, we studied the impact of the first contact with the reception system on asylum-seekers' mental health and sought for possible risk and shielding factors for PTSD. Results We find that sheltering in refugee centers has a positive impact on migrants' mental health; asylum-seekers with PTSD reported more traumatic events and personality characteristics related to loss and trauma; life events are predictors of PTSD in asylum-seekers. Conclusions We identify past traumatic experiences as predictors of PTSD, and establish the positive role the immediate post-migration environment can play on migrants' psychological well-being. We recommend for host countries to implement reception models that provide effective protection and integration of asylum-seekers, similar to those in the Italian system.

Objetivo: Quantificar as atitudes frente a incapacidades, percebidas pelas pessoas com deficiências (PCDs) atendidas em hospital universitário no Brasil, assim como determinar se as barreiras atitudinais percebidas se correlacionam com outros fatores. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional transversal, onde a amostra de PCDs completou a Escala de Atitudes Frente a Incapacidades para Pessoas com Incapacidades Físicas (ADS-D), que quantifica a barreira atitudinal percebida, a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão e a Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF). Os dados foram correlacionados com sexo, renda, depressão, valor da MIF, tipo de deficiência e tempo de deficiência. Resultados: Foram avaliados 68 pacientes – 50,0% com lesão medular, 38,2% com amputações e 11,8% com hemiplegia – dos quais 66,2% eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 39,33 (±12,89) anos, média de 10,95 (±4,25) anos de estudo, mediana de 20,5 meses (intervalo de 10,5-33,5 meses) de tempo de deficiência...

Background Torture continues to be a global problem and there is a need for prevention and rehabilitation efforts. There is little available data on torture survivors from studies designed and conducted by health professionals in low income countries. This study is a collaboration between five centres from Gaza, Egypt, Mexico, Honduras and South Africa who provide health, social and legal services to torture survivors, advocate for the prevention of torture and are part of the network of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT). Methods Socio-demographic, clinical and torture exposure data was collected on the torture survivors attending the five centres at presentation and then at three and six month follow-up periods. This sample of torture survivors is presented using a range of descriptive statistics. Change over time is demonstrated with repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Of the 306 torture survivors, 23% were asylum seekers or refugees, ...