Archeobotany

Cerial grains in ritual contexts. Early Bronze Age in Sommaränge Skog

by Camilla Forsman and Anneli Ekblom

Sommaränge skog, situated between Viksta och Sätuna in Viksta parish, is an important locality for understanding burial practices during the older Bronze age in this part of Upp land. The locality was excavated by Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis in 2003 (Forsman & Victor 2006; Schmidt Wikborg 2006). Investigations showed that Sommaränge skog was used from the late Neolitithic and continuously during the Bronze Age. This was first and foremost a place for the treatment and deposition of the dead. Cremated bones from the dead has been deposited in heaps of fire-cracked stones, layers of soot, bone layers and a ritual house (see also Forsman this volyme). Presented paper focuses on the practices of cremation and burial associated with these constructions. A number of context associated with the treatment of human bones were sampled for a findcategory that has often been neglected, the botanical material. A large number of carbonised cereal grains and wild grasses were encountered in several of the layers of soot, together with burnt animal and human bones. It is argued that cereal grains and wild grasses was an important part of the burial and cremation rituals in Sommaränge skog. Comparisons are made with similar context from southern Scandinavia showing that the inclusion of plant material in burial practices is not uncommon. Finally, the role of both wild and domesticated plants, alongside bones from domesticated animals in the practices of the treatment of the dead, is discussed against the bronze age societal organisation. While cattle herding was the main mode of subsistence, cereal and wild grains were given an important role in the burial and cremation practices, particularly the case during the early Bronze age. The fact that the botanical material occurs both in association to the actual deposition of the burnt bones and as in the rituals preceeding the deposition suggests that they were associated with the symbolism around burial and cremation practices. The macrofossil analyses from Sommaränge Skog shows that this type of material has a great potential in elucidating ritual practices in connection with cremation and burial and it is suggested that similar context should be sampled strategically to better understand practices around the handling of the dead during bronze age.

Estudios etnohistóricos y etnográficos en el área Centro Sur Andina indican el uso del término vilca para nombrar la especie Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil; sin embargo, estudios etnográficos en el norte de Chile detectaron el uso del mismo término para nombrar la especie Acacia visco. Esto generó una confusión entre ambas especies, ya que se ha afirmado que A. colubrina var. cebil habita en Chile, confundiéndola con A. visco y desorientando las interpretaciones en relación con su significancia como un recurso foráneo proveniente desde la vertiente oriental andina. Arqueológicamente se han identificado restos de A. colubrina var. cebil en contextos habitacionales, funerarios y ceremoniales tanto del Norte Grande de Chile como del Noroeste Argentino, mientras que A. visco es pocas veces mencionada en la literatura arqueológica. La semejanza general de las semillas de ambas especies y la ausencia de informes acerca de caracteres que distingan estas especies en contextos arqueológicos, inspiró en este trabajo la búsqueda de nuevos marcadores de identificación. Este artículo aborda la distribución geográfica de ambas especies, la evidencia arqueológica de su uso, y caracteriza sus semillas usando metodologías arqueobotánicas y químicas. El análisis arqueobotánico permitió identificar nuevos morfotipos diagnósticos de elementos histológicos a los ya registrados anteriormente y el análisis químico mostró la presencia de bufotenina en concentraciones diferenciadas en ambas especies. Estos resultados aportan nuevos marcadores arqueobotánicos y químicos que permiten distinguir las dos especies en muestras provenientes de contextos arqueológicos.

Les analyses morphométriques de lots de pépins non carbonisés provenant des puits de deux sites viticoles du Biterrois (Languedoc) permettent d'affecter une proportion élevée de ces derniers à la vigne sauvage (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris). La discussion de ces résultats en confrontation avec le contexte archéologique permet de conclure que ce morphotype sauvage était cultivé durant l'Antiquité conjointement, de la même façon et pour les mêmes usages que le type domestique.

Il volume sugli scavi del complesso “Novi Sad” a Modena, è il sigillo conclusivo ad una operazione di vasta portata dal punto di vista archeologico, che ha visto impegnata l’allora Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia-Romagna in un lavoro di scavo estensivo durato diversi anni. L’ampio ventaglio cronologico individuato, dall’Età del Ferro al Seicento, con preponderanza della fase romana, ha permesso non solo di arricchire la conoscenza della storia e delle dinamiche evolutive della città di Modena, ma anche di conquistare un nuovo inestimabile patrimonio, sia tangibile (i numerosi reperti che sono già stati esposti in una mostra nel Museo Civico Archeologico Etnologico e le strutture che sono state ricollocate nel Novi Park), sia immateriale (la messe di informazioni geologiche, storiche, topografiche, architettoniche, archeobotaniche, antropologiche e della cultura materiale che ci ha offerto il giacimento archeologico pluristratificato).

Mottes E., Rottoli M., 2006. I resti carpologici del sito neolitico de La Vela di Trento (campagne di scavo 1975 e 1976), in PESSINA A., VISENTINI P. (a cura di), Preistoria dell'Italia settentrionale. Studi in ricordo di Bernardino Bagolini, Atti del Convegno, Udine settembre 2005, Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, 2006, pp. 129-142.

Ahogy a betegségek, úgy a gyógyításuk iránti igény és szándék is egyidős velünk. Az érzéstelenítés hiánya, a fertőzések és a vérzés veszélye miatt az emberiség történetének jelentős részében az operáció csak a legvégső esetben jöhetett szóba, így szinte minden problémát megpróbáltak inkább gyógynövényekkel kezelni. Az ősember a hozzá legközelebb eső természeti forrásokat ismerte és használta fel, ebből született meg idővel a népi gyógyászat, majd a fitoterápia tudománya.

En este artículo se presentan los datos arqueobotánicos relacionados con la agricultura existentes para el 6º y el 5º milenio en Andalucía. Tras la descripción de los principales conjuntos arqueobotánicos documentados en los que predominan los trigos y las cebadas desnudos, con un peso variable de los trigos vestidos, seguidos por una gran variedad de leguminosas, y por la presencia de lino y adormidera, se abordan cuestiones relacionadas con las diferencias y similitudes entre esta región y el resto de la Península Ibérica. Igualmente se compara el inicio de las prácticas agrícolas en Andalucía con Europa incidiendo en la enorme diversidad de la agricultura de esta región.

Palabras clave: Neolítico, agricultura, trigos vestidos, trigos desnudos, adormidera, lino.

This study focuses on the archaeobotanical data related to agriculture in the Early Neolithic (6th-5th millennium BC) of Andalusia (Spain). First, the archaeobotanical record is described, showing a predominance of freethreshing wheats, fluctuating proportions of hulled wheats, and a varied assemblage of legumes. Flax and poppy are also documented at some of the sites analysed. The pattern detected is compared to that found in other regions of the Iberian Peninsula and eventually to that reported for central Europe. Particular emphasis is placed on the considerable crop diversity found in Andalusia.

Keywords: Neolithic, Agriculture, Hulled Wheat, Free-threshing Wheat, Poppy, Flax.

Her şeyden önce ve her şeyden sonra yaşam, daima bir tür yeşerme olarak ifade bulmuştur. Doğumda ve dirimde, bollukta ve doyumda bu yeşermenin varlığı duyulur. Hayat ağacı dünyanın merkezinde, sayısız yuvayla donanmış dallarıyla, kökten göğe tohum saçar. Yeryüzünün tüm bitkileri bu tohumlardan toprağa düşer, yayılır ve yaşama karışır. İçlerinde ölümsüzlüğüne inanılan ulu gölgeli ağaçlar da vardır, zehirli, şifalı, dikenli dikensiz otlar da. Bazısı uykuya dalar, mevsimleri çevirir, ruhu bir ilahın bedenine yerleşir. Onunla uyanır bahar ve o kaybolunca esmeye başlar soğutucu rüzgârlar. Yaşam bitkilerin yanı sıra devinir. Bitkileri böylelikle duyarız, onlar hakkında bildiklerimiz milyonlarca yıllık bir birlikte yaşam deneyiminden taşınır.

İnsanın anlam arayışının ve inşasının ürünü olan mitoslar, insanla ilişkide olan tüm diğer varlıklar gibi bitkilerin de çağlar boyu dönüşümünü ilk ağızdan aktarırlar. Deniz Gezgin’in Bitki Mitosları adlı bu çalışmasında farklı coğrafya ve kültürlerde, bitkilerin kültür dünyasında yer buluş biçimleri aktarılıyor. Kökündeki ölümcül inatla çığlıkları duyulan adamotundan, ölmezağaç zeytine dek bitkilerin binlerce yıllık anlam yolculuğunun izi bu kitapta sürülüyor.

Vent’anni di ricerche della Missione italiana nel deserto del Karakum hanno rivelato come la regione del Murghab sia stata teatro dei primi scambi e interazioni tra le popolazioni sedentarie locali e i nomadi delle steppe euro-asiatiche ponendo le basi delle future caratteristiche geo-economiche della cosiddetta Via della Seta

A kötet a Bodajk város közigazgatási területén feltárt avar (6–9. század) és honfoglalás kori (10. század) temetőrészletek teljesség igényével történő közlésére vállalkozik. Az alapközlésen túlmenően számos tudományág kutatóinak bevonásával komplex elemzés is helyet kaphatott a könyvben. A kilenc fős szerzőgárdában találunk avar koros, honfoglalás koros, valamint az archeometria területén jártas régészeket, embertannal és régészeti állattannal foglalkozó szakembereket. A tudományos igényesség mellett minden fejezetben törekedtünk a közérthetőségre, hogy a szakmabelieken kívül a múltunk és őseink iránt érdeklődő kultúrakedvelő közönség, valamint a helytörténeti érdeklődésű olvasók is haszonnal forgathassák az egykoron Bodajkon élt avarokat és magyarokat megidéző monográfiát.

Schlagwörter:  Experimentelle  Archäologie  –  Römische  Kaiserzeit  –  Germania  magna  – Brandgräber  –  Beigabensitten  –  Verbrennungsplätze  –  Leichenbranduntersuchungen – Archäobotanik – Archäozoologie

Keywords:  experimental archaeology – Roman Empire – Germania magna – cremation graves – grave-goods – cremation places – cremation analyses – archaeobotany – archaeozoology
Mots-clés:  archéologie expérimentale – Époque Romaine – Germania magna – incinérations – coutumes des mobiliers funéraires – places des crémations – analyses des crémations – archéobotanique – archéozoologie

Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich eingehend mit der Verbrennung auf dem Scheiterhaufen  und  beleuchtet  diese  Thematik  unter  zahlreichen  Aspekten  am  Beispiel  der  römischen Kaiserzeit  Innergermaniens,  obwohl  die  vorliegenden  Ergebnisse  grundsätzlich  auf  andere Epochen, in denen Brandbestattung vollzogen wurde, übertragbar sind. Ethnologische Studien und archäologische Quellen belegen, wie unterschiedlich Brandbestattungen ausgeführt worden sein können. Die einzelnen Parameter des Ablaufes lassen kaum Gemeinsamkeiten erkennen.  Die  Rahmenbedingungen  sind jedoch  durch  physikalische  Gesetzmäßigkeiten vorgegeben. Da an der  Untersuchung  verschiedene  Disziplinen  (Archäologie,  Anthropologie,  Archäozoologie,  Botanik  und  Rechtsmedizin)  beteiligt  waren,  sprengen  die  gewonnenen  Ergebnisse  den  Umfang  einer  allgemeinen  Zusammenfassung.  Insgesamt  wurden  zahlreiche themenbezogene Feststellungen erarbeitet, die hier nicht im Detail wiederholt werden. Als
Ausgangsbasis  wird  der  aktuelle  Forschungsstand  beleuchtet,  dann  eine  umfassende  Bestandsaufnahme  zur  Brandbestattung  auf  interdisziplinärer  Ebene  vorgelegt.  Anschließend folgt ein Fragenkatalog, der als Leitfaden für die geplanten Experimente diente. Nach dieser theoretischen Einleitung werden insgesamt vier experimentelle Verbrennungen beschrieben und ausgewertet. Bei den ersten zwei Versuchen standen Fragen zur Konstruktion des Scheiterhaufens und zum Ablauf der Verbrennung im Vordergrund, während die letzten beiden Versuche zusätzlich das Verhalten von Ausstattungsstücken im Feuer klären sollten. Die Versuche verdeutlichen,  dass  Brände  „chaotisch“  sind.  Ihr  Verlauf  ist  komplex,
uneinheitlich und wird extrem von äußeren Bedingungen beeinflusst. So wirkt dieses System auf den Körper des zu Verbrennenden ein, indem das Ziel der vollständigen Verbrennung des Leichnams – angezeigt durch Leichenbrand des Verbrennungsgrades V – fast immer erreicht
wird. Werden im konkreten Einzelfall an Teilen des Körpers Ausnahmen beobachtet, sind sie offensichtlich  dem  Wirken  dieses  chaotischen  Systems  geschuldet.  Ferner  findet  durch  das Feuer und damit ausschließlich durch naturwissenschaftliche Größen determiniert eine unsystematische Wirkung auf die Bestandteile des Körpers, verifizierbar insbesondere auf die Bestandteile des Skelettsystems, statt, und der ursprüngliche Zustand lässt sich nur insofern rekonstruieren, als:
–  das  ursprünglich  vorhandene  System  von  Einzelelementen  (Skelettsystem  des  Menschen) bekannt ist – einen vollständigen Körper vorausgesetzt – und das Verhalten der Einzelelemente im Feuer statistisch erfasst werden kann 
–  für  die  Rekonstruktion  des  ursprünglichen  Zustandes  mit  entsprechend  zahlreichen Fallstudien argumentiert wird, um statistisch abgesicherte Aussagen treffen zu können.
In gleicher Weise wirkt die Verbrennung als unsystematische Auslese auf Bekleidung, Trachtbestandteile, Ausrüstung und beigegebene Objekte – also das Inventar. Auch diese Gegenstände können im Sinne eines Systems von Einzelelementen verstanden werden, beispielsweise als
Tracht-  oder  Ausstattungsmuster.  Für  Rekonstruktionsversuche  zu  diesem  Ausstattungssystem gelten die gleichen Voraussetzungen und Bedingungen wie für den Körper selbst.
Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis ist, dass eine interdisziplinäre Untersuchung der archäologischen Befunde unerlässlich ist, um den Verbrennungsprozess besser beurteilen und weiterführende Aussagen treffen zu können. Bei künftigen Studien sollten auch weitere Disziplinen
(z.B.  Materialwissenschaften)  oder  auch  Brandexperten beteiligt  werden.  Energetische  Betrachtungen sind kaum möglich. Bei den Versuchen wurde darauf geachtet, den Umfang des Brennmaterials gering zu halten. Es ist jedoch ungewiss, ob in der Vergangenheit ein geringer Holzverbrauch  beim  Bau  eines  Scheiterhaufens  überhaupt  angestrebt  wurde.  Schließlich würde sich der Scheiterhaufen als Statussymbol einer solchen Betrachtung gänzlich entziehen.  Die  Ergebnisse  der  Studie  können  prinzipiell  auf  alle  Brandgrabinventare  übertragen werden. Aktuelle Befunde und auch die durchgeführten Experimente lassen die Unzulänglichkeit der bislang für die Beschreibung germanischer Brandgräber der römischen Kaiserzeit
verwendeten  Begriffe  erkennen.  Letztlich  fordert  der  erreichte  Kenntnisstand  die  kritische Überprüfung der bisherigen Brandgrabauswertungen.

El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer al lector interesado una revisión bibliográfica y critica de los trabajos realizados con respecto al uso de los “adaptógenos” durante los últimos años en el territorio peruano y parte de los Andes Centrales.

El trabajo pretende crear un marco teórico aplicable a la Arqueología y ofrecer una metodología para su estudio. Asimismo, revalidar la importancia de su estudio y sobre todo de su comprensión para el análisis de las distintas actividades de las sociedades prehispánicas los cuales pueden darnos interpretaciones con un mayor grado de aproximación ofreciéndonos un nuevo enfoque.

This database is a stand-alone version (also integrated in CalPal Edition 2025.01) of the main CalPal-Format Excel 14C-Database (24,268 MB), with dates (total N=215187 dates, N=37632 sites, ca. 99.7% georef) stored in spreadsheets according to continents/regions/: Africa (N=9182),  Asia (N=1435),  Australia (N=4247,) Great Britain (with archaeological variables, but highly incomplete: N=13478), British Isles (sitenames only: N=30489),  Central America (N=1794), China (N=4509), Europe/Near East (N=57256), Japan (N=30673),  North America (N=52977), Polynesia (N=2264), and South America (N=6883). This database is intended for use (in terms of archaeological variables, automated Calibration Curve Switch (CCS) and DeltaR-functionality) in combination with CalPal-Software. A download of CalPal-Software (Version 2024.11), which has the necessary CCS and DeltaR-functionality for automated chronology composition on a global scale is available from the Zenodo repository at CERN (CH): https://zenodo.org/records/11104437.  Some examples for continental-scale and cultural 14C-analysis with this database, in conjunction with CalPal, are provided in the accompanying graphs.

In 2018, the field studies on The Big Island (Tell Golemija ostrov ) at Durankulak village continued for the 27th consecutive season. Building N8/ VII was fully explored (Culture Hamangia IV). We found out that it was originally without massive stone walls, only with razor-like ones and a roof supported by several rows of wooden poles.

In 2018, the study of a new building No.25 / VII (Culture Hamangia IV culture) began. Only its final stage was fully explored. A grinding structure, a domed furnace and a clay structure for processing and storage of wheat were revealed there. Several ceramic pots appeared in situ inside the latter structure. The building was destroyed by fire as the inhabitants of the settlement had managed to save the most precious - the wheat and the grinding stones.

Building N 25/ Vii contained also burnt seeds of coarse wheat (Triticum monococcum), soft wheat (Triticum aestivo/durum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), as well as some grains of peas (Pisum sativum), and vetch (Vicia ervilia and Vicia sativa). There was also a large number of not-burned grains of cereals.

During the Early Bronze Age olive tree cultivation begins to be practiced and it comes to create complex production systems and economic relations, whose management, closely related to the environment and the climate of the Southern Levant, was one of the achievements of Palestinian urbanism.

Cet ouvrage fait suite à la tenue d’un Séminaire Archéologique de l’Ouest sur la relation entre l'Homme et son environnement pendant l'âge du Fer dans l'Ouest de la France, qui s'est déroulé le 24 mars 2014 à l’Université de Nantes. La plupart de ces communications a donné lieu à des articles traitant de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles, tant végétales, animales que minérales, mais aussi de l’impact de  l’Homme sur son environnement, et ceci à travers des disciplines aussi variées que l'anthracologie, l'archéozoologie, l'ichtyologie, la malacologie terrestre et marine, la pétrographie et les productions métalliques.
Marqués par leur pluridisciplinarité, ces actes rassemblent des articles d’intérêt majeur, puisqu’ils proposent des synthèses auxquelles s’ajoutent des données récentes et originales, issues pour la plupart de sites récemment fouillés en archéologie préventive. Ils offrent ainsi un état très actuel de la recherche sur la question des interactions Homme/milieu durant l'âge du Fer et participent à une meilleure compréhension des systèmes socio-économiques de ces communautés.

mots-clés : archéologie environnementale, âge du Fer, Ouest de la France

This publication follows on from a seminar which took place on the 24th of March 2014 at the University of Nantes and approached the question of the relationship between people and their environment during the Iron Age in Western France. During this seminar, various works on environmental disciplines were presented addressing a common period, the Iron Age. Most of these papers led to articles dealing mainly with the exploitation of natural resources, vegetal, animal and mineral, but also with the impact of people on their environment, through studies of archaeobotany, archaeozoology, ichthyology, terrestrial and marine malacology, petrography and metal production studies.
Characterized by their pluridisciplinarity, these proceedings gather articles of major interest as they provide synthesis, recent and original data, coming from recent rescue excavations. Dealing exclusively with Iron Age they contribute to a better understanding of the socio-economic systems of these communities.

Key-words: environmental archaeology, Iron Age, Western France.

The agriculture of the Dnieper river archaeological cultures of the third quarter of the 1st Millenium A.D. has not become a separate study subject. This data is important for agriculture analysis: paleoecologic indicators; artifacts; natural sciences (biological) definitions.
Paleoecologic conditions were favorable for agricultural activities. The settlements were located on landscapes, where it was possible to develop both industries. Agriculture could be practiced in flood plains, in the forests, in clear plateau areas. For cattle breeding it was possible to use floodplains, forest edges, and vacant land areas. Also it was possible to rotate using certain areas for cattle breeding and agriculture.
According to study of vegetation in the 5th-7th centuries (sub period SA-2A), agricultural activity declined to some extent on all Europe territories. Then agricultural activity intensified gradually; and it happened apparently during the period of archaeological cultures interchange in the third and last quarters of the 1st Millennium A.D.
The agriculture tools are presented by a complete set of parts, although in small quantity. The most exemplary tools (sickles and tine points) are presented by quite primitive items (according to territorial and chronological comparison), these artefacts are typical for Eastern Europe forest zone. Paleoethnobotanical (archaeobotanical) materials are scarce and unrepresentative. They are represented by a standard set of cultivated plants, but they are not authentic statistically.
Cattle-breeding is now characterized by materials of only one site (Nikodimovo). The great cattle animal unit quantity prevailed relatively, domestic pigs were on the second place, domestic horses were on the third place, goats and sheep were on the forth place. The great cattle was the most important for meat production (2/3), horsemeat was on the second place (1/4), pork was on the third place (1/10), goats and sheep meat was on the forth place (about 2%). Indirect confirmations of cattle-breeding importance are low exponents of wild animals not intended for meat production. The usage of living domestic animals is also important.
The ratio of Kolochin culture studied sites and agricultural artifacts is satisfactory. According to present data, the cleared land agriculture (podseka) was the main form; it was possible that flood plains were used traditionally.
The Paleoethnobotanical definitions are practically absent in the study, the definitions of archaeozoologic materials are scarce. This state of research by natural sciences methods should be considered unsatisfactory.

In 2015 a research was carried out in the southern (excavation 8) and central (excavation 9) parts of the settlement (fig. 1). By the excavation 8 a complex of dwelling 1 and household building 2 were investigated (fig. 2); by the excavation 9 — a household building 1 (fig. 4). The dwelling is represented by construction, characteristic for many early Slavic monuments. Household buildings with niche-like ovens as a characteristic feature, were of local distribution; apparently, they functioned as special buildings for cooking. The materials from the objects are represented by typical set of pottery dated to 10th century (fig. 3; 5).
Biological samples were obtained from a selective soil filtration, are represented by four species: charcoal (identified by M.S. Sergeyeva); palaeoethnobotanical materials; ichthyologic remnants and fragments of eggshell (identified by Ye.Yu Yanish). Analysis of these materials allows to characterize partially the palaeoenvironmental situation. The anthrakological data allow to suggest that in the Peresopnitsa district in ancient times mixed forests grew. The Stubla river, apparently, was a more full-flowing and enough oxygenated, but was not fast flowing.
Palaeoethnobotanical samples (fig. 6, table) represented by progressive data close to the early Slavic (Rayky, Volyntseve-Romny settlements); weeds represented by pronounced anthropochores.
Further complex researches will help to clarify the essential questions of palaeoecology of Peresopnitsa district and bio-economic activities of its inhabitants.
Keywords: Peresopnitsa, Pastivnyk, Slavs, archaeology, paleobotany, archaeozoology.

Bothros of the Tumulus culture found at the state administrational boundary of Ménfőcsanak. Spiral decoration on the clay frieze of a building. The report focuses on only one feature of the preventive archaeological excavation performed on an area of 277,165 m 2 . In addition to the bones of cattle, domesticated pig, sheep and sheep/goat, as well as carp and pike in the pit, the skeleton of a child (aging between 5 and 8) identified as Inf. I/II was placed in a large bowl (pithos?). In addition to the fragments of two grinding stones with plant remains and phytoliths, as well as food remains and charcoal fragments referring to burning, and to many fractured vessels, such as storage vessels, dishes, knob-footed beaker, portable hearth (pyraunos?), the fragment of the clay frieze of a building was placed nearby the sacrificed child. The data processing by natural sciences was supplemented by two AMS 14C data. This feature can be dated to the second half of the Koszider Period. This report also describes the reconstruction of the building appliqué, the decoration motif of the clay plastic art, and its analogues, and particularly three transportation "corridors/ routes", through which this aesthetical innovation might have been exported.

El tema de esta investigación se vincula con el conocimiento sobre los recursos naturales que predominan en el ambiente lacustre de la Cuenca de México para la subsistencia de grupos cazadores-recolectores, se aborda el proceso de resiliencia entre pobladores tempranos  y los cambios ambientales ocurridos durante la fase pre cerámica denominada -Atlapulco- (6,200 a.n.e.)  contribuyeron con el desarrollo temprano de grupos sedentarios cuyo modo de vida integro paulatinamente la experimentación de cultivos incipientes y se especializo con el tiempo en el aprovechamiento de la biodiversidad del lago de Xochimilco.

Монографія присвячена вивченню господарства населення юхнівської культури раннього залізного віку лісової смуги Східної Європи. На підставі наявних матеріалів максимально повно проаналізовані землеробство, тваринництво, мисливство і рибальство цієї спільноти. Подано загальну характеристику культури і докази тваринницько-землеробського характеру господарства з доволі розвиненим рибальством.
Для археологів, істориків, музейних працівників, краєзнавців та всіх, хто цікавиться минулим стародавніх народів.

In the years 1989-1991, the National Museum carried out a series of targeted investigations of the well-known, protected ancient monument Borremose Fortress in central Vesthimmerland. In this paper, the person responsible for the scientific studies, Charlie Christensen, and the leader of the project, Jes Martens, present the results of these studies and their consequences for the understanding of the plant and its history. The article also relates to the previous studies carried out by DGU and on the basis of this the history of the place is reconstructed. DGU's pollen series were taken from layer series that were disturbed by peat excavation in the Iron Age, so the period just before and during the settlement was not represented in the pollen diagrams. The National Museum's analyzed pollen series was taken in an undisturbed area, whereby subsequent courses could be determined. A climatically conditioned water level rise around 800 BC. causes the birch forest on Lille Borremose to drown, and local lakes are formed in the lower areas. At the same time, the linden forest on the small islet at the southern end of the bog is cleared. After grazing, the vegetation on the islet turns into heather. Early in the Pre-Roman Iron Age, incipient raised bog formation is seen in the surrounding bog and at about the same time (in the fourth century BC) a road was built to the islet which was fortified and built on. During the life of the building, there is a rapid growth in peat formation. In the second century BC. village and moat are closed, which are then leveled and turned into fields. In the sealing fill layers from the moat are pottery, which dates the event to the final phase of the Pre-Roman or early older Roman Iron Age. At the same time, the pollen diagrams show an increase in grain pollen. The cultivated field has in its places reached beyond the moat. In the fourth-fifth century, cultivation is over and the formation of raised bogs is so advanced that the peat expands over the moat and the field. Throughout the period studied, the bog has been used for peat digging.

The environmental evidence from excavations in Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland is discussed in relation to the foods available to the inhabitants of medieval Leicester. Charred plant remains give evidence of the cereals cultivated in the locality and villages of the two counties with cereal processing and brewing within the town. Mineralised remains from cesspits give evidence of fruits and other foods including the freshwater and marine fish consumed. Animal bones  as evidence of the meat consumed are considered together with all other remains to show the foods available over the medieval period.

This is the second volume I have edited on paleoethnobotanical research in the Northeast. The first, published as Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, New York State Museum Bulletin 494 in 1999, was based on a symposium held at the New York State Museum in Albany as part of the New York Natural History Conference IV in April 1996. This current volume is based on a symposium held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at the 71st annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in April 2006. As I relate in the introductory chapter of this volume, a lot had changed in paleoethnobotany in the Northeast during the 10 years between the symposia. Suffice it to say here that the Northeast is more visible than ever in the paleoethnobotanical literature and that the methods, techniques, and theories used by the discipline are much broader than in 1996.

The symposium brought together many of the same participants in the original symposiumand volume.Most of the symposium participants were able to contribute chapters to the present volume. These include Nancy Asch Sidell, John P. Hart, Mark A. McConaughy, Katy R. Serpa, Elizabeth S. Chilton, Jeffrey Bendremer and Elaine Thomas, Tonya Largy and E. Pierre Morenon, Michael Deal and SaraHalwas, and Jack Rossen. In addition, Iwas able to solicit papers from a number of individuals who had not participated in the symposium, but are doing important paleoethnobotanical research in the Northeast. These are Eleanore A. Reber; Ninian Stein; Tim Messner, Ruth Dickau, and Jeff Harbison; William A. Lovis and G. William Monaghan; and Robert H. Pihl, Stephen G. Monckton, DavidA. Robertson, and Robert F.Williamson. Finally, John Edward Terrell contributed a commentary on the volume that places the practice of paleoethnobotany in the Northeast in a broader perspective. Collectively, the contributions by these authors provide a sense for the breadth of paleoethnobotanical research being carried out in the Northeast. They also provide a benchmark, as did the 1999 volume, by which progress in the field can be measured in the decades to come.