Archaeology of prestige

The discovery of a remarkably large house from the 3rd century has captured the attention of archaeologists: Could a kingdom have existed in Norway during the Roman period? It is believed that the house featured a steep roof to facilitate snow runoff in winter. The building to the right depicts the size of typical houses from the same period. Illustration: Arkikon/Museum of Cultural History.

The discovery of a sensationally large house from the 2nd century AD is causing a stir among archaeologists: Was there a kingdom in Norway already during the Roman era? It is assumed that the roof was steep so that the snow would slide off in the winter. The building on the right shows the size of ordinary houses discovered from the same time period. Illustration: Arkikon/Kulturhistorisk museum.

While grave goods with male connotations in women's graves attract a lot of attention from researchers and the public, the reverse case-grave goods with female connotations in men's graves-has so far attracted little interest. In fact, however, "female" grave goods are extremely common in "male" graves of the early Iron Age. How can it be that the widespread presence of female elements in men's graves of the Hallstatt (and Villanova) culture has received little attention? What is the significance of the inclusion of objects with female connotations in men's graves? What does this imply for the assessment of the Early Iron Age social order? The central question is what function the grave goods may have had. In contrast to common practice, grave goods are not understood as personal belongings or as gender-specific markers of status and prestige, but as a means of staging performative grave rites. These rites evoked the order of the world and the role of the deceased person therein in accordance with religious beliefs. This finding fits into a certain type of explanatory logic described by sociologists, ethnologists and historians, which is characteristic of immanentist societies.

The order of the graves within the investigated section of the Sindelsdorf row cemetery results from the three interrelated observations on stratigraphy as well as the relationship of the individuals and their age at death. Targeted genetic analyses of possible intended grave groupings in terraced cemeteries and smaller burial sites provide new impulses for early history research. They can - as in the present example of Sindelsdorf - not only confirm the familial affiliation of such burials often assumed by archaeologists, but also provide an answer to the question of a possible internal organisation of the row cemeteries and their origin.

As part of a research project funded by the Czech Science Foundation and the German Research Foundation, amber objects from various Central European contexts of the Early Iron Age (Ha C – Lt A) are to be analysed using scientific methods between 2023 and 2026. The focus is on determining the origin of the amber, reconstructing long-distance trade networks and analysing socio-economic and craft aspects. The project began with an investigation of the amber from the important late Hallstatt power centre of the Heuneburg. While the raw material for the amber artefacts from the Heuneburg itself came from the area between the Polish and Lithuanian Baltic coasts, the material from Bettelbühl burial mound 4 originated in the North Sea area and the western region of the Baltic Sea (Denmark/Northern Germany). This offers fascinating insights into the trade and exchange networks of the Early Iron Age.

In vigilia-Auf der Wacht? Römerzeitliche zoomorphe Schlüsselgriffe aus Belginum 67 Karol Dzięgielewski One of a kind? Contextualization and taphonomictraceological assessment of hoard II discovered at an Early Iron Age fortified settlement in Wicina 81 Tomoko Emmerling Dodona revisited-notes on the sacred topography of the sanctuary of Zeus at Dodona 89 Robin Bernhard Franke Ein Schuh mit Knöpfen und Flügeln. Überlegungen zum Bedeutungsgehalt einer frühlatènezeitlichen figürlichen Fibel vom Bestattungsareal Steigerhaushügel am Dürrnberg bei Hallein 97 Marina Gallinaro and Alessandro Vanzetti The remains of a whole. Multi-materiality of prehistoric figurines 109 Radosław Gawroński The truth behind creative images. The representations of Mongol warriors on the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞) or Mongol invasion scroll 115 Martin Gojda On the meaning, ethics and approach of archaeology towards open science. An essay presented from the Central European perspective 119 Tomasz Gralak Macedonian bronzes as the materialization of a world outlook 131 Barbara Grassi

The article analyzes salt exploitation in Hallstatt during the Neolithic period. Evidence for neolithic human presence in the Hallstatt area has been accumulating over the last years. Spatial analyses as well as use-wear analysis on the stone axes from the Hallstatt-Dachstein region give new important insights into human activity during this period. The presence of a deer pick documented within one of the mining galleries along with a fragment of a prestigious axe is very significant. Within the Salzberg area, four prestigious axes have been documented, an unusual fact for a mining area. The article highlights that Hallstatt developed advanced technology for salt extraction and presents the continuity and specialization of salt mining in this region since 5000 BC.

The article analyzes salt exploitation in Hallstatt during the Neolithic period. Evidence for neolithic human presence in
the Hallstatt area has been accumulating over the last years. Spatial analyses as well as use-wear analysis on the stone
axes from the Hallstatt-Dachstein region give new important insights into human activity during this period. The
presence of a deer pick documented within one of the mining galleries along with a fragment of a prestigious axe is very
significant. Within the Salzberg area, four prestigious axes have been documented, an unusual fact for a mining area.
The article highlights that Hallstatt developed advanced technology for salt extraction and presents the continuity and
specialization of salt mining in this region since 5000 BC.

Un cambio clave en la historia de la humanidad es la aparición y el desarrollo de la desigualdad social; por eso, ha sido un tema central en la literatura antropológica (Flannery y Marcus 2012). A lo largo de Costa Rica y Panamá, el periodo Formativo tardío (300-600 d. C.) corresponde a una época de rápido cambio social y tecnológico (Hoopes 2005) que incluye transformaciones de los patrones de asentamiento, la aparición de grandes construcciones arquitectónicas y el desarrollo de industrias artísticas formales (Frost y Quilter 2012). En la región central de Panamá, durante el desarrollo del estilo Cubitá (500-700 d. C.), se produjo un momento decisivo, con un cambio radical que condujo a una mayor interacción grupal y desigualdad socioeconómica. El apogeo del estilo Cubitá comienza a consolidar los cacicazgos, ya que las redes socioeconómicas estaban enfocadas en «obtener, producir y distribuir bienes que eran emblemas de poder» (Sánchez y Cooke 2000:7). Este intercambio, que incluye a la mayoría de grupos sociales en la bahía de Parita, es lo que genera una zona de interacción Cubitá. Por supuesto, aún se necesita claridad sobre quién creó estas artesanías y cómo se intercambiaron.
Hay una gran diversidad en la organización

ABSTRACT - The central-eastern Alpine region, which was engaged with the development of the Luco/Laugen culture, although not part of the Orientalizing phenomenon, was influenced by the Mediterranean world, in particular by the lifestyle of the ruling classes. Evidence of this is the adoption of symposium and banquet practices and figurative representations. These conveyed symbolic values which allow us to glimpse convergences at an ideological level between the Italic world and the Alpine and circum-Alpine worlds.

Th is volume of essays honours Joost Crouwel, a leading expert on wheeled transport in antiquity. Th e editors and contributors are internationally acclaimed specialists, who share their ideas, observations, and research by exploring the many facets associated with chariots: their equipment, horses and harnesses, cultural exchanges, iconography, and the outlook of the people who rode in them. Th e topics represent many areas of expertise: art historians, archaeologists, and linguists from Taiwan,

Auf einem namenlosen Höhenrücken bei Möllbrücke westlich von Spittal/Drau wurde 2012 ein bronzener Armreif mit doppelter gegenständiger Kopfzier gefunden. Es könnte sich um eine kultische Deponierung handeln. Der Armreif gehört zur Gruppe der massiven Knotenarmreifen der Späthallstattzeit und datiert ins ausgehende 6. oder 5. Jh. v. Chr. Für Arm-und Fußringe mit Kopfzier lassen sich eine Reihe an Vergleichsfunden beibringen, insbesondere aus dem Bereich des frühkeltischen Kulturkreises. Kopf-bzw. Gesichtsappliken ("Masken") vergleichbarer Zeitstellung sind aber auch im südalpinen Raum in unterschiedlichen Ausformungen belegt. Während sie in Oberitalien als etruskischer Einfluss gelten, sieht die slowenische Forschung darin-insbesondere mit Blick auf zwei Fingerringe aus Vače-einen frühen keltischen Einfluss. Weil auch der Südostalpenraum damals wesentliche Impulse seitens der etruskischen Kultur erfahren hat, ist aber auch ein direkter mediterraner Einfluss für das Aufkommen der Kopfzier zu erwägen. Der Armring aus Möllbrücke ist vom Typ her jedenfalls ein lokales Produkt. Gesichtsappliken gelten zum einen als Ausdruck apotropäischer Vorstellungen, zum anderen als Bilder von Göttern, Heroen und Dämonen. Außerdem werden in ihnen symbolisch Köpfe von im Kampf getöteten Kriegern gesehen (têtes coupées).

Following its accidental discovery, the tomb of Bayazid Abad was excavated in 2010. Fifty-five Mitannian cylinder seals and 25 unengraved cylinders were among the huge quantity of materials found. All of the cylinder seals are of quartz-frit composite material, except one which is stone. They belong to the so-called Common Style of the Mitanni glyptic, according to Edith Porada's categories of Mitannian seals, featuring simple humans, animals, plants and geometric patterns. The seals show strong connections to the Syrian and Mesopotamian cultures of the Late Bronze Age, which are also visible in other finds.* * All drawings of seals are by Sheler Amelirad. 1 Khanmohamadi 2010.

Quand ont ete reprises, dans les annees 1970, les recherches sur la region du Grand-Pressigny, un nouvel inventaire des outils pressigniens exportes etait lance au colloque de St-Amand-Montrond en 1978, c e t inventaire ayant pour objectif de faire un tant soit peu la lumiere sur ce probleme des exportations de silex qui a ete l'objet de tant de querelles et de controverses durant plus de 60 ans. Certes un premier inventaire avait ete realise des la fin du XIXe siecle et presente lors du Congres prehistorique de France a Tours en 1910. Mais sans fondement scientifique, cet inventaire, essentiellement epistolaire, etait loin d'avoir emporte la conviction. L'actuel recensement s'appuie desormais sur des etudes geologiques et petrographiques qui permettent enfin de definir le silex Turonien superieur de la region du Grand-Pressigny et de le reconnaitre eloigne de son lieu d'extraction.

The development of military technology in New Kingdom Egypt, particularly with regard to chariotry and cavalry, is extremely well-documented. Innovations were quickly improved upon and added to, so that Egypt's armed forces at the time display a clear evolution of technology and armaments. However, when we compare the picture in Egypt with that in Assyria - whose military evolution is equally well-documented - a strange and altogether puzzling anomaly is observed; for the techniques and weaponry used by Egypt in the New Kingdom matches those used in Assyria during the Neo-Assyrian epoch - which however is placed 500 years later in the textbooks.

Понятие мегалитического комплекса в этнологии объединяет представления и обрядовые действия, связанные с охотой за головами, определенные элементы погребальных обрядов, воздвижение каменных монолитов и семантически равнозначных им деревянных сооружений, престижные празднества, или «празднества заслуг», сопровождающие продвижение индивидуума по ступеням системы рангов. В культуре  народов Лусона присутствуют все составляющие этого комплекса. По местоположению и назначению мегалиты данного региона можно разделить на три группы.

Durch die Behandlung der Fundstücke und durch die Art und Besonderheit der Deponierungsstelle des Ensembles kann das Depot von Petea den rituellen Deponierung in Siedlungen zugeschrieben werden, dabei ist nicht auszuschließen, daß die Nähe des Baches Erge eine gewisse Rolle gespielt hat Seine Begrabung wie bei anderen Siedlungsfunden ist als Ergebnis ritueller Handlungen zu betrachten, die in der spätbronzezeitlichen Siedlung von Petea, in der Nähe des Baches durchgeführt worden sind. Die Häufigkeit der Fälle, in denen Warzennadeln aus dem oberen Tießbecken gewaltsam behandelt worden sind, zeigt, daß diesse besonders langen Nadeln als Prestigeobjekte dieten und nicht wierderverwendet werden durften.

T he frame of the exhibition contains pieces that represent six millennia of history, starting from the Eneolithic period and reaching Late Antiquity and Early Middle Age (5 th millennium B.C.-7 th century A.D.). The project took place at the end of 2013, organized by the National History Museum from Bucharest, and was later on materialized in a catalogue. Over two years, 33 museums and institutions and over 70 people had worked to create this exhibition, with only one purpose in mind: to show to the public 1003 unique pieces. The public exhibition gathers together in one place the most significant creations from the era of noble metal, discovered on Romanian land.

This paper challenges the still-popular use of territory, materiality, genetics, and linguistics to define a homogeneous and stable shared identity (or "diffuse unity") for the Isthmo-Colombian Area. Using the communities of practice and communities of consumption concepts, we suggest that the distribution of pottery was the result of practices related to production, exchange, and use of pottery, and not necessarily ethnic affiliation. This research is based on compositional and technological characterization of 117 ceramic samples through neutron activation analysis (NAA) and thin section analysis to identify the recipes people used in the Late Pre-Columbian period (AD 700-1500). Results show the different articulation of communities of potters and communities of consumption in Central and Eastern Panama. The analysis introduces more dynamic representations of the past by focusing on the value of consuming imported pottery for culinary, ritual, and political events for different pre-Columbian groups.

1. About the legionary fort at Sarmizegetusa in AD 102-105 (Cassius Dio 68.9.7). Cassius Dio (68.9.7) writes that after the end of the first Dacian war of Trajan, in 102 AD, the emperor left a legion in Dacia at Sarmizegetusa and auxiliary troops in other locations. Over time, the fragmentary accounts of Cassius Dio have been interpreted in two main ways. On one hand, the presence of a legionary fort was presumed in Hațeg Country, on the territory of future Colonia Ulpia Traiana Dacica Sarmizegetusa. On the other hand, this fort (stratopedon) was presumed to have functioned in the Orăștie Mountains, in or next to the Dacian fortress at Grădiștea de Munte, the residence of King Decebalus. The debate has recently been reopened by F. Matei-Popescu and O. Țentea. They place this Roman fort in the Orăștie Mountains, in the close vicinity of the former residence of King Decebalus. Their arguments are based mostly on the recently acquired LiDAR images of the area in question. On these images appears an almost rectangular earthen structure which preceded the stone enclosure and was also ascribed to a Roman fort built after the conquest of Dacia. F. Matei-Popescu and O. Țentea consider that, if the stone enclosure belongs to the period after the second Dacian war of Trajan, the enclosure having an earthen wall must be older, belonging to the period between the two Dacian wars, that is, between AD 102 and 105, this being the fort mentioned in the fragmentary accounts of Cassius Dio. Analysing the available information, the author concluding that the earthen fort from Grădiștea de Munte was more likely built in the context of the second Dacian war, in 105/106 AD. The stratopedon mentioned by Cassius Dio was more likely located on the future place of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Dacica Sarmizegetusa. Finally, the name of the royal residence of Decebalus, it is less likely to be Sarmizegetusa. This was more likely the indigenous toponym of the place where Colonia Ulpia Traiana Dacica was later established. The possible identification with Ranisstorum, the place where Tiberius Claudius Maximus brought the severed head and right hand of King Decebalus to Trajan to be shown to the army, can be perhaps taken into the consideration as a working hypothesis.
2. The destiny of the “Dacian gold”. About a Koson-type coin reused in the 16th century in a Christian (Renaissance) context. The “Dacian gold” fired the imagination of many people each time a hoard emerged in the mountains hosting the ruins of the royal residence of King Decebalus. One of the largest hoards was discovered in 1543 (containing coins of Lysimachus and perhaps Koson-types). Before this great hoard, a document from 1494 mentions the discovery in 1491 of a hoard consisting of “small and big” gold coins by some gold panners in the vicinity of Sebeș. There was already a number of Koson-type coins “in circulation” among the Renaissance collectors of antiquities at the end of the 15th century or the beginning of the 16th century. In 1520 Erasmus of Rotterdam describes and tries to identify a Koson-type coin, an issue which have also caused difficulties to other scholars. In this context, the author is analysing a liturgical chalice of the first half of the 16th century, which was once in Alba Iulia and is now preserved in the collections of the Catholic Cathedral of Nitra, Slovakia. The chalice is decorated with ancient gold coins. Among them is a Koson-type coin. Both the manufacturing and the biography of the chalice are relevant from the perspective of the destiny of “Dacian gold” during the late Renaissance. The vessel was first mentioned in an inventory from 1531 of the treasury of the Catholic Cathedral at Alba Iulia. The chalice was donated by a certain Udalricus of Buda, who was the prebendary of a cathedral chapel between 1504 and 1523. At a later date, the chalice was owned by Paul Bornemisza, who was Bishop of Alba Iulia in 1553-1556. He had to leave Transylvania, becoming Bishop of Nitra in 1557. On this occasion he brought over the chalice decorated with ancient gold coins. Udalricus of Buda was a member of the Renaissance humanist circle from Alba Iulia, which included a number of scholars, publishers of ancient texts, epigraphists and antiquities collectors. It might be presumed that the Koson-type coin which Erasmus of Rotterdam attempted to analyse was received through the connections with the humanist scholars from Alba Iulia. This coin, as well as the one inserted into the chalice of Udalricus, could have belonged to a hoard which was perhaps discovered a few decades before the one from 1543. Perhaps the coins in question were found in 1491 by the gold panners from Sebeș. It is however certain that the interest of the Transylvanian and European humanist scholars in this kind of “exotic” discoveries arose during this period, alongside the interest in other types of antiquities of the pre-Roman and Roman Dacia. The chalice from Nitra includes probably the oldest discovery of a Koson-type coin for which we have so far the physical evidence.

When modern (Western) viewers look at ancient art, the first feature of the image that is often assessed is its relationship to ‘reality’. How ‘real’ the image looks is inextricably linked to its evaluation and therefore the viewer’s estimation of its quality. The more ‘realistic’ an image is deemed, the more it is appreciated for its historic and aesthetic value. This fixation on reality has often affected the assessment of ancient imagery. It can create a bias that limits the researcher’s ability to analyse and interpret the image(s) to their full potential. When studying ancient images, the viewer should always keep in mind its original purpose. Rather than looking for reality through the notion of resemblance, the degree of reality should instead be assessed through the way the subject is being conveyed as the image’s purpose dictates its appearance. This article will use depictions of the horse in ancient Egyptian and Greek art to highlight some of the challenges one encounters when studying ancient images’ relationship with reality. It will show why it is important for scholars to focus on the image/object’s purpose, their resemblance to their subject, and their meaning in terms of the message(s) they are meant to convey.

Marquet J.-C., Verjux C. (dir.), L'Europe, deja, a la fin des temps prehistoriques, Actes de la table-ronde internationale, Tours (Indre-et-Loire, France), vendredi 7 Septembre 2007, 38 e supplement a la Revue Archeologique du Centre de la France, 2012 : 165-183. Mots-cles : Neolithique final, Chalcolithique, grandes lames en silex, poignards, silex du Grand-Pressigny, debitage par pression au levier. Resume : Dans le grand Sud-Ouest de la France, la diffusion de grandes lames (L > a 15 cm), deja effective depuis le debut du Neolithique moyen, est devenue tres importante a partir de 3500 avant notre ere et ce jusqu'a l'apparition du Campaniforme (circa 2500 avant notre ere). Les lames etaient produites dans quelques centres, a partir de silex de haute qualite, qu'il est maintenant possible de reconnaitre et selon des modalites techniques differentes qui constituaient des sortes de marques de fabrique. Cette etude propose tout d'abord de discriminer les diverse...

Dans le sud de l’Italie durant la seconde partie du Neolithique ancien et le debut du Neolithique moyen, entre 5600 et 4500 BC, le silex du Gargano est employe pour la realisation de lames par pression debout et par pression au levier. Il s’agit de productions specialisees. Lors de cette phase, la region dans laquelle se situent les gisements semble peu peuplee, contrairement au Tavoliere voisin dont les tres nombreux villages ont livre une grande quantite de ces elements. La presence de tels produits dans les regions plus lointaines est beaucoup plus limitee.

En raison de ses caractéristiques géologiques et géochimiques, l'obsidienne se prête bien mieux que d'autres roches aux études de provenance. Ce matériau possède en effet une empreinte chimique caractéristique de son lieu d'origine, ce qui en fait un marqueur de choix pour étudier les échanges et les contacts humains. Depuis les premières analyses d'obsidiennes effectuées par Cann et Renfrew (Cann et Renfrew 1964), le nombre d'études archéométriques concernant ce matériau a rapidement augmenté, impliquant un nombre de plus en plus important de laboratoires à travers l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord (Williams-Thorpe 1995). Les progrès réalisés dans le domaine des techniques d'analyse élémentaire ont aussi été considérables : grâce au développement de l'informatique et à la mise au point de nouveaux matériels, capteurs et détecteurs, l'outil analytique s'est à la fois amélioré et diversifié. Parallèlement, les recherches concernant les processus géochimiques liés à la genèse et à l'évolution des magmas ont permis de mieux comprendre la nature et les ca-ractéristiques de ce matériau, et, par conséquent, de mieux cerner les mécanismes de mise en place des coulées d'obsidienne (Gratuze 2002). Nous nous proposons ici de présenter une synthèse des principaux résultats obtenus sur ce matériau au cours de ces dernières années pour les sites néolithiques du sud de la France et la Catalogne.

Anthropological research has long theorized that emergent food-producing economies catalyzed high levels of inequality in human societies, as evident in the earliest use of jewelry made from gold, copper, and other precious minerals among early agricultural populations. Although the US Southwest appears to have been an exception, we report the discovery of two Basketmaker II period necklaces constructed of green iridescent scarab beetle femora, which suggests a homologous association between emergent agriculture and inequality. Drawing insight from ethnography, archaeology, entomology, and evolutionary ecology, we hypothesize that these and other jewelry items of Basketmaker II culture were visually prominent, honest signals of socioeconomic capital that emerged during a period of surplus food production and incipient wealth accumulation. It appears that Basketmaker II societies-like other emergent food-producing economies around the worldgrappled with the opportunities and challenges that arise with surplus production, albeit in a distinct way that involved visually striking insect and feather adornments as status signals. Archaeologists may have previously overlooked this behavior due to Western biases that privilege precious metals and minerals as prestige objects and archaeological biases that tend to view insects as food or agents of site disturbance.

Recently archaeological excavations in the eastern cemetery of Qara tepe, Sagzābād, have uncovered graves related to the late second millennium and the first half of the first millennium B.C. (Iron ages 2 and 3). Thankfully, with the excavation of this cemetery, we have obtained some findings based on which we can reconstruct part of the social aspects of the life of the societies of the first millennium BC in the region. Graves are one of the most important archaeological contexts for discovering prestige goods. There are many questions and ambiguities in the field of prestige goods, changes in their type and value over time, and how they were distributed in the region in the Iron Ages 2 and 3. Given the theoretical discussions raised about prestige and prestige goods and the results of the excavations in this cemetery, finds such as sea shells, decorative beads made of carnelian and antimony, cylindrical seals of the neo-Assyrian style, cylindrical seals with geometric designs, and iron ornaments and tools can be considered as prestige goods. The evidence of this cemetery indicates the elites' efforts in the first millennium B.C. to maintain their social prestige by achieving new categories of prestige goods. As a sign of .......

The paper reviews the d evelopment of the chariot wheel from its origins in transport vehicles to its use as an instrument of war in 18th Dynasty  and 19th Dynasty chariots. It reviews the changes to the wheel in the Late period. An appendix is provided which summarizes data on representations of chariot wheel/Chariot body ratios in actual chariots compared with paintings and inscriptions and discusses reasos for the discrepencies discovered.

Yazarın "İtibar ve İktidar: Antropolojik Bir Bakış" adlı kitabının önsözünden alınan bu yazı ve genel olarak kitap, iktidarın tarihinin "lider adayları açısından büyük ölçüde itibar adlı sembolik sermayenin nasıl kazanılıp maddi birikime dönüştürüldüğü, nasıl muhafaza edildiği ve nasıl yönetim tekniklerine içkin hale getirildiğinin tarihi" olarak okunabileceğini öne sürmektedir.
[This article which is taken from the foreword of the author's book "Prestige and Power: An Anthropological Perspective" and the book in general, argues that the history of political power, from the leader candidates' viewpoint, can be read as "the history of how the symbolic capital called prestige is acquired and transformed into material accumulation, how it is preserved and how it is integrated into government techniques".]

The observance of women’s social prestige is of a particular importance considering their increasingly significant rights. The investigation of the women’s social prestige from the perspective of Imam Khomeini, as a jurisprudent who founded Islamic Republic of Iran, is of a double significance. The present study evaluates the women’s social prestige in marriage from the perspective of Imam Khomeini. Numerous studies have been conducted in the area of Imam Khomeini’s approach towards women. However, his highness’s perspective about the women’s social prestige in marriage and in relation to their spouses has been neglected. The main question of the present study is that how the women’s social prestige can be evaluated in marriage from the perspective of Imam Khomeini? The study is a descriptive-analytical research and uses a library research method to find an answer to the abovementioned question. The article’s results indicated that Imam Khomeini (PBUH) believed in the observance of the women’s social prestige in relation to their spouses. Based thereon, Imam Khomeini (PBUH)’s perspective about the observance of the wives’ prestige in respect to the ultimate goals of marriage includes wives’ prestige in regard of their alimony, wives’ prestige in being supplied with the necessary needs, supply of food, supply of clothing, supply of house furniture, employment of a maid, supply of the costs of drug and treatment, supply of the cleaning and bathing costs as well as the wives’ prestige in employment rights and participation in the economic activities, wives’ prestige in going out of the house for getting the required jobs done, observance of the wives’ veneration and respect, education right, the right and prestige for the determination of a living place and other related rights and respects.

Captured and enslaved: Slavery in prehistoric times?
Did slavery exist in prehistoric times? The answer is yes. Evidence suggests it may begin as early as the Late Bronze Age and is clearly established in the Iron Age and thereafter. The emergence of slavery goes hand in hand with the development of warfare and the establishment and expansion of hierarchical structures. The discussion about the center and periphery of colonial systems should also be included in the consideration of early slavery, since the question arises to what extent slavery arose autochthonously in peripheral communities or was adapted from organized states.

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Le prestige est un terme polysemique dans le langage courant au fort pouvoir d'evocation. Cette polysemie empeche qu'il soit directement operatoire pour les sciences historiques et sociales. Il n'existe pas un concept de prestige, mais des utilisations differentes d'une notion qui varient en fonction des approches theoriques adoptees, objets des debats actuels sur la stratification sociale. Tout en montrant qu'on ne peut le definir d'emblee comme concept, les auteurs croisent differentes etymologies du terme qui toutes revelent sa dimension ambivalente. Ils en explorent ensuite les mecanismes : le prestige comme maniere de transformer la richesse dans des societes ou l'accumulation est percue comme nefaste ; le prestige comme mesure de la reputation ; le prestige enfin comme expression de la confiance entre les membres d'une societe differenciee. Cette introduction s'acheve sur une interrogation quant a la maniere dont le prestige se manifeste dan...

The use of agent-directed simulation in archaeology has a relatively long tradition. However, these simulations have been always oriented mainly to study spatial processes and resource management and systematically ignore an essential aspect of any society: the use of social and institutional norms as a mechanism to regulate the behaviour of the individuals. In this paper we propose a norm-centric simulation (in contrast to the traditional resource-centric simulation) where the normative system is both the core of the simulation and the subject of study. Ourfinal goal is to set the foundations of a rather general model of social behaviour in a hunter-fisher-gatherer (HFG) society without political institutions but with strict social norms.

A kötet a támogatásával valósult meg A kötet megjelenését a Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Információs Hivatal "Tudományos Mecenatúra Pályázat" MEC_K_21 alprogramja támogatta (MEC_K_141246). A kötet az Árpád-ház Program támogatásával készült (IV.1. Keleti örökség-Keleti kapcsolatok. Írott források és kiadványok IV.2. Az Árpád-ház elődeinek keleti kapcsolatrendszere) A kutatás és a kötet az Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium támogatásával a Tématerületi Kiválósági Program: Magyarország és a Kelet kapcsolatának régészeti kutatása (Keleti Örökségünk PPKE Interdiszciplináris Történeti és Régészeti Kutatócsoport [TKP2020-NKA-11]) projekt keretében valósult meg.

Across the world, the development and persistence of village societies were closely associated with changes in the organization of existing domestic economies, and their transformation into nascent political economies. Many of these processes were associated ...

... However, this designation is also attested in Lachish and Ashkelon for instance; REVIV (1972: 218). Helck also recorded Egyptian attes-tations of this title (“ma-ra-ya-na”) in Levantine cities such as Kadesh, Megiddo, Joppe, etc. (for the detailed Page 9. ...

Between 2005 and 2011, the Romanian judicial authorities recovered through Operation “Dacian Gold” 13 Dacian bracelets pertaining to 4 treasures (12,663 Kg) from New York, Zurich, Paris, Geneva, Munich, Sofia and Hunedoara. Several legal instruments were used: the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, instruments of international legal assistance, undercover investigators and flagrant crime.The case demonstrates the vital role of experts in forensic sciences, and of newly developed technologies, in the recovery of emblematic cultural assets and their authentication; in establishing the truth, through a fair criminal trial and impartial expert judgments, while respecting the right to defense. The scientific community confirmed the Dacian spirals to be important pieces in deepening an understanding of European cultural identity.
The legal mechanism of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention proved effective and equitable in encouraging amicable agreements reached. The mechanism will be used by the bona fide holders for the return of the other 11 gold spirals as well as the pursued monetary treasures fallen in the wrong hands, but which in the future will find their rightful place in the collections of the Historical Treasure of Romania.

A nalysis of extant, past, future and alternative power structures of the world system has been a public and intellectual issue since the end of the Second World War, with its accompanying drastic reduction in the membership of the great-power oligarchy. Fox (1944) speculated on alternative futures-a "Big Th ree" three-superpower system (US, UK, USSR; perhaps later US, Germany, USSR) vs. a "Big Two" bipolar structure (US, USSR). Kaplan (1957) theorized diff ering patterns of state behavior in world systems with two vs. many great powers. Rosecrance (1963) reviewed world system history 1740-1960 in terms of epochs of unipolarity, bipolarity, tripolarity and multipolarity. Wallerstein (1983Wallerstein ( , 1984) ) proposed a reading of world system history from 1618 in terms of an alternation between hegemony and multipolarity. More recently, the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to discussions of the consequences and possible transformations of a unipolar world power structure, by, among others, the current author (Wilkinson, 1999b). World-system power structure analyses are thus generally undertaken with a timescale shorter than 500 years. But there are at least five thousand years of world system history (Frank and Gills, eds., 1993), replete with power struggles and power structures. Surely by collecting and examining this immense store of potential data, we can improve our understanding of the present and future of the world system, as well as of its past.

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities have been collaborating on the Grand Egyptian Museum Joint Conservation Project (GEM-JC), and since 2016 this team carried out the scientific research of the ‘second state chariot’ (JE61990). In the course of the detailed condition survey of the chariot, localized surface damage from where material had been anciently torn away from the corners and near the rear of the exterior sides of the chariot’s body was observed. Carter’s assistant Arthur Mace had noted this and assumed some metal elements had been wrenched off from these locations. Recently, the late Edwin C. Brock concluded that these remnants were fitting places of the four support poles of the canopy frame hitherto dubbed by Carter as Tutankhamun’s ‘travelling canopy’ (JE60705). Detailed measurements of both the chariot and canopy have now proved Brock’s hypothesis that the two items indeed made a canopied chariot. This paper a...

This draft paper also was a philosophy statement of Steven Hackenberger and my computer simulation models of ancient economic decision-making based on catchment and archaeological data of the Hoko River Archaeological Site Complex.  Actual published papers resulting from this approach are included under papers here: 1988 Hoko River Archaeological Complex: Modeling Prehistoric Northwest Coast Economic Evolution and 1989 Coastal Resource Management in a Clam Shell.  This draft paper contrasts evolutionary processes with mechanisms and explore the genetic mechanism in biological evolution with the shared ideas mechanisms in cultural transmission. Though never published as presented, it does lead the way into our explorations into Northwest Coast economic evolution, with reference to aspects of the division of labor, prestige, and use of plant foods.

Paper Abstract:  Using computer simulation techniques, 9,000 years of economic patterns have been modeled concerning the southern Northwest Coast of North America. In preliminary efforts to consider new aspects affecting decision-making by prehistoric Northwest Coast groups, the emphasis on division of labor, increased consideration of prestige and ownership, and the role of plant foods in the overall diet have been added to the programming. The early results provide interesting hypotheses involving the influence of these added modeling criteria. For example, plant food use probably decreased in emphasis through time.

Large, bold marks are painted or incised on the handles or bases of thirty-seven pictorial vases. These same kinds of marks and same patterns of marking are found on non-pictorial Mycenaean pottery. In general, marks on Mycenaean pottery are rare and the circum­ stances of their use are not yet fully understood. It is clear that they are associated with Cyprus, and it is most likely that they are asso­ ciated with Cypriot traders. The marks do indicate that pictorial vases were handled through the same channels and documented in the same manner as the trade in linear and pattern-decorated Myce­ naean pottery.* It is the decorated panels of the pictorial vases which catch the modem eye, and one presumes that this was true also in antiquity. Modem studies have tended to set vases with pic­ torial decoration apart, treating them as a special and sepa­ rate class of pottery. Was it the same in the Late Bronze Age? To what extent were pictorial representations the de­ fining elements of ...