ArcGIS

This study aims at classifying land use land cover (LULC) patterns and detect changes in a 'secondary city' (Savar Upazila) in Bangladesh for 30 years i.e., from 1990 to 2020. Two distinct sets of Landsat satellite imagery, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 1990 and Landsat 7 ETM+ 2020, were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Using ArcMap 10.3, the maximum likelihood algorithm was used to perform a supervised classification methodology. The error matrix and Kappa Kat were done to measure the mapping accuracy. Both images were classified into six separate classes: Cropland, Barren land, Built-up area, Vegetation, Waterbody, and Wetlands. From 1990 to 2020, Cropland, Barren land, Waterbody, and Wetlands have been decreased by 30.63%, 11.26%, 23.54%, and 21.89%, respectively. At the same time, the Built-up area and Vegetation have been increased by 161.16% and 5.77%, respectively. The research revealed that unplanned urbanization had been prac...

There has been an unprecedented growth and increase in the domain unstructured/semi-structured data is increasing over the years. While relational database systems remain popular and relevant, they are incapable of handling the growth level of unstructured data in the area of web applications. Conflating the benefits of a simple NoSQL storage engine with the relational databases and the unique ability of presenting query results from the duo to users at minimal costs have been a critical challenge in the research community. So far so good there has been a tremendous works such as using SQL with an extension of NQP on transformed NoSQL data which is store as SQL virtual relation, querying Apache Cassandra with SQL after altering the data structure, querying both world of relational and NoSQL and produced two results instead of single output. The TripleFetchQL system developed enables users to query relational and NoSQL databases and presents query results as if they were querying the familiar relational database alone. Furthermore, TripleFetchQL provide applications the ability of leveraging the benefits of relational and NoSQL databases at the small cost of learning the simple syntax of the TripleFetchQL system.

African swine fever is the viral disease of pigs that can lead up to 100% mortality among infected animals and causes huge economic losses in the Russian Federation. The space-time analysis of the disease spread conducted by means of ArcGIS tools allowed to develop a model that detects a high risk area of the infection diffusion from an affected site. Recommendations for veterinary services were proposed to improve preventive measures by adjusting sizes and shapes of surveillance zones.

Groundwater is of fundamental importance in water resources planning, development and management. Groundwater flow has many applications, among which are agricultural developments, domestic use such as supply of drinking water, irrigation, and a variety of water quality applications. As the usage of groundwater expands, our knowledge of groundwater systems must also expand. Numerical groundwater modelling is a tool that can aid in studying groundwater problems and can help increase our understanding of groundwater systems. The purpose of this article is to highlight major groundwater issues, concepts of groundwater modelling, and commonly used groundwater modelling software.

Desde os tempos remotos o homem buscou aproximar-se aos cursos dá água, visando obter proveito dos mesmos, através da captação de água, navegação e disposição de dejetos. O crescimento urbano desordenado acaba por forçar a ocupação pela população mais carente, de áreas suscetíveis a desastres naturais, como inundações, movimentos de massa, colocando esta mesma população em risco. O município de Encantado, no Rio Grande do Sul, localizado na parte baixa da Bacia Taquari-Antas, que se desenvolveu próximo ao rio Taquari e ao arroio Jacaré, sofre constantemente com o fenômeno de inundações graduais, devido a sua localização geográfica, caracterizada por vales abertos, com áreas características de terraços fluviais e áreas de planícies, e ainda, associada às baixas declividades do rio Taquari.
Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise quanto à suscetibilidade das áreas de inundação para o município de Encantado quanto aos diferentes tempos de retorno (TR), visando propor um zoneamento quanto às Faixas de Perigo de Inundação, além destes,
buscou-se verificar a existência de edificações construídas abaixo das cotas mínimas de construção estipuladas pelo Plano Diretor. Foram desenvolvidos diversos procedimentos, desde o cálculo de vazões máximas para cada TR através da Distribuição Estatística de Gumbel e Regionalização de Vazões, até a Modelagem Hidráulica, visando verificar o comportamento da água para os diferentes TR, associados a vazão máxima, fazendo-se uso dos softwares ArcGIS e HEC-RAS. As três Faixas de Inundação consideradas neste estudo correspondem para o mapa de zoneamento sugestivo correspondem a: zona de passagem de cheias, zona com restrições e zona de baixo perigo, sendo associadas aos TR de, menor ou igual a 5 anos, entre 5 e 25 anos, e entre 50 e 100 anos respectivamente. O TR de 25 anos, que pode ser considerado um tempo de retorno médio, ressalta que o principal bairro afetado pelas inundações é o Navegantes. Este trabalho enfatiza, que compreender a dinâmica do escoamento das águas, frente a eventos hidrológicos extremos, é de fundamental importância para uma futura gestão de riscos e desastres naturais. Sendo, o zoneamento da suscetibilidade as inundações, uma ferramenta imprescindível para melhor atuação dos órgãos responsáveis frente aos desastres naturais.

The purpose and the goal of the paper are to introduce a framework based on onto Geographical information systems (GIS) to integrate geographic information of Urban areas taking Khartoum State as an example. One of the main characteristics of such a framework is to support the information integration and data exchange between facilities using the base maps to solve the problem of distributing water networks. Entities in the Khartoum State (KS) infrastructure link information sources and lead to integration and exchange of associated information. The Methodology used is to study the existing urban systems specially water network using Geodatabase concept which are analyzed by observing and comparing the related earlier work using different criteria.

The study aims to delineate the Groundwater Potential Zones (GPZ) of Vaippar Basin. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. The groundwater potential zone analysis done by using spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc. Suitable weightage and ranks are assigned to these layers based on its influence on groundwater occurrence. The weighted layers are integrated in GIS Environment and which demarcates the actual zones of groundwater potential zones. These results can be helpful for identifying intensity of groundwater potential zone. Groundwater Potential Zone Index (GWPI) in this index calculated the area of all these using thematic layers. This index mentioned about the spatial layer coverage area and percentages area in sq.km of Vaippar basin. Groundwater potential zones are divid...

Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα από μια έρευνα κατά την οποία εφαρμόστηκε ένα διδακτικό σενάριο που αξιοποιεί την κατασκευή διαδραστικών διαδικτυακών χαρτών από τους ίδιους τους μαθητές σε μια ενοποιημένη προσέγγιση της Γεωγραφίας και της Ιστορίας. Το σενάριο αφορά στο θέμα «Οι μάχες ηρώων της επανάστασης του 1821» και άπτεται του περιεχομένου της Ιστορίας της Στ' Δημοτικού, ενώ ταυτόχρονα έχει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον και από άποψη Γεωγραφικών πληροφοριών. Πρόκειται για μια έρευνα μικρής κλίμακας σε 30 μαθητές Δημοτικού. Δεδομένα για την έρευνα αποτέλεσαν τα παραγόμενα έργα των μαθητών, οι απαντήσεις τους σε ατομικές συνεντεύξεις, πριν και μετά την εφαρμογή του σεναρίου, αλλά και οι καταγραφές από ανεξάρτητους παρατηρητές. Τα αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν ότι οι μαθητές χειρίστηκαν με ευκολία το λογισμικό, διακατέχονταν από αίσθηση ικανοποίησης και απέκτησαν ιστορικές και γεωγραφικές γνώσεις. Στην εργασία προτείνονται οι απαραίτητες προσαρμογές, ώστε το σενάριο να είναι εφαρμόσιμο και σε συνθήκες εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης.

This paper evaluates the foodscape of Texas A&M University’s main campus in an effort to understand rates of food security as linked to food access at a tier one University. To do this, we employ two methodological approaches. An ArcGIS analysis documents the physical attributes associated with the foodscape, including food nutritional content and affordability at on-campus food retail locations. Further, to understand the foodscape from a socio-cultural perspective, we use a qualitative survey to assess food security rates and perceptions of food access among undergraduate students. Our findings conclude that Texas A&M University undergraduate students experience degrees of food insecurity during the semester at rates of up to two and a half times the Texas average. We situate this finding within our geo-spatial analysis, which underscores that segments of campus lack access to affordable, fresh or healthy food.

Erosion map of a watershed offers a wealth of knowledge and can be crucial for implementing site-specific management interventions. Thus, watershed-based soil erosion assessment was conducted to recognize erosion hotspot areas, while aiming to roughly calculate the average annual soil loss in Genda-wuha watershed, with a total area of 154,548.5 ha located in the northwest lowland of Blue Nile basin Ethiopia using USLE/GIS approach. Sixteen years of rainfall data, 53 soil sample data, a 30m by 30m digital elevation model (DEM), a land-use/land-cover map, and support practice factor were used to determine high erosion risk areas. The USLE parameters were integrated and analyzed using a raster calculator in the ArcGIS platform to predict and map the mean annual soil loss of Genda-wuha watershed. The result showed that the annual soil loss of the watershed extends from none in the lower and middle part of the watershed to 75.36 Megagram (Mg) ha-1 yr-1 in the steeper parts of the watershed with a mean annual soil loss of 7.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Most of the soil erosion affected areas are spatially situated in the upper steep slope parts of Genda-wuha watershed, which could be as a result of an increased slope gradient and length in the specified location. However, the majority of the watershed (82.62%) was estimated to be low erosion rates varying from 0 to 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and these areas correspond primarily to nearly flat landscapes of the watershed.

2012.23 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

L’aménagement et la gestion urbaine du territoire sont devenus, actuellement, tributaires à l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies qui facilitent davantage une bonne organisation de la ville. Dans ce cadre, le Système d'Information Géographique(SIG) est considéré comme un outil indispensable dans le processus de planification de tout projet relatif à l’aménagement du territoire.
Cet outil est utilisé fréquemment dans les différents établissements publics, notamment les collectivités territoriales où nous avons effectué notre stage et plus précisément, la collectivité territoriale de M’diq. Cependant, cette entité se base encore sur l’utilisation des méthodes et outils classiques dans la planification de son développement local, chose qui entrave son adaptation avec les exigences des besoins de sa population.
Ce mode de gestion classique a provoqué des problèmes au niveau de la gestion du transport urbain, qui fait partie de principales compétences des collectivités territoriales selon la loi organique, ce qui a nécessité de repenser de nouvelles stratégies de gestion en se basant sur des outils modernes et plus appropriés pour le bon fonctionnement de tous les services, et à la base le transport urbain présentant le thème de la présente étude.
A partir de l’étude qu’on a mené et qui s’articule autour du transport urbain à la ville du M’diq, on a constaté que ce domaine souffre certains dysfonctionnements économiques, sociaux et environnementaux, qui sont liés effectivement aux interactions entre les différents facteurs au sein du territoire concerné par la présente étude, et qui se concrétisent concrètement à travers les différents modes de gestion adoptés par les acteurs locaux intervenant dans ce domaine relatif à la planification des  plans de circulation par exemple en se référant aux textes juridiques qui encadrent les différentes interventions en la matière.

The purpose of this thesis is the observation of the over-time changes of the Dead Sea for the years 1972 – 2019, with the utilization of Geographic Information Systems and the use of satellite and other data. Particularly, the problem of the shrinking of the water surface, which is a global environmental problem, is being addressed. The core of the methodology is based on the digitization of the Dead Sea level using satellite imagery, and the utilization of ArcGIS software for the extraction of the results. The satellite images that were used belong to the Landsat Satellite Program of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Specifically, false color images were used for the digitization process, which were exported using ArcMap. These images include infrared bands, because water bodies absorb the radiation of these bands, so the boundary between land and water is more distinct. Moreover, in order to help analyze the study area a series of maps was created, such as a geological map, a land cover map and a digital elevation model. Based on the results obtained from the digitization, maps were produced showing the shrinkage of the Dead Sea for the entire study period and for every decade. In conclusion, it turned out that within 47 years the level of the Dead Sea has decreased by 38 meters and its area by 375 km2, which corresponds to a 38% reduction from the original area. It is important to note that the level of the lake continues to decline at a rate of 1 m/year, which negatively affects its environment and requires measures to be taken by the competent authorities.

Digital mapping is an important for showing any location of the world. For this purpose, ArcGIS 10.3 is important software. Any kind of maps like 2D & 3D may be drawn simply by using this software. To draw a map with ArcGIS 10.3, it is important to install the software properly. So how to install ArcGIS 10.3 in a computer is easily mentioned in several steps.

In the present study, the eighteen miniwatersheds of Kadam watershed of Middle Godavari sub basin (G-5) have been prioritized using GIS based on morphometric analysis. The highest Bifurcation ratio is found to be 11.95 for 4E3C5a. The Maximum values of Circularity ratio of 0.642 and Drainage density of 3.510 have been found in Lothuvara miniwatershed. The Maximum values of Stream frequency of 7.25 and Texture ratio of 15.81 have been found in Dorlavagu miniwatershed. Ranks have been assigned to each parameter based on their value with highest value as I rank and the rank values of all parameters have been cumulated to obtain compound parameter. Priorities are arrived at based on compound parameter values. The miniwatershed with the lowest compound parameter value is given the highest priority and vice versa. Allampalli vagu (4E3C4f), Gangapuram vagu (4E3C4h) and Batkamma vagu (4E3C4g) miniwatersheds have been found to be under high priority.

Heritage studies now utilize state-of-the-art cutting edge technology in the digital application with great success. Due to the flexibility and precision of this technology, the digital application has opened up new frontiers in heritage studies. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used as a tool to aid the recording and preservation of heritage sites by collecting and presenting site information in an integrated and meaningful way. The intention of this research was to develop a GIS based generic integrated information management system for heritage sites in Anuradhapura to support the decision-making process and research works. In this research, an attempt was made to consolidate information from these earlier surveys and research to a single GIS- ased heritage inventory. For mapping cultural and environmental features in the region, a variety of surveying, satellite methods and Global Positioning System (GPS) have been applied. As part of the research, a number of hand-drawn survey maps and excavation plans were scanned and Geo-rectified, before the data was digitized on screen to integrate with the heritage feature classes in heritage geodatabase. The topographical data of the surface features were superimposed on to the satellite images for further interpretation of the heritage values and identification of the extent of ancient sites. Ground
trothing and registration of the images and accurate positioning of the geophysical grids and parts of the archaeological relics were performed with aids of GPS satellite receivers. A total station was used in the
geodetic surveying. All the data collected has been integrated into a
Geographic Information System (GIS), which would be incorporated to manage and protect heritage resources that are being under the threat of urban development. Finally, this research was able to develop a GIS
based generic information management system for world heritage city of Anuradhapura to support in the decision-making process and research works in heritage management. Mean time a GIS data model for heritage studies focused on the regional, inter-site and intra-site
scales has been created.

هذا الكتاب، محاولة لتقديم صورة صحيحة ومتكاملة عن وظائف نظم المعلومات الجغرافية، من خلال مقاربة تجمع بين مناقشة الأفكار الأساسية لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية والتدريب العلمي باستخدام واحد من أكثر برمجيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية شعبية، وهو البرنامج ArcGIS for Desktop في إصدارته الأحدث.
يتكون هذا الكتاب من أحد عشر فصلًا، تبدأ بتقديم المفاهيم الأساسية لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية، والتي تشتمل على بنية نظام المعلومات الجغرافي وأهم الوظائف التي يمكن أن يقدمها لمستخدميه، وطبيعة البيانات الجغرافية وسبل تمثيلها رقميًا، يلي ذلك مجموعة من التدريبات العملية، تتناول المهارات الأساسية اللازمة لاستخدام البرنامج ArcGIS for Desktop، ابتداء من عرض واستكشاف البيانات الجغرافية، وسبل عرض البيانات، وتصميم وتنفيذ وتحديث قواعد البيانات الجغرافية، وتنفيذ الاستعلامات الجدولية والمكانية، وتنتهي بمناقشة أهم أدوات التحليل المتوفرة في البرنامج، من خلال عرض أهم تطبيقات التحليل في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية، وهي تحليل الملائمة وتحليل الحساسية، مستخدمًا في ذلك بيانات تعكس حالات دراسية واقعية ملحقة بقرص صلب يصحب الكتاب.

The mangrove is one of the most endangered ecosystems on the planet. Indeed, despite all the benefits that it recognizes, namely the reduction of the risk of coastal erosion, the breeding and nursery grounds for fish or the sequestration of carbon, nevertheless are alarming loss of mangrove area in the world. This study focuses on the establishment of a GIS and an analysis of the dynamics and typology of mangroves in Libreville and its surroundings. Landsat high spatial resolution satellite imagery (30 m) mapped the dynamics of mangroves and land cover. As a result, mangroves evolve in crescendo and decrescendo in time and space. The mangrove areas of the selected dates are: 920 km², 1051.2 km², 997.3 km² and 1048.64 km², respectively in 1990, 2000, 2014 and 2018. This change is partly due to the cloudy disturbance of the different images and, above all, the ever-increasing evolution of the built-up space, and therefore human and also industrial pressures. In order to analyze the typology of mangroves in Libreville and its surroundings, three maps were combined (mangrove species, mangrove height and mangrove cover). This analysis is a prerequisite in the study of the estimation of mangrove biomass. The results produced were introduced in a GIS with ArcGis, which itself should be managed by an environmental observatory.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been intensively developed since their origin in the early 1960s and employed for a variety of purposes both in academic and commercial fields thereafter. Following in the steps of precocious applications in disciplines such as forestry and hydrology, a handful of archaeologists began to employ this useful tool for their analyses of spatial phenomena in the early 1980s. In Andean archaeology, GIS together with related peripheral techniques (e.g., remote sensing and GPS) have become increasingly popular, particularly among younger archaeologists who recognize their ability to cope with a wide range of spatial scales and integrate multiple types of data.

In accordance with the conceptual transitions of “space” and “landscape” and the expansion of study area over time, GIS have been successfully integrated into the archaeological methodology and even theoretical discussions. In the early 1980s when GIS were first introduced into archaeology, there were two contrasting conceptions: the processualistic spatiality (space as non-problematic abstract backdrop and landscape as a palimpsest of material traces) on one hand, and the postprocessualistic backlash against it, on the other. Correspondingly, GIS applications were also split broadly into two separate directions: processualistic regional modeling studies and postprocessualistic phenomenological reconstructions of past landscape. Backed up by theoretical and methodological advancements in both geography and archaeology and active interactions among archaeologists in professional meetings and on the web, each school of thought is anticipated to go a long way in meeting their respective aims.

It is obvious that GIS and related peripheral techniques hold the promise for future archaeological research. However, as the history of archaeological applications of research tools borrowed from other fields foretells, their appropriateness and efficacy need to be carefully assessed as their applications pose major conceptual and practical challenges, not to mention a substantial amount of time, money, and technical expertise. In this context, my case study to create GIS-based digital site maps of Pachacamac, which was a part of the on-going long-term archaeological project on the central coast of Peru (Pachacamac Archaeological Project) was aimed at scrutinizing the potential and limitations of GIS and remote sensing techniques for archaeology and offering guidelines for the most efficient way to use them given resource limitations that commonly confront archaeologists. Although some geographers tend to overdramatize the potentials of GIS, contemplation on the nature of archaeological research and associated limitations exposes the complexity of archaeological applications of GIS and will bring archaeologists back to stark reality. Archaeologists usually have to select most cost-efficient techniques depending on their research objectives and available resources. The first step to apply GIS in archaeology in general needs to be taken considering the gap between the theories and our reality before us. Using the preparation of the GIS-based site map of Pachacamac as a case study, this thesis illustrates how we can bridge the gap between the theoretical potential of GIS on one hand, and constraints of archaeological reality, on the other. It shows how multiple layers of data as well as both analog and digital spatial data can be effectively integrated in the first digital map of Pachacamac to be produced.

Global Mapper adalah perangkat lunak System Informasi Geografis (GIS) yang saat ini dikembangkan oleh Blue Marble Geographics yang dijalankan di Microsoft Windows. Perangkat lunak GIS bersaing dengan GIS ESRI,GeoMedia,Manifold System, dan MapInfo. Global Mapper menangani baik untuk data vector, raster, dan elevasi, serta memberikan tampilan, konversi, dan fitur GIS umum lainnya. Global mapper memiliki pengguna aktif dengan milis dan forum sharing (Sumber:Wikipedia).

There are different natural hazard, among these different natural hazards flood are most devastating and frequently occurring calamities taking human lives and causing economic damages. This report has been prepared to present hazard analysis mapping of flood of Punyamata River as a project work of 4th year student. The main focus of this project work was to determine the Elements at risk of the Punyamata River and to create flood hazard zone mapping of following years return period (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100). This project work explores the element at risk of the study area. The user’s requirement is extracted by experts view in qualitative way and system requirements are extracted by practice. Data requirement for flood hazard mapping are extracted from expert’s view and literatures. The hazard class map was performed by flood simulation process. Contours can be extracted from the system for Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The hazard map of various years return period and effected buffer zones are the main outputs from the system.

Nowadays urban sprawl is a major threat aspect for infrastructure development. An increased urban population and growth in an urban area in a disorderly manner has financial impact and concerns municipalities have to face. Urban dispersion processes in metropolitan areas have led to patterns of urban sprawl. In a town and city planning, the urban problems are in terms of housing, traffic congestion, parking problem, land utilization, water and electricity supply, garden development, waste disposal, slums, pollution. Kolhapur is a very ancient city. Kolhapur is one of the most important cities of Maharashtra. Last three to four decades, Kolhapur city has observed rapid growth. It is undoubtedly true that the population of the city increased very fast after independence. A quantitative and spatial analysis is done in order to see expansion dynamics in terms of built up areas as the key feature of sprawl through remote sensing and GIS.

Online mapping platforms enable citizens to generate geographic content that can be geoprocessed and displayed in real time as scientific data. Typically, this is implemented through 3-tier architecture including GIS server software and it may be challenging to achieve a comparable level of online mapping features without it. The aim of this study is to implement geoprocessing in a SaaS WebGIS mapping application with the use of a desktop GIS plug-in. The advantages of the adopted approach are scalability as well as complexity reduction in the IT system architecture, which may be critical for small bottom-up citizen science projects. The downloadable and editable toolbox, transfers this solution to any other WebGIS project based on an ArcGIS Online platform. We test our WebGIS approach on a visual pollution case study (Lublin, E. Poland), well-recognized phenomena concerning both citizens and cityscape, and an emerging research topic in international literature. Until now, visual pollution hasn’t been applied to citizen science research, so this paper also introduces a first methodology of integrating WebGIS in visual pollution studies. Our findings have demonstrated that georeferenced web-based polling can be quality-checked, geoprocessed, and interactively visualized with detailed statistics in near real-time without using a GIS server.

ATTA Converter is a new program developed at Palacky University for converting native data formats of GIS (Geographical Information System) products ArcGIS and TerrSet. This program is built on top of open source libraries and is hence offered free of charge. The conversion functionality of ATTA Converter is built on GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library), which is a widely used and powerful data conversion library that can prove challenging for non-expert users. To alleviate this problem, ATTA Converter offers a simple, user-friendly GUI (Graphical User Interface) using the Python library Tkinter, which makes converting data easy. Moreover, ATTA Converter includes additional functionality mitigating the conversion limitations of GDAL. This paper first briefly presents the products ArcGIS and TerrSet, along with their native data formats and existing conversion tools, and then describes the details of ATTA Converter.

Background of the Study:
Health facility is a major concern for any developing countries like Bangladesh. As
Bangladesh is in a monsoon region and seasonal change has a major effect in the life
style, different kinds of severe and non-severe diseases are being encountered by the
people. In this case, proper medical care is an important need to boost up manpower
and also to protect future generation. In this report, the main concern will be on Khulna
city and its hospital. The report will show the area that is suitable for establishing a
public hospital in Khulna city through GIS analysis.
Khulna City Corporation is one of the important divisional city corporation in
Bangladesh. According to Khulna Detailed Area Plan Map the total area of Khulna City
Corporation is about 11160 acres. As the city is situated beside a major river, Rupsha
and also vast with industrial and commercial sectors, the population concentration is
noticeably high. Also Khulna is a low income city and most of the population is mainly
Middle class and low class in income. So for health facilities, public hospital is the main
concentration for this city.
In Bangladesh the private facilities are very costly and middle class and low class
families can’t afford this. So, people wants to go to public hospital, as they are cheap.
Though they are not so comfortable and the service quality is low but as it is running
with public’s money and also a nonprofit institutions, people always think public
hospital as a trustworthy place. But there are 56 hospitals in Khulna where only 3 of
them is public.
The report is going to analysis the whole Khulna city and its different facilities and
criteria related to hospital establishment. The output of the report is showing different
suitable sites for establishing a hospital. From all those site, a particular suitable site
will be selected for the final proposal. ArcMap will be used to find conduct the analysis
related with this task.

Askari Kurumlar, Özel Sektör ve Üniversite hizmet alanlarina kurumsallasmis bir is anlayisi ile, en ileri teknolojileri kullanarak, zamaninda, güvenilir, ekonomik ve sorunsuz bir hizmet sunmak ve bu hizmetlerin gelisimini ve sürekliligini saglamaktir.

DEPARTEMEN ILMU KELAUTAN / OSEANOGRAFI FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG 2018 I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Penginderaan jauh atau remote sensing adalah teknologi yang mengandalkan tenaga elektromagnetik untuk mendapat informasi objek di permukaan Bumi dengan cara mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, menginterpretasi, dan menganalisis objek maupun fenomena tanpa menyentuh langsung objek tersebut. Data informasi yang dihasilkan pada penginderaan jauh adalah berbentuk citra, dan perlu diolah dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak khusus pengolah citra. Penginderaan jauh dapat diserupakan dengan suatu proses membaca. Dengan menggunakan mata anda bertindak sebagai alat pengindera (sensor) yang menerima cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh suatu objek. Dalam penginderaan jauh untuk melakukan pengolahan citra satelit diperlukan perangkat lunak yang salah satunya adalah ER Mapper 7.0. Pada praktikum kali ini akan dilakukan pengolahan citra seperti penggabungan bana, cropping, dan pengukuran jarak dan luas menggunakan software ER Mapper.

Abstract
This report describes the contents of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates, describes how the maps in the PaleoAtlas were made, documents the sources of information used to make the paleogeographic maps,  and provides instructions how to plot user-defined paleodata on the paleogeographic maps using the program “PaleoDataPlotter”.  The PALEOMAP PaleloAtlas and the program (Mac OSX) can be downloaded at  http://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/ .

Please cite this work as:  Scotese, C.R., 2016. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project,  http://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/

Part  I.  Introduction
The PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates consists of 91 paleogeographic maps spanning the Phanerozoic and late Neoproterozoic. Table 1 lists all the time intervals that comprise the six volumes of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates.  The PaleoAtlas contains one map for nearly every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 3 maps for the late Precambrian. The PaleoAtlas can be directly loaded into GPLates as a “Time Dependant Raster” file (see Part III, “Loading the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas into GPlates”). A paleogeographic map is defined as a map that shows the ancient configuration of the ocean basins and continents, as well as important topographic and bathymetric features such as mountains, lowlands, shallow sea, continental shelves, and deep oceans (Figure 1, Early Cretaceous, 121.8 Ma). Ideally, a paleogeographic map would be the kind of reference map that any time traveler would like to have before embarking on a journey back through time.
Colorful paleogeographic maps may be nice to look at, but the maps become much more useful for research and teaching purposes if users can plot their own data on the maps.  In this regard, user-defined paleodata can be plotted on the paleogeographic maps in two ways: 1) using GPLates tools and procedures to import symbols and labels in a GIS-format (see GPlates Tutorial 1.1: Loading and Saving Data),  and 2) by  loading user-defined, latitude/longitude point data “text files”  using the program “PaleoDataPlotter”.  The latter method is described in the Section IV, “Plotting User-Defined Data on the Paleogeographic Reconstructions”. 
PaleoDataPlotter, which is provided with this report, creates a variety of geometric symbols  (circles, squares, triangles, stars, plus signs, crosses, small dots, and arrows) as well as short numeric labels (up to 5 digits),  that can be plotted on the paleogeographic map at user-defined latitude/longitude coordinates (Figure 2).  The PaleoDataPlotter program is ideal for plotting fossil localities, geological outcrops, as well as the locations of drill sites, wells, stratigraphic sections, or any point data set whose geographic location can be specified by modern, latitude and longitude coordinates.  The arrow symbol, which can be oriented according to a user-supplied azimuth, is particularly useful for plotting “vector” information such as:  ocean current directions, river flow, wind directions, paleomagnetic declinations, stress fields, and instantaneous plate motions. In a future version, the PaleoDataPlotter will also be able to plot text-labels at specific latitude/longitude coordinates.