Arabic based scripts

This article presents a survey of sixteen translations of the Lord’s
Prayer in Northern Kurdish published from 1787 until 2019. Attention is
given to the development of different orthographies and literary standards
for Northern Kurdish as well as to the evolution of certain vocabulary
as illustrated by the use of ‘key terms’ in the Lord’s Prayer. Both lexical
evolution and orthographic development are shown to reflect aspects of
Kurdish identity. The discussion also touches on parts of the Prayer that
tend to be opaque or misunderstood by Kurdish readers even when the
vocabulary and orthography are otherwise described as “intelligible”
or “standard”.
Key words: The Lord’s Prayer, Northern Kurdish, language history
and documentation, orthography, phonology, language and literary
standardization, lexical evolution, Bible translation, holy, kingdom,
father, Biblical metaphor

The article reveals the importance of research competencies among domestic and international teachers of different educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to assess the demand and significance of research skills among teachers for future application in their professional activities. The review of the issue in recent literature and the analysis of questionnaires were completed to reach this purpose. The article considers the State obligatory standard of higher education, which establishes the standards for knowledge, skills, and levels, and indicates the necessity of finding solutions in the realm of research activities. During the study, the authors analyzed teacher questionnaires from various levels of educational institutions and demonstrated the rankings of the given general and professional competencies. The authors conducted the survey with open-ended and closed-ended questions to determine the interest of teachers in research activities.Additionally, the study processed statistical data using SPSS Statistics software. The measurement of reliability as Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized, which indicated the consistency of the questionnaire items and the appropriateness of responses. The answers of Kazakhstani and foreign teachers were compared and contrasted by the researchers. According to survey results of teachers from seventeen different countries, teachers engage in scientific research activities during the teaching process that change the way teachers perform their duties. They showed 100% interest in research activities, and 70.6% of the teachers were adamant that university influences education students’ decisions to pursue careers as researchers.Key words: research competency, teacher, international study, ranking method, questionnaire.

Наряду с очерком истории коллекции в этом разделе книги публикуются 33 печатные таблицы с назидательными текстами и изображениями мусульманских святынь, напечатанные в казанских типографиях в начале 20 в.
Особое место отведено публикации старинных традиционных панно «на стекле» и произведениям современных татарских художников-каллиграфов.
Большинство из них публикуется впервые.

The art of Divine Writing-Calligraphy has exceptional features that
truly revolve around the Islamic ideology. It is represented in diverse
visionary, imaginative and creative ways. In many parts of the world
the importance of hand writing or calligraphy is waned due to the
modern approach in the fields of technology, science as art as well.
Present day, calligraphers and artists producing such art works that
are the combination of traditional scribal writing and transformed it
into stylized form of calligraphic art. By utilizing assorted methods and
techniques they are contributing to flourish and strengthen this art form.
Therefore, in Islamic culture it is regarded as the major art form and has as a central position. By the time it is not diminished but still alive,
significant and vibrant as it was from the advent of Islam.

The Programme of the International Workshop Titled: “Epigraphical Monuments in Arabic Script of the Golden Horde and Its Successors”, organized by IRCICA, Suleimenov Institute of Oriental Studies and Aqtobe Akimat. It is the key part of the project “Continuity and Transformation in the Traditions and Culture of Post-Golden Horde Societies (Comparative Study of Epigraphic Monuments from the West of Kazakhstan, Volga-Ural, Dagestan, Khorezm Regions)” (IRN: BR18574063).

Morphological Awareness (henceforth: MA), defined as the ability to understand the morphemic structure of the words, has been reported to affect various aspects of second language performance including reading comprehension ability, spelling performance, etc. Yet, the concept has been far less treated with reference to l2 listening transcription. Thus, against this background, this study aims to investigate the link between MA and listening transcription ability of Iranian pre-university students. To this aim, 40 pre-university students participated in the study, and were assigned to two control and experimental groups. Both groups were first given three short listening passages to transcribe as the pre-tests. The results of the independent-samples t-test revealed no significant difference between the two groups. The experimental group, then, received five one-hour sessions briefing them on the morphological realization of English words. The two groups were then given three short listening passages to transcribe as their post-tests. The results of the independent-samples t-tests attested to the significant difference between the two groups, thus, supporting the relationship between MA and listening transcription ability. The study concludes with some suggestions as to the incorporation of MA into L2 learning programs.

This research sheds light on the poetry (rhymes) selected for the Arabic Language Curriculum (LOGHATY), taught across the lower elementary school grades in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2023)(2024). It also provides a linguistic analysis of the sampled rhymes. The research offers a linguistic study of the sampled rhymes in terms of word-choice appropriacy, age, clarity, easiness, musicality, rhythmicality, prosody, flow, and other considerations for childhood to generate a positive impact on the mind and heart. Alternatives are occasionally suggested for some words to create a better rhyming flow for pupils when difficult words make it difficult for them to chant out such rhymes while still aged 6-8. In addition, the research reveals the importance of school rhymes in pupils' learning journey at this critically important age. These rhymes are expected to enrich their language, help them taste Arab poetry, and simulate its distinctive phrases. This research illustrates the extent to which the rhymes in question encompass aspects of these pupils' lives of concern. Equally important, the research also flags up some topics, implications, and pieces of knowledge left unnoticed by the curriculum that needs to be well addressed and officially included as core thematic components to better achieve the objectives set.

This research sheds light on the poetry (rhymes) selected for the Arabic Language Curriculum (LOGHATY), taught across the lower elementary school grades in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2023-2024). It also provides a linguistic analysis of the sampled rhymes. The research offers a linguistic study of the sampled rhymes in terms of word-choice appropriacy, age, clarity, easiness, musicality, rhythmicality, prosody, flow, and other considerations for childhood to generate a positive impact on the mind and heart. Alternatives are occasionally suggested for some words to create a better rhyming flow for pupils when difficult words make it difficult for them to chant out such rhymes while still aged 6-8. In addition, the research reveals the importance of school rhymes in pupils' learning journey at this critically important age. These rhymes are expected to enrich their language, help them taste Arab poetry, and simulate its distinctive phrases. This research illustrates the extent to which the rhymes in question encompass aspects of these pupils' lives of concern. Equally important, the research also flags up some topics, implications, and pieces of knowledge left unnoticed by the curriculum that needs to be well addressed and officially included as core thematic components to better achieve the objectives set.

This paper is a survey of Punjabi language to explore the computational facilities available for orthography of this language. The two scripts used for writing Punjabi are Shahmukhi (a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script) and "Gurmukhi". Our main focus was on Shahmukhi, mainly used in Pakistan, to identify the support by Unicode for its characters.

* The subject of this contribution to the festschrift for my old friend Ekmeleddin Ihsanoğlu is partly derived from my valedictory lecture to Leiden University on December 10, 2010, entitled Het einde van het islamitische handschrift. Verhalen over de overgang van handschrift naar druk. The Dutch text was published in Leiden in 2012 by my own publishing company Ter Lugt Press.

As a result of political changes and numerous language reforms in the 20th and the 21th centuries, the trans-border languages of post-Soviet Central Asia and North-Western China, which had been written in Arabic (Perso-Arabic) script,  use several writing systems – not only Arabic, but also Latinized and Cyrillic. In the nearest future, however, the latest achievements in information and communications technologies, as well as business and cultural interaction along the Silk Road, will inevitably stimulate the tendencies for unification of the official and unofficial writing systems in the area.
Keywords: language policy, languages of China, Silk Road, Arabic script, Turkic languages, Dungan language, information technologies.
Keywords: language policy, languages of China, Silk Road, Arabic script, Turkic languages, Dungan language, information technologies.

The design of Arabic typefaces is one of the most crucial elements in visual communication. It provides graphic designers with a powerful visual language for their designs. In this respect, it plays an effective role in establishing intellectual connections and solidifying the symbols of visual identity in modern Arabic letter design. This research aims to investigate the academic development level of graphic design students through the process of designing Modern Arabic typefaces to enhance their designs. Furthermore, it aims to analyze the most significant formal, expressive, and technical features involved in Arabic typeface design. Significantly, it addressed the criteria for designing modern Arabic typefaces. The research methodology involved the analysis of samples of modern Arabic typeface designs created by students in the Graphic Design Department at Al-Ahliyya Amman University in Jordan. The results confirmed the academic progress of graphic design students who added modern and diverse typefaces to the digital library, contributing to the enrichment of digital content. This underscores the importance of teaching Arabic typeface design in all graphic design departments and emphasizes the artistic and aesthetic elements of modern Arabic typography design. These elements play a significant role in engaging the audience with distinctive Arabic graphic designs.

Objective: The study objective was to determine the role and applicability of the culture-based approach to Group B Streptococcus(GBS) screening and the effect on pregnancy outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study involving 166 consenting antenatal clinic attendees at 35–37 weeks' gestation using purposive sampling. All participants had vaginal and rectal swabs collected and cultured with the availability of culture results at the time of presentation in labor. All GBS-colonized mothers received intrapartum prophylaxis with parenteral antibiotics based on antibiotic sensitivity from the onset of labor or the rupture of membrane until delivery. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 21.0, while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The GBS maternal prevalence was 7.8%, and culture-positive women had both vaginal and rectal colonization. Marital status (P = 0.002), multiple sexual partners (P =0.00...

The design of Arabic typefaces is one of the most crucial elements in visual communication. It provides graphic designers with a powerful visual language for their designs. In this respect, it plays an effective role in establishing intellectual connections and solidifying the symbols of visual identity in modern Arabic letter design. This research aims to investigate the academic development level of graphic design students through the process of designing Modern Arabic typefaces to enhance their designs. Furthermore, it aims to analyze the most significant formal, expressive, and technical features involved in Arabic typeface design. Significantly, it addressed the criteria for designing modern Arabic typefaces. The research methodology involved the analysis of samples of modern Arabic typeface designs created by students in the Graphic Design Department at Al-Ahliyya Amman University in Jordan. The results confirmed the academic progress of graphic design students who added modern and diverse typefaces to the digital library, contributing to the enrichment of digital content. This underscores the importance of teaching Arabic typeface design in all graphic design departments and emphasizes the artistic and aesthetic elements of modern Arabic typography design. These elements play a significant role in engaging the audience with distinctive Arabic graphic designs.

Objective: The study objective was to determine the role and applicability of the culture-based approach to Group B Streptococcus(GBS) screening and the effect on pregnancy outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study involving 166 consenting antenatal clinic attendees at 35–37 weeks' gestation using purposive sampling. All participants had vaginal and rectal swabs collected and cultured with the availability of culture results at the time of presentation in labor. All GBS-colonized mothers received intrapartum prophylaxis with parenteral antibiotics based on antibiotic sensitivity from the onset of labor or the rupture of membrane until delivery. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 21.0, while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The GBS maternal prevalence was 7.8%, and culture-positive women had both vaginal and rectal colonization. Marital status (P = 0.002), multiple sexual partners (P =0.00...

Translation of some of the 19th century northern Mozambican documents in Arabic script (mainly in Kiswahili and Kimwani), part of the collection of Mozambique Historical Archives in Maputo. Documents are the correspondence of northern Mozambican Muslim leaders, such as local sultans, shaykhs and mwenye, with the Portuguese administration in the context of the Portuguese colonial encroachments onto their territories following 1884-1885 Berlin Conference.

This unfinished PhD study of the 3 main Arabic traditional printers of Kano city and their published textbooks illustrate the  traditional output of their literature used all over the sahel and found in other West African countries.from Senegal to Sudan.

Although the arrival of the French army dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, Niger became a colony only in 1922. Today, Niger is made up of different ethnic groups which makes it extremely heterogeneous. French coexists with other national languages which are: Arabic, Buduma, Fulfulde, Gourmanchéma, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tedaga, and Zarma. Niger's language policy has always ensured that national languages were used in education. In fact, since the early 1970s Niger has promoted various projects to develop bilingualism in primary school. As in many other French-speaking states of sub-Saharan Africa, French is an exogenous language that coexists with other languages which are learned from childhood in the family environment. The linguistic study of the Nigerien variety remains a largely unexplored field and has, to date, mostly focused on data obtained from surveys carried out in Niamey. The phenomena found appear consistent with those universal tendencies at reducing the markedness that can usually be found in other places in French-speaking Africa.

This article looks at the lawḥ (wooden tablet) in traditional Quranic education in Africa, through the lens of the phenomenology of religion. It argues that, the set of pedagogical practices that are sustained with the support of the lawḥ can be understood as a complex ritual of initiation into Islamic notions and beliefs. As in Eliade’s classical phenomenology, this ritual takes the form of a symbolic re-enactment of a primordial myth and acts as the support of a symbolic identification between the initiate and a sacred ancestor. A symbol, at the same time, of the archetypal Quran (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ), of the metaphysical reality of the Prophet (alḥaqīqa al-muḥammadiyya), and of the pupil’s human form, the lawḥ allows for the symbolic identification of the protagonist of the initiation (the pupil) with the protagonist (the Prophet) of Islam’s most primordial myth (the revelation of the Quran).

This note describes the tools and the techniques used by Kaʾana Umar, a contemporary calligrapher based in Maiduguri, capital of Borno State (Nigeria), to produce a Quranic manuscript that is now preserved at the Centre for Contemporary Islam (CCI), University of Cape Town. The Quranic calligraphic tradition of Borno has been known for centuries as the most ancient and prestigious one in sub-Saharan Africa. Notwithstanding the many challenges it currently faces (from modernization to insecurity and the displacement of scribes), this tradition is still a living one, as the skills of Kaʾana Umar and of many of his peers in Borno amply demonstrate. 

is article explores the transformation of the study of tafsīr in Kano city (Northern Nigeria) during the twentieth century, highlighting the role of a Sufi phenomenon of revival (al-fayḍa, the 'flood') within an established order (the Tijāniyya) in promoting intellectual change. e historical background to the Nigerian 'flood' is the encounter between the Senegalese Shaykh Ibrāhīm Niasse (d. 1975) and a dynamic sector of the scholarly class of Kano. Two case-studies of local tafsīr networks are presented here in order to assess the position that the studying, the teaching and the public performing of tafsīr had in the broader edifice of Islamic knowledge of the West African city before and after the 'flood'. e article emphasizes the intensity of the participation of the West African Muslim scholars to the intellectual tradition of tafsīr, and looks at the links between a contemporary Sufi revival, local traditions of Qurʾānic exegesis, and wider bodies of Islamic knowledge.

Выходит 4 раза в год Журнал зарегистрирован 24 марта 2005 года в Комитете информации и архивов Министерства культуры, информации и спорта Республики Казахстан. Свидетельство о регистрации: 24 марта 2005 г. №5844-Ж. «КЕРУЕН» №2, том 75, 2022 Главный редактор: МАТЫЖАНОВ Кенжехан Слямжанович, доктор филологических наук, член-корреспондент НАН РК, генеральный директор Института литературы и искусства им. М.О. Ауэзова (Алматы, Казахстан) Заместители главного редактора: Научный редактор: КАЛИЕВА Альмира Кайыртаевна, кандидат филологических наук, заместитель по науке генерального директора Института литературы и искусства им. М.О. Ауэзова (Алматы, Казахстан). Ответственный редактор: СУЛТАН Ертай, PhD, заместитель генерального директора Института литературы и искусства им. М.О. Ауэзова (Алматы, Казахстан).

This article examines the intensifying efforts of Bosnian Muslim scholars to promote and standardize a modified Arabic script for their native language over the long 19th century. A local variant of aljamiado literature, this Arebica script has received considerable scholarly attention since then, but broadly as a folkloric and literary phenomenon. I argue instead that it developed during this period as a sustained project of communal reform in the context of changing relations between Bosnian Muslims and the Ottoman state. Starting in the late 18th century, Bosnian scholars affiliated with the Naqshbandi Sufi order increasingly experimented with vernacular religious instruction in the Arabic script as part of a broader engagement with questions of dynastic loyalty and local autonomy on the Ottoman frontier. With the curbing of this autonomy through the mid-19th century, more rebellious figures such as Abdulvehab Ilhamija gave way to successors who entered into a collaborative relationship with the imperial center – an arrangement that would persist through both the Tanzimat and the subsequent Austro-Hungarian occupation. Members of this reformist network continued their experiments with Arebica under both regimes, adapting to the new technological opportunities of the ‘Age of Steam and Print’ and ultimately feeding into Bosnia’s vibrant Pan-Islamist reform movement of the early 20th century. While never achieving the status envisioned by its most prominent advocates, the development of Arebica therefore nevertheless highlights the dynamic interplay between provincial Muslims and state reforms in the late Ottoman period.

The Kufic font takes its name from the location in which the font was created around the end of the seventh century, Kufa, Iraq.  Kufic was the principal script used to replicate the Qur’ans until approximately the eleventh century. Depending upon where a character is located in a word, the character may be represented differently.  Given this location-specific representation, the Arabic characters uses in script are expanded to 116 shapes.  A character can have an isolated shape, a joined shape, a left joined shape and a right joined shape. The goal of this study is to convert Arabic script to a two-dimensional shape in Kufic calligraphy style that has regular geometric components (lines, circles, curves, arcs, etc.) by using a grid board catalog. The converting process represents a method of learning electronically as well as production for all Arabic alphabets in aesthetic shapes. The proposed grid board produces all possible shapes of any letter in Arabic alphabets.  Some alphab...

Problem Definition: One of the most important developments in writing in Islamic lands has been the emergence of the Six Scripts (Iqlam Sethe). The decline of the Kufic script and its replacement with the Six Scripts, as well as the wide use of these scripts, shows the claim that the emergence of these fonts was one of the biggest literary and artistic developments during the life of Islamic societies. Despite the importance and wide usage of these scripts, it should be acknowledged that sufficient research has not been done in the field of the origin and scripts influencing the formation of Iqlam Sethe. Therefore, this research aims at answering the following question: «What were the effects of the Kufic script, especially Iranian Kufic, on the formation of Iqlam Sethe?»
Objective: The current research is looking for the possible effects of the Simple Kufic and the Piramooz Kufic scripts in the creation and formation of Iqlam Sethe.
Research Method: This research is done using a qualitative method. In terms of «applied» purpose and «descriptive» nature of the subject, it is of a descriptive-analytical type. The written and visual data in this research have been selected and cited using a library method and purposefully from among reliable specialized sources in the field of handwriting and calligraphy and to the extent of theoretical adequacy. The method of analyzing and adjusting the shape of the letters has also been done in four selected Simple and Piramooz Kufic scripts, as the base/origin scripts in relation to the Naskh and Thuluth as the target script.
Results: Finally, from the shape analysis of the letters and the comparative study of the four-script single letters mentioned in 18 separate tables, this conclusion can be drawn that the Iranian Kufic script, or Piramooz, could have been a model, or at least, an intermediate link between Simple Kufic and Iqlam Sethe, because of its similarity in shape with the shape of the letters of the Iqlam Sethe.

Nowadays, Kurdish programmers usually suffer when they need to write Kurdish letter while they program in java. More to say, all the versions of Java Development Kits have not supported Kurdish letters. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop Java Kurdish Language Package (JKLP) for solving writing Kurdish alphabetic in Java programming language. So that Kurdish programmer and/or students they can converts the English-alphabetic to Kurdish-alphabetic. Furthermore, adding Kurdish language to standard Java Development Kit (JDK). Additionally, in this paper we present the JKLP standard documentation for users. Our object-oriented solution composed of a package consisting two classes which have been implemented in the Java programming language.

The past few decades have witnessed an aesthetic trend in the Arabic Writing System and its well-known calligraphic arts, which have exploited features of other writing systems, including Latin and Chinese scripts. Although there are great differences between almost every aspect of the Arabic and Latin scripts, this trend has blended certain characteristics of Arabic script with some features of Latin script. This study examines this trend and its experiments and transitions, from the moment it first emerged until the present day. It investigates the motivations underpinning the trend and analyzes its artistic and linguistic characteristics, in which the researcher visually analyzes all possible details and disassembles both orthographic items and calligraphic features into their basic essential scripts. The findings reveal an aesthetic and linguistic trend that is substantial and significant, based on linguistic, cultural, and sociocultural factors, including increased levels of communication, culturalism, advances in technology, transportation, migration, and globalization. Script tools and features are used to divide the main trend into three sub-trends: 1) Script switching, where scripts are interchanged at word-level; 2) Script fusion, where scripts are altered at letter-level; and 3) Faux fonts, which dissolve certain features of Arabic script to mirror Latin script. All of the techniques used to make Arabic script match Latin script have been shown to be culturally-induced and linguistically informative, rather than merely aesthetic. The findings of this study also indicate that this new phenomenon is likely to be in the early stages, with further developments expected to unfold in future.

Viewing the map of Central and Eastern Europe
in 1910 through the lens of Ottoman Turkish (عثامنليجه ʿOsmānlıca) reveals a number of interesting features, particularly in terms of changes from older forms of place names,
but especially a consideration how the focus of this map differs from the sorts of representations found in late Ottoman
atlases and maps. The Ottoman Empire had a long and rich
tradition of cartography, with a number of scholars engaging in that pursuit, most famously the sixteenth-century geographer Piri Reis. However, it was not until the later part of
the nineteenth century that maps became more widely available for viewing by Ottoman subjects, largely due to the explosion of print culture in the second half of that century and
the concurrent increase in access to education. During this period, the Ottomans embraced the sort of cartography found
in European atlases, a process that had begun in the late eighteenth century. Geographies, atlases, and maps tended to be
published for educational purposes, focusing on the Sublime
State itself and its setting within the world, adding to the corpus of texts and symbols intended to instill loyalty towards the
Ottoman Empire and the sultan. There were, of course, maps
with many of these Ottoman atlases, such as the incredibly detailed textual descriptions and provincial maps of Memālik-i
ʿOsmānīye Ceb Aṭlası (Pocket Atlas of the Ottoman Realms,
1323 AH/1905 CE). However, there were also plenty of publications that saw no need to represent the Ottoman Empire cartographically, presenting instead a written map with place names
and descriptions, such as Coğrāfyā-yı Mufaṣṣal-ı Memālik-i
Devlet-i ʿOsmānīye (The Comprehensive Geography of the
Realms of the Ottoman State, 1304 AH/1887 CE). This was
more in keeping with earlier Ottoman and Islamic methods
of geographic literature, where text was an essential part of
displaying and explaining the world (for a full discussion of
changes in Ottoman cartography, see Fortna 2002: 165–201).
In the majority of cases, visual or written, the geography of the
Ottoman Empire itself was the primary concern of geographers and cartographers

This document attempts to demonstrate the different orthographic interpretations of the classical lam-alef ligature form when viewed with Hafs conventions vs those of al-Dani and the difficulties these interpretations raise in determining correct encoding (spelling). In the absence of guidance from Unicode there is a risk of text authors and font developers choosing different and incompatible approaches to meet al-Dani needs.

Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur have a number of issues related to display of certain characters in the Arabic script. Some of them can be handled by adding annotations and some of them by changing the design of some of the glyphs. Most of these characters are not used by any other languages. This document is a request for added annotations and/or glyph changes to
these characters.

The characters to be discussed are U+0626, U+0641, U+0674..U+0678, U+06C5, and U+06C7.

The Unicode Technical Committee, in its recent meetings, has accepted eighteen Arabic honorifics proposed by the first author and others. Only characters for which we could find examples in running text in published material were proposed. Since, we have found another honorific in published material, this time in Christian religious texts.

The language relating to climatic conditions certainly plays a major role in the novel Frankenstein, published by Mary Shelley in 1818. The aim of this article is therefore to analyze the use the author makes of this language, which often acquires symbolic overtones that work in synergy with the development of the plot and the characters’ psychology, and study the way this same language is adapted and exploited in some of the films that translate the novel intersemiotically. To this end, this paper will focus on the cinematographic adaptations of Shelley’s work dating from 1931, 1994 and 2015, although sporadic references to other products will be made too. During the analysis, some of the notions of intersemiotic translation will be applied to the selected corpus, in order to demonstrate how the practice of various forms of translation, including inter- and intra-semiotic translation, heavily contributes to the creation of the canon we live by.

Recently my coworkers and I have been working on a font intended for use in West Africa. We wanted to support the Warsh (Warš) orthography (or reading tradition) for the Arabic script. Below is a description of three orthographic traditions. We list three potential solutions for Warsh orthographies
and request feedback on which is the most appropriate Unicode solution.

This is a Unicode proposal for:
1DFD COMBINING ALMOST EQUAL TO BELOW
2C70 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED ALPHA
2C7E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH SWASH TAIL
2C7F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH SWASH TAIL

Priest, Lorna. 2007-10-22. Proposal to encode two phonetic characters and two Shona characters. http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetMatchingDocs.pl?L2/07-334

Unicode proposal for Latin letters required for Uyghur:
2C67 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER
2C68 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER
2C69 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER
2C6A LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER
2C6B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER
2C6C LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER
(codepoints in proposal were later changed).

Priest, Lorna. 2005-02-21. Proposal to encode additional Latin orthographic characters for Uighur Latin Alphabet. http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetMatchingDocs.pl?L2/05-029

Proposal for Phonetic symbols in current use in linguistic journals and books; orthographic characters are used in literacy materials, liturgical books and general literature.

Priest, Lorna. 2004-08-23. Revised Proposal for Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters. http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetMatchingDocs.pl?L2/04-348

This is a short introduction to the manuscripts of the Quran in West Africa. It aims to shed light on how the
early Quran manuscripts were compiled and disseminated in those areas. The paper begins by articulating
the first introduction of Muhammadan Islam to Africa as a continent, dating back to the prophet's time.
Following the migrations of his companions to the continent. As per the early manuscripts, the paper
demonstrates how Muslims used to write the Quranic Arabic scripts juxtaposed with their Ajami or local
scripts to demystify the meanings of the Quran. Scanning through the previous works of literature and direct
contact with some Muslim scholars from West Africa for the benefit of compiling this humble work, we
can therefore make an inference that learning more about the early manuscripts of the Quran means learning
more about the Ajami and the local scripts, which were used in the early time alongside the Quran text.
Ajami in this context means the use of Arabic script to write their local languages – non-Arabic language.
The paper, therefore, introduced some indigenous scripts and different Ajami approaches that were used in
the manuscripts of the Classical period in some regions of West Africa.

This thesis presents the religious activities of an Ottoman Islamic scholar Abu Bakr Effendi and his educational challenges at the Cape of Good Hope. Abu Bakr Effendi was a professor of canon law (Mudarris, Mufti-ul Arbaa 1) who was sent to the Cape by the Ottoman Caliph in order to resolve the religious issues as well as educate the Muslims in South Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century. This study takes into consideration diverse archival materials that explain different dimensions of the socio-historical events which happened during Effendi's stay in South Africa. Due to limited reliable sources, Effendi's activities have not been examined by researchers extensively. Several local newspapers, South African and Ottoman archival materials not used before in such studies, private family documents, foundation (Waqf) records and official correspondences have been used in this study and contributed to understanding the social-religious situation amongst Muslims at the Cape of the nineteenth century. Applying a comparative historical method, the study shows how Effendi became a prominent scholar in society despite his reformist understanding with regards to Islamic topics which made him a marginal theologian in the eyes of local Muslims. In this sense, the study illustrates the contribution of his works in the Muslim social sphere and how it enabled the emergence of a Muslim consciousness and identity in Southern Africa. Finally, with his cultural and educational endeavors, Effendi became a historical figure in South African society and this reality has been illuminated by rich archival documents. 1 Mufti is an official learned scholar in Islamic law who is in charge of Islamic affairs. During the Ottoman Empire, the mufti of Istanbul was Islam's chief legal authority, presiding over the whole judicial and theological hierarchy. One of Abu Bakr Effendi's titles was mufti-ul arbaa, which means master of four sects (madshaps) in Islamic tradition. vi CONTENTS PLAGIARISM DECLARATION .

The Ottoman State sent a professor of Islamic theology Abu Bakr Effendi to the Cape of Good Hope in 1862. As an Ottoman theologian, Abu Bakr Effendi's approach to women in Muslim society should be important in order to understand his noteworthy works on the Cape Muslims. Also as far as it is understood from his works, as soon as he got the opportunity, he opened a separate school for Muslim girls and appointed his wife Tahora Saban as the headmistress of the school in 1866. When he began to perform his educational activities certainly, he also had to have considered the status of Muslim women in Ottoman society. In the nineteenth-century South African Muslim community, there were hardly any women recognized in its society. At this point, it is seen that Abu Bakr Effendi not only opened a school for women but also made his wife Tahora Saban the school principal by educating her. The impact of this perspective on South African female identity is undoubtedly significant. Muhyiddin Ibn "Arabî (AH 560-638), who lived more than eight centuries ago, should have declared that woman and man are absolutely equal in terms of human potentiality. Ibn 'Arabî says that a woman shares the degree of perfection with a man, and that man is favored by superlative perfection. Ibn ʿArabī writes of the true significance of women, showing the exceptionally high regard in which he holds them. Ibn ʿArabī is keen to underscore that it is the metaphysical significance of women, and not their physical form, that was made beloved to Muḥammad. Abu Bakr Effendi used Arabi's Fusus alhikam in his school and taught it to his students. Certainly, Tahora was aware of this book and used it in her school curriculum. The first time, Tahora's handwritten notes will be used in this research. This study will reveal the influence of Abu Bakr Efendi on South African Muslim woman and their identity in society.

Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds (2) The All-Merciful, the Very-Merciful. (3) The Master of the Day of Requital. (4) You alone do we worship, and from You alone do we seek help. (5) Take us on the straight path (6) The path of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, Not of those who have incurred Your wrath, nor of those who have gone astray. (7) Al-Fatiha I begin with the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful. May Allah bestow peace on our beloved Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and his family. I would not have able to complete this work without the help of Allah who endowed me with health, courage, aptitude and patience. During this work my parents were a constant source of motivation and support. Their prayers, love and encouragement helped me to arrive at this milestone. I would like to thank my teacher Dr. Abid Halim. The things I learnt from him are some of the most important lessons of my life. Acknowledgements are due to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals which gave me the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree and also for all the support I received in carrying out this research. I am also grateful to the Dresser Rand at KFUPM (ME project # 002351) and Saudi Aramco for its support during this research. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Samir Mekid for all he taught me, for his patience when I couldn't get things done and for his help when I v needed it. I wouldn't have been what I am today without his supervision I am also very thankful to my thesis committee members Dr. Muhammad A. Hawwa and Dr. Hussain Al Qahtani for their involvement and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr. Salam A Zummo for giving me an opportunity to carry on such a work under such elites. I would also like to thank Dr. Zheji Liu from Dresser Rand for his helpful comments during this work. Special thanks to my friend Muhammad Usama Siddiqui for all the "technical resources" he provided without which this work would not have been possible. Thanks also to Abdur Rahman Aravind, Syed Abdul Baqi, Ashhad Imam and Amer Bin Ziyad for the moral support and encouragement they have given during the course of this work. It has helped me a lot. Thanks also to all my colleagues in the Mechanical Engineering department for making my course a wonderful experience and believing in me. vi Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES .

This chapter provides a chronology of the printed editions of the Qur'an published in Nigeria, in the form of offset lithography, from the 1950s onwards. Reconstructing the history of these publications alongside an anthropological description of Qur'anic reading practices in Nigeria, the chapter raises questions related both to the aesthetics and to the economy of Qur'anic calligraphy. In answering these questions, the chapter stresses how a set of cultural and historical factors shaped the Nigerian Islamic book market to enable an old calligraphic art to thrive in the age of print. The flamboyant aesthetics of the Qur'anic 'printed manuscripts' of twentieth-century Nigeria is, rather than a simple residual legacy of an 'ancient art', the fruit of the encounter of the latter with a modern economy.

This note describes the tools and the techniques used by Kaʾana Umar, a contemporary calligrapher based in Maiduguri, capital of Borno State (Nigeria), to produce a Quranic manuscript that is now preserved at the Centre for Contemporary Islam (CCI), University of Cape Town. The Quranic calligraphic tradition of Borno has been known for centuries as the most ancient and prestigious one in sub-Saharan Africa. Notwithstanding the many challenges it currently faces (from modernization to insecurity and the displacement of scribes), this tradition is still a living one, as the skills of Kaʾana Umar and of many of his peers in Borno amply demonstrate. 

This article describes and analyzes barnāwī, the Arabic script of Borno (northeastern Nigeria) and most ancient prototype of what we define as the Central Sudanic family of scripts. Barnāwī shows paleographic features that clearly set it apart from some other West African Arabic scripts, thereby confirming the inadequacy of the label sūdānī, which often surfaces in literature to collectively brand a variety of scripts used in different regions of West Africa. A paleographic analysis of barnāwī also suggests that its origins predate the development of the maghribī script in North Africa in the twelfth century.