Aquatic Animal Health Management

A study was conducted with 204 Merino ewes as experimental units to assess the effectiveness of four estrus synchroni-zation protocols. The ewes were divided into four groups: TRT A (Control), TRT B (Intravaginal sponges
for 12 days), TRT C (Double prostaglandin injections on days 0 and 11) and TRT D (Intravaginal sponges for 13 days, a single prostaglandin injection on day 12, plus PMSG on day 13). Six rams were used to detect heat, with standing to be mounted as the primary indicator of estrus. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in estrus response rates among the groups: 94.10% for TRT B, 96.20% for TRT D, and 90.20% for both TRT A and TRT C. Additionally, the time from treatment withdrawal to the onset and end of estrus showed no significant variation (p>0.05). The duration of estrus differed significantly among the treatments (TRT D, TRT A, and TRT C) with notable differences at specific time intervals: 48h and 36h for TRT D, and 24h for TRT C (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found between TRT B and TRT D at 48h and 60h post-treatment withdrawal. Additionally, TRT D showed high significance at 24h and 36h intervals. At 72 hours, both TRT C and TRT D were significant, with TRT D remaining significant at 84h (p<0.05). Overall, combination treatment (TRT D) was more effective in synchronizing estrus in Merino ewes, resulting in a higher response rate and shorter interval from treatment withdrawal to estrus onset.
Keywords: Estrus, Progesterone, Prostaglandin, PMSG, Synchronization.

Bacterial diseases can pose a significant challenge to aquaculture in Kenya, leading to significant
economic losses. A fish farm in Narok County, Kenya, reported mass mortality among its reared fish
which included Nile tilapia, catfish and ornamental fish. This study aimed to characterize an Aeromonas
isolate recovered from the farm and assess its potential role in the outbreak. Water samples (n=10) were
collected randomly from different points within the fish ponds using sterile universal bottles and
transported to the bacteriology laboratory at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and
Parasitology, University of Nairobi. The bacterial isolate was identified using conventional culture
methods, biochemical assays, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass
Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), BD Phoenix machine tests, and Whole Genome Sequencing. Based on
morphological, biochemical, and MALDI-TOF analyses, the isolate was identified as Aeromonas veronii
and further confirmed as Aeromonas veronii biovar Sobria using the BD Phoenix system. The genome
size of the isolate was approximately 4.6 Mb with a GC content of 59%. Phylogenetic analysis showed
that the isolate clustered with fish isolates from South America and Asia and with human isolates from
Asia and Australia. The study underscores the need for more studies on this bacterium’s pathogenicity
and development of an autogenous vaccine for the prevention of its bacteriosis.
Keywords: Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, morphological, biochemical. MALDI-TOF, phylogenetic

1* Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad del Carmen. Calle 56 #4. Av. Concordia. Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México, CP 24180. Tel.: +52-938-38-11018; Fax: +52-938-38-26514. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author ... The Lagoons of Pom and ...

Communication is vital for the socioeconomic and cultural development of pastoralists. If used constructively, communication can help to create a favourable environment for change and modernisation. This paper tries to uncover trends in communication as part of pastoral development, emphasising both indigenous and current methods of communication and prevailing constraints. This study reveals that pastoral development interventions in the past have often failed to achieve their goals, due to the centralised, 'top-down' approaches adopted and to reliance on external strategies and channels which ignored the indigenous knowledge and communications systems of pastoralists. Pastoralists have their own well-established communications systems for sharing information on climatic conditions and ecology, as well as economic, social and political issues. Modern communication technologies, especially radio and mobile telephones, are increasingly being used by pastoralists to access current regional information. However, pastoral development in the communications area is currently constrained by the failure of various development agencies and stakeholders to use participatory approaches, and by poor infrastructure and weak capacity. The authors therefore call for the adoption of more participatory and integrated approaches towards communication, the expansion of infrastructure and building of capacity.

Although the United States produced 5.4% of the global marine capture fisheries (~4 million tonnes), it also led all other nations in seafood imports in 2020 (1). Among marine aquaculture sectors (finfish, shellfish, seaweed/macroalgae), the United States is only a significant producer of mollusks, where it ranks seventh at ~180,000 tonnes annually (1). Increasing marine aquaculture production in the United States is an approach to reducing import demand. Concurrent with increased production is a need for scientific support on health management and biosecurity to ensure production sustainability, to inform environmental consultations and appropriate site selection for aquaculture operations, and to protect both aquatic stocks and surrounding marine resources. Fortunately, there is an existing wealth of knowledge about aquaculture-based health management and biosecurity in peer-reviewed scientific literature and in current production practices and regulations. This technical memorandum contains an overview of the available science regarding health management and biosecurity throughout the marine aquaculture industry for finfish, invertebrates, and seaweed/macroalgae value chains. This report intends to provide understandable and citable information for non-specialists in marine aquaculture diseases and biosecurity, within the context of NOAA Fisheries’ mission of responsible stewardship of U.S. ocean resources and habitats, and using sound science and an ecosystem-based management approach.1
At points throughout this document, there is information specific to two regions: the Gulf of Mexico and the Southern California Bight. Within each of these regions, NOAA Fisheries previously characterized areas of interest and study areas that included potential Aquaculture Opportunity Area (AOA) options. This information was published in two marine spatial planning atlases, collectively referred to as Aquaculture Atlases (2, 3). The information included here that is specific to those two regions seeks to inform NOAA’s ongoing assessment of the study areas.
This document introduces a basic conceptual model of factors affecting disease likelihood, namely host susceptibility, pathogen abundance or virulence, and environmental conditions that favor disease. Lists of pathogens and diseases of known concern for marine aquaculture, and brief descriptions of diseases with common prevention and management actions, are included in the appendices. To help understand how diseases are introduced and disseminated, pathogen transfer mechanisms are briefly described, including:
• Waterborne transmission.
• Physical contact between infected and susceptible individuals.
• Association with organisms (including feeds) that can carry pathogens, either as
reservoirs or as intermediate hosts.
• Association with substrates and structures.
• Active movement by pathogens from infected to other susceptible individuals.
1 https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about-us
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The concepts of pathogen transfer from cultured to wild individuals and from wild to cultured individuals are also presented. Because proximity of endemic aquatic species to an aquaculture facility can increase the hazard of pathogen transfer, results of an analysis of geographic overlap of endemic species of concern (federally listed as endangered or threatened, commercially important) with the AOA study areas are presented, with data tables included in the appendices.
Although pathogen transmission routes are common for each aquaculture sector (i.e., finfish, shellfish, seaweed/macroalgae), requirements and practices for each sector are different. Health management and biosecurity topics specific to each sector are presented in separate sections. Because factors affect disease throughout the production cycle, these are presented sequentially (e.g., hatchery or nursery, transport, grow-out) for each sector.
Modern commercial finfish aquaculture formally began in the United States in 1853 with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Ohio, and rearing salmonids for release to supplement commercial and recreational harvests became established in the 1870s (4). Information on marine finfish aquaculture in the United States is dominated by the culture of salmonids (5), and the wealth of information on biosecurity from that sector of the industry is often applied to other marine finfish species. However, there are significant differences between salmonid and non-salmonid aquaculture practices, such as differences in early-stage feeding strategies and differences in pathogen susceptibilities. Influent water security and reliability are essential during hatchery and nursery phases, and recirculating aquaculture systems are increasingly used for these life stages due to the feasibility and economics of managing the reduced volume of influent water. The hope of disease-resistant fish stocks remains mostly unrealized at this time. Transport and grow-out practices rely increasingly on better equipment (e.g., self-contained transport boats), operational planning for both routine and emergency events, and staff biosecurity training. Because marine finfish facilities attract and aggregate wildlife, which increases the potential for pathogen or disease transmission, a discussion about
the causes, effects, and mitigations is included. Potential water chemistry changes from a finfish facility, such as dissolved nutrients and benthic deposition, are briefly described. An examination of the average depths for the AOA options in the Gulf of Mexico and Southern California indicate that most are deep enough to sustain low benthic impact from a farm.
The long history of molluskan aquaculture in the United States and current production scale implies that it may have more advanced procedures in place for disease management and biosecurity relative to finfish and seaweed/macroalgae. However, the open- environment nature of molluskan aquaculture makes it vulnerable to pathogen exposure, and using healthy seed is one of the best biosecurity measures. The United States does have some advanced planning, such as the Regional Shellfish Seed Biosecurity Program (RSSBP), developed to streamline animal movement through evaluations and audits of shellfish nurseries (6). Nonetheless, pathogens such as OsHV-1 (virus) and Perkinsus spp. (protozoan parasites) pose persistent threats to the industry. Hatchery and nursery operations require a secure incoming water supply, similar to the needs in finfish culture. Potential exposure to pathogens can be reduced through filtration, UV treatment (alone or following filtration), and by timing plantings and grow-out transfers for favorable temperature regimes or a lower likelihood of pathogen presence in seawater. Because invertebrates lack the adaptive immunity found in vertebrates, traditional vaccination is not possible. Currently, much
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of invertebrate health management relies on stress reduction through environmental optimization, including good seawater quality, density management, temperature management, and minimizing handling. Breeding for disease resistance is possible in shellfish, and genomic sequencing is likely to identify gene targets for selection.
Although commercial-scale seaweed/macroalgae aquaculture has been established in Asia since the 1950s, it is a relatively young industry in the United States and Europe, where
the cultivated species are different from those reared in Asia. Knowledge of diseases for seaweed/macroalgae cultured in the United States and Europe is not as well developed
as for finfish and invertebrates. Seaweed/macroalgae naturally carry other organisms, including other algal species, on their surfaces, and preventing introduction of non-native species is a biosecurity concern for broodstock and seedling selection and before outplanting. Unfavorable environmental conditions, such as temperature shocks, appear to be primary initiating factors for disease development. A genetic approach to identifying specific pathogens of seaweed/macroalgae is increasingly feasible with the expansion of molecular tools to characterize and identify beneficial and harmful microorganisms.
The effects of future climate change on aquaculture may be anticipated from observations of changes in natural settings and from controlled experiments. For the AOA areas of interest of the Gulf of Mexico and Southern California, International Panel on Climate Change Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (IPCC CMIP6) models project that average sea surface temperatures will rise between 0.6°C and 0.8°C, that surface pH will decrease 0.1 units,
and that dissolved oxygen and salinities will decline (7). Cultured species unable to move from unfavorable environmental conditions will experience higher physiological stress
and changes in their associated beneficial microbial communities (their “microbiomes”), potentially increasing susceptibility to infection and disease. Temperature fluxes, such as marine heat waves, are expected to be a major driver to vulnerability to disease, because adjustment and adaptations can be more metabolically demanding. Changes in temperature and pH can independently and synergistically alter ocean chemistry, such as dissolved oxygen, dissolved nutrients, and bioavailable carbonate for calcification. Lower pH can reduce immune responsiveness in shellfish and finfish, and early life stages are especially vulnerable to negative effects. Climate changes are already altering the distribution of fisheries species, changing the endemic species composition and the potential for disease transmission near aquaculture facilities. There will also be impacts on indigenous pathogens, which can change their geographic distribution or ability to cause disease. For example, certain ectoparasites can tolerate a wider range of seawater pH than the hosts, possibly resulting in more severe infestations. In the two AOAs of interest, increased hypoxia (Gulf of Mexico) and o...

The aquaculture has surged in Kenya owing to dwindling wild stocks. However, this is coupled with challenges such as limited fish health knowledge and biosecurity measures. A cross sectional study was undertaken to determine risk factors and management practices associated with parasitic infestation of farmed Nile tilapia in Bomet and Kericho counties, Kenya. A total of 150 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected and subjected to standard parasitological examination. Potential risk factors associated with parasitic infestation in fish were assessed in 88 farms using pretested semi-structured questionnaires and on-site farm visit observations. Logistic regression analysis with the estimation of odds ratios (OR) was used to assess potential risks factors. Tilapia were dominant fish (>95%) and were farmed mainly in earthen ponds (> 61%). Most farmers (52.3%) used river water for ponds and 14% had experienced floods that introduced predators in the ponds. Farmers relied on fisheries department harvesting nets and only 12.5% sun dried the nets after use. Few farmers (37.5%) frequently cleaned and dried ponds before restocking, while 34.1% did not remove the pond bottom soil after fish harvesting. Approximately 3.4% of the farmers rated diseases as the main obstacle in fish farming and, 68.2% could not identify sick fish. Those who identified sick fish reported abnormal swimming (23.9%) and mortality (8%). Out of the 150 fish sampled, 62 (prevalence = 42%) were found to be infected with different genera of parasites including: Dactylogyrus spp. (21%); Epistylis spp. (7.3%); Riboscyphidia spp. (6.7%); Trichodina spp. (6%); Paracamallanus spp. (4.7%); Camallanus spp. (2%); Diplostomum spp. (2%) and Contracaecum spp. (1.3%). Dactylogyrus spp. were common in earthen ponds (91%) (p<0.001). Some management practices identified as possible risk factors for parasitic infestation in fish included; pond fertilization using livestock manure (OR=5.633), siting fish ponds in valleys/gullies (OR=2.028), use of river water for aqua farming (OR=1.654) and earthen pond types (OR=2.023). Farmers and extension workers should be trained on the importance of fish health and biosecurity. The authors recommend further detailed longitudinal controlled studies which consider myriad fish husbandry practices with parasitic infestations.
Keywords: Biosecurity, fish health, management practices, nile tilapia

An attempt has been made to study the effect of Aloe vera juice on toxicity induced by chromium on Labeo rohita fingerlings, exposed to sub-lethal concentration of chromium and Aloe vera juice for 21 days. The bio-accumulation pattern of chromium with Aloe vera juice supplementation was carried out on selected organs like liver and muscle tissues. In both the liver and muscle tissues a pronounced effect of chromium and Aloe vera juice was noted on activities such as, Glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Glutamate-pyruvate teansaminase (GPT), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP & ALP), total proteins, total lipids, protease activity, and free amino acids and Glycogen activity respectively. A significant decrease in enzymatic activity as GPT, GOT, ACP & ALP was noted in liver and muscle tissues. The level of protein, lipids and glycogen were also found decreased, whereas protease and free amino acids were profoundly increased. The results of present study suggest that Aloe vera juice has an effective hepatoprotective and tissue protective property against chromium toxicity.

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg kg BW−1 for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 °C. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazili...

Enhancement of immune system seems to be the most promising method of preventing fish diseases. Several herbal products have immunostimulant properties, and are environmental friendly, economical and can act against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Present study was designed with an aim to evaluate the role of aloin, extracted from a herb Aloe barbadensis, in the modulation of certain immune parameters in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Fishes were divided into control, vehicle control and aloin treated groups. Experiments were conducted for 7 days and fishes from the three groups were analyzed at 2d, 4d, 6d and 8d. The results demonstrated that at different intervals, L. rohita administered with aloin showed a significant increase in the activity of enzymes - lysozyme, protease, carboxylesterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, catalase and peroxidase, and non-enzymatic factors hemagglutinin and alternate complement compared with that of the controls. Thus, it can be conc...

Veterinarians who work with fish and other aquatic species often must perform examinations, diagnostic investigations, and treatments away from the clinic or laboratory. Careful planning is important, and attention to biosecurity is essential. Various items of equipment form part of the field kit for such work and range from measuring scales to surgical instruments and anesthetic agents. Excellent recordkeeping at the site is essential.

Through collaboration with Inuit hunters, we examined the stomach contents of 142 seals (ringed seals [Phoca hispida; n = 135], bearded seals [Erignathus barbatus; n = 6], and one harbour seal [Phoca vitualina; n = 1]) hunted between 2007 and 2019 from communities around Nunavut to assess whether seals in the eastern Canadian Arctic ingest and retain plastics in their stomachs. The seals in this study ranged from juveniles to adults of up to 30 years of age, and 55% of the seals were males. We found no evidence of plastic ingestion in any of the seals suggesting that seals in Nunavut are not accumulating plastics (> 425 μm) in their stomachs. These data provide important baseline information for future plastic pollution monitoring programs in the Arctic.

Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Catheranthus roseus, Calotropis gigantium and Datura stromoneum on common carp, Cyprinus carpio were investigated. C. carpio were separately fed with 1 and 2% aqueous extracts of these three plant leaves for a period of seven days. In 1% Catheranthus roseus of leaf extract fed group no significant tissue level changes were recorded. One and 2% of other two species fed treated group showed mild to severe necrotic and cellular changes in liver, kidney and spleen. Immunologically, significant rise in antibody titre and respiratory burst activity was recorded for 1% Catheranthus roseusfed group.

Tail and Fin Rot is one of the most common diseases and fishes are more susceptible to the disease when they are reared in suboptimal rearing conditions resulting stress. It is caused by Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio, a Gram-negative bacterium. In this work, commercial antibiotics Doxycycline, Norfloxacin and combined Gentamycin with Tobramycin was tested for its efficacy in decreasing the mortalities caused by naturally-infected Tail and Fin Rot disease in Rainbow trout fingerlings. At start of the experiment each treatment's trout fingerlings (avg. 66.77± 18.78, g) showing eroded fins were quantified and had drug efficacy trial through medicated feed of 7 days with 7 days resting period i.e., a period to have fingerlings innate defense mechanisms and repetition of medicated feed. Trout fingerlings with treatment groups T3 having one cycle of medicated feed i.e., Gentamycin 40 mg +Tobramycin 10 mg/ kg fish had significantly lower Cumulative incidence (CI), 1.63 % and disease prevalence rate (DPR), 16.3± 0.071 % followed by treatment group T2, Norfloxacin 50 mg/ kg fish, 3.46± 0.006 % CI and DPR 25.08± 0.048%; and T1, Doxycycline 80 mg/ kg fish CI 3.95± 0.0012 % and DPR 29.82± 0.006% having two drug cycles respectively. The 35th day daily growth rate (g/day) of trout fingerlings had higher growth rate in treatment groups T3 had significantly higher growth rate 1.93± 0.006 followed by T2 1.82± 0.009 and T1 0.34± 0.009. No significant survival rate (%) was recorded in treatment groups T3 and T2 while lowest survival 91.18 ± 0.048 % was recorded in treatment group T1. Findings of present study highlights combination of antibiotics Gentamycin and Tobramycin had increased efficacy thus reducing health and economic burden associated with tail and fin infections.

Aloe vera is being widely used in herbal medicine as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiinflammatory agent. It is also used as topical application for many skin diseases; its antidiabetic effect in rats is also reported. Looking at its enormous medicinal effects, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral supplements of Aloe vera extract on hemotology indices and immune cells of rabbit. Total of twenty (n=20) rabbits were selected and divided into 4 group’s i-e A, B, C and D with n=5 in each group. Group A was kept as control while B, C and D were given 400, 500 and 600 mg/kg of Aloe vera extract, respectively daily for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from central ear vein transferred into test tubes containing ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) on 0 day, 7th day, 14th day and 21st day and analysed for complete blood count (CBC). Results revealed that oral supplementation of A. vera extract significantly increase mean corpuscular haemoglob...

Temperature is one of the environmental factors with greatest influence on the growth performance of animals. Thus, a 12 week study was conducted to investigate the effects of different water temperature on length gain, feed conversion ratio and protein profile in brain of Indian major carp rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton 1822) in the wet laboratory of Fisheries Development and Training Center, Janakpurdham, Nepal. Altogether six treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) of varied temperaturesas18-20 °C, 20-22 °C, 22-24 °C, 24-26 °C, 26-28 °C, 28-30 °C were fixed with the help of aquarium thermometer in 18 aquaria (three replicates). Natural climatic condition was at that time around 17-18 °C hence in T1 tank 18 °C was fixed in the beginning and after a month it was changed to 19 °C and in final month the temperature was fixed as 20°C, thus this tank was considered as control. Similar temperature variations were applied in other treated tanks and after 90 days of feeding final sampling wer...

Microbes can thrive in a variety of environments, extreme environments as well as normal environments in soil and water where most of the other species are found. The ability to adapt in various habitats confirms why bacteria, especially prokaryotes, are the most abundant organisms on earth. Microbial ecosystems consist of terrestrial and aquatic, within the human body and in man-made structure. According to a study in 1998, the number of bacteria on earth is estimated at 4-6 x 10 30. About 3,5 x 10 30 prokaryotes live in the deep biosphere in the ocean and 0,25-2,5 x 10 30 in the deep biosphere on the terrestrial. Lower numbers were found in terrestrial habitats, at 2,6 x 10 29 cells, and in aquatic habitats, 1,2 x 10 29 cells. Much smaller proportions are found in the bodies of animals (including humans), in leaves and other plant parts and in the air [1-3].

Plasma protein and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in fish can be influenced by stress reaction, caused by some nutritional factors. This paper shows effects of different feed quantity on total protein and total Ig levels in blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles exposed to chronic stress conditions. The study was carried out in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) during 96 days. Carps (initial weight 6.43±0.02 g) were distributed into four groups in three replicate tanks, 40 fish per tank. The groups were formed according to the feed quantity applied: 2, 3, 4 and 5% of commercial extruded mixture in relation to the ichthyomass (i.e. groups I, II, III and IV respectively). According to the results, the mean values of total plasma proteins and Ig were highest in group IV and the lowest in group II (p<0.05). Total protein levels were influenced by feed quantity (p<0.05), and sampling time (p<0.001). Total Ig levels were influenced by duration of the experiment i.e. sampling time (p<0.001). In all groups the mean values of plasma proteins after two month of the experiment was increased (p<0.01), and the mean values of Ig in less fed groups I and II (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Total plasma proteins and Ig were not significantly affected by water quality parameters only in the group fed 2% of feed (group I). Significant positive correlation between total proteins and Ig was determined in each experimental group (p<0.01). In terms of reducing stress and ensuring welfare in carp juveniles, applied feed amount should match to the length of fish growing in the fish tanks, stocking density and capacity of the system for efficient water purification.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally colonizes the anterior nostrils of humans. Sepsis is one of the most common critical care problems with high morbidity and mortality, it is the main cause of acute kidney injury. Intravenous fluids are the mainstay of treatment in patients with hypovolemia due to severe sepsis, we currently have colloid and crystalloid solutions for the management of electrolyte therapy. We can highlight the use of sodium acetate; this acts through the Grp43 receptor where it causes apoptosis of neutrophils and therefore the resolution of inflammation.

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg kg BW−1 for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 °C. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazili...

This article deals with the challenge of addressing antimicrobial resistance in resource-poor countries. It explores the possibilities of using rapid diagnostic tests to improve animal health management and treatment, particularly in situations where laboratory veterinary infrastructure is limited. Using data from a survey undertaken in 2018, three composite variables, i.e. perceived usefulness, compatibility with existing practices, and ease of use, derived from the Model of Technological Acceptance and Diffusion Innovation Theory are used to analyse the perceived characteristics and values of rapid diagnostic test devices for farmers. Results suggest smallholder farmers' willingness to adopt and use the tests provided they are affordable, easy to use and suitable to their local conditions-a common referential being mobile phones. While such tests have the potential to improve how antibiotics are used in smallholder farms, they are more likely to instigate more general improvements in how treatment-decisions are made without necessarily reducing unnecessary antimicrobial use. The adoption may also imply a diminishing need for traditional veterinary services, thus making farmers more self-sufficient in animal health care. Farmers also seem to be more concerned by false negatives leading to sick animals missing vital treatment than by false positive where drugs will be administered to healthy animals. Overall promoting rapid diagnostic test technologies inevitably calls for new controls and regulations.

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg/kg BW for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 ºC. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazilian and selected international guidelines. A withdrawal period of 9 days (or 252 ºC days) was estimated for the sum of SDM and OMP residues at concentration levels below the maximum residue level of 100 µg/kg.

Effect of harmful UV-B radiation and their remedial measures have been studied in Labeo rohita (rohu) larvae. Larvae were fed with four different diets: D1 and D2 contained 0.1 and 0.5 % Achyranthes aspera seeds, respectively; D3 contained 800 mg vitamin C/kg diet, and D4 contained control diet. After 50 days, all groups were exposed to UV-B radiation (80 lW/cm 2). One batch of control diet-fed fish was exposed to UV-B (D4Ex), and the other group remained unexposed (D4UEx). Survival rate of rohu was significantly (P \ 0.05) higher in D2 when compared to others. Among the exposed groups, highest average weight was recorded in D2 (103 ± 4 mg). Total tissue protein concentration was higher in exposed groups compared to the unexposed one. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transminase (GPT) levels were minimum in unexposed control diet-fed fish. Vitamin C provided protection against lipid peroxidation which was evident from the lowest level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in exposed fish (D3). Significantly (P \ 0.05) higher nitric oxide synthase level in fish fed with Achyranthes aspera seeds (0.5 %) supplemented diet showed the immunomodulatory property of the seeds. A combination of vitamin C and seed may be more UV-B protective for carp larvae.

Fish is one of the popular health foods worldwide and has huge medicinal importance. Several traditional medical practitioners of Tripura claimed that bile content of fresh water fish may useful in diabetes. Therefore the present work was undertaken to evaluate antibacterial and antidiabetic activity the bile content of two major fresh water carps, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. Physicochemical characterization including stability study was also carried out for bile content. Moderate antibacterial activity was observed against two gram positive such as Bordetella pertusis, Staphylococcus aureus, and two gram negative like Eschericia coli and Vibrio cholerae bacterial strains. Oral and inraperitonial administration of fresh bile content of both fresh water carp possesses remarkable antidiabetic activity. Though mortality of animal is a major concern; mortality was less in case animal received diluted bile content. Though, further research is necessary for dose fixation and identification of active constituents.

Indian major carp, rohu, (Labeo rohita) (30±6g), were fed with two types of diets; an experimental diet, containing root extract (0.5%) of Achyranthes aspera as an ingredient and control diet without the root extract. Experimental rohu were injected intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas fluorescens (3.2×10-6 CFU ml-1) and bloods were sampled 14 and 28 days post immunization. Though hemagglutination antibody (HA) titers were always higher in the test group than the control group, antigen-specific antibody and total serum globulin levels peaked on day 14 after immunization and steadily reduced towards day 28. Beside this, the results showed that dietary supplementation of A. aspera in test group showed significantly increased serum antibody titer (3280) and growth factors (41.1%) of L. rohita (P<0.05) compared with the control group throughout the experimental period. The RNA/DNA ratio was significantly (P<0.05) higher in test group of fish than the control group on days 7 and 14. These results showed the immunostimulatory activity of the prepared diet containing root extract of A. aspera.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of different dosages of β-glucan suspension on immune response and disease resistance in Anabas testudineus spawns against a fungal pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica. Eight day old spawns were exposed for 3 h in four different dosages of β-glucan suspension in phosphate buffered saline at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg l-1. The cell suspension of spawn was assayed for total protein, acid phosphate, lysozyme, bactericidal and NBT activity. The spawns were then challenged with 3x10 5 CFU ml-1 of S. parasitica. The survivability percentage and immunological parameters were assayed upto day 7. Exposure of fish for 3h to all the concentrations of β-glucan recorded a significant enhancement in the immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity and NBT activity by the end of day 7. The challenge study indicated least mortality in the groups exposed to 10 mgl-1 and 15 mgl-1 but 15 mgl-1 gives little higher survivability. Thus 3 h exposure of β-glucan suspension could reduce the mortality and increase the immunity of A. testudineus spawns against S. parasitica.

The nutritional value of seeds and leaves of Achyranthes aspera as fish feed ingredients was evaluated. The protein and lipid contents were higher in seeds and ash content was higher in leaves. In seeds, total 18 essential and non-essential amino acids were present; total 17 amino acids were found in leaves, cysteine was absent. The essential and non-essential amino acid contents were higher in seeds compared to leaves except, leucine, tryptophan, valine, alanine and tyrosine. Taurine content was higher in leaves. Higher saturated, monounsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) contents were observed in seeds, whereas, n-3 PUFA level was higher in leaves. In seeds, oleic and linoleic acid levels were 1863.34±9.25 and 3342.05±8.05 mg/100 g, respectively; α- linolenic acids level in leaves was 1058.07±3.71 mg/100 g. Vitamins A, D2, E, B1, B2, B6, B12 and C were present in seeds; vitamins A, D2, E, B2 and B12 were found in leaves. In seeds and leaves, four macro, nine t...

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In the present study, the illegal usage of formalin for shelf-life enhancement of fish by fish traders in the different markets of Agartala, India was assessed. Total 99 fresh fish and shellfish samples were collected from four different and major markets viz. Lake Chowmuni market, Gol bazar, Lembucherra and Battala market of Agartala, India. Out of these, around 54% of fresh fish and shellfish were found contaminated with formalin. Further, the effect of formalin treatment of 10% formalin on catla fish quality was also analysed. The result of the study showed that the hardness of fish muscle increased by 65%; while solubility and water holding capacity were found to be decreased considerably of fish treated with 10% formalin. The bacteria on fresh fish were log 5.27 that deceased to log 4.6 in 10% formalin treated fish. Formalin is harmful to human health; there is a need to implement strict regulations that prevent adulteration of fish with formalin. Overall, the study deduced that formalin adulteration is not only harmful for human health but also affected the textural properties of fish considerably.

Faster growth and disease resistance of the cultured species are the most important concerns in present aquaculture scenario. Farmers emphasize on diagnosis and prevention of infection to promote health and productivity. Increased concern about antibiotic resistant microorganisms has led to the use of alternative dietary supplements such as probiotics and prebiotics to enhance the health and production of cultured f ish. In recent years there has been heightened research in developing dietary supplementation strategies in which various health-promoting compounds have been evaluated. In this context blood parameters are useful and sensitive assays for enhanced non – specif ic immune system and monitoring of the physiological status of f ish. Therefore this study was undertaken to determine the health of ornamental f ish, Koi carp, fed on the marine yeast Candida MCCF 101 by analysis of a few hematological parameters. The hematological parameters such as Hb, RBC, WBC, PCV, Glucose, al...

The present study was carried out to study the effect of different dosages of β-glucan suspension on immune response and disease resistance in Anabas testudineus spawns against a fungal pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica. Eight day old spawns were exposed for 3 h in four different dosages of β-glucan suspension in phosphate buffered saline at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg l-1. The cell suspension of spawn was assayed for total protein, acid phosphate, lysozyme, bactericidal and NBT activity. The spawns were then challenged with 3x10 5 CFU ml-1 of S. parasitica. The survivability percentage and immunological parameters were assayed upto day 7. Exposure of fish for 3h to all the concentrations of β-glucan recorded a significant enhancement in the immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity and NBT activity by the end of day 7. The challenge study indicated least mortality in the groups exposed to 10 mgl-1 and 15 mgl-1 but 15 mgl-1 gives little higher survivability. Thus 3 h exposure of β-glucan suspension could reduce the mortality and increase the immunity of A. testudineus spawns against S. parasitica.

In the present study, the illegal usage of formalin for shelf-life enhancement of fish by fish traders in the different markets of Agartala, India was assessed. Total 99 fresh fish and shellfish samples were collected from four different and major markets viz. Lake Chowmuni market, Gol bazar, Lembucherra and Battala market of Agartala, India. Out of these, around 54% of fresh fish and shellfish were found contaminated with formalin. Further, the effect of formalin treatment of 10% formalin on catla fish quality was also analysed. The result of the study showed that the hardness of fish muscle increased by 65%; while solubility and water holding capacity were found to be decreased considerably of fish treated with 10% formalin. The bacteria on fresh fish were log 5.27 that deceased to log 4.6 in 10% formalin treated fish. Formalin is harmful to human health; there is a need to implement strict regulations that prevent adulteration of fish with formalin. Overall, the study deduced that formalin adulteration is not only harmful for human health but also affected the textural properties of fish considerably.

For decades hemp has been used as a therapeutic agent for enhancing immunity in animals. Current study was conceptualized to find out the protective role of dietary hemp seed products (hemp seed oil (HO) and hemp seed (HS)) against copperinduced toxicity in fish. Fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) were exposed to copper at 20% of the 96 h LC 50 (1.34 and 1.52 ppm, respectively) for 30 days. Following Cu exposure, fish were maintained on two types of hemp (Cannabis sativa)-supplemented feeds, on graded levels of hemp seed oil (HO: 1%, 2%, 3%) and hemp seed (HS: 5%, 10%, 15%) for 50 days, while one group was the control (without any copper exposure as well as any supplementation). Copper exposure significantly increased (P < 0.05) WBCs, hematocrit, MCHV, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in L. rohita and also in C. mrigala as compared to control. Copper exposure also significantly (P < 0.05) changed lysozymes, plasma protein, and IgM in both species, in comparison to control. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were significantly (P < 0.05) changed by copper exposure in comparison to control in both species. Additionally, Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were also significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the brain, gills, liver, and muscle of copper-exposed group in both species as compared to control. Interestingly, all the altered parameter of blood, serum, liver function tests, and antioxidant enzymes (in different organs) because of copper toxicity were successfully reverted to normal level in hemp seed oil (HO) and hemp seed (HS)-supplemented fed groups of both species. In conclusion, hemp seed supplementation showed significant (P < 0.05) improved results against copper toxicity. Thus, it could be recommended as an animal feed ingredient for its therapeutic role.

Aquaculture is an important aquatic food-producing sector to fulfill nutritional food demand of a continuously growing world population. However, diseases outbreak became a major issue in aquaculture which results in huge economic loss to the aquaculture sector. The use of expensive health care drugs for treatment have negative impacts on the aquaculture species and also on the environment. So there is a growing concern to find other safe, non-antibiotic based and eco-friendly alternative for the improvement of the health and treatment of the various diseases. The use of probiotics is a secure alternative approach for the control the infections, boost the immunity and treatment of diseases. The benefits of probiotics include improvement of improved digestion, stimulation of growth, boosting immune response and recuperate the soil and water quality. Probiotics supplements use via in water, soil and feed in the shrimp and fish farming to fight against various pathogens and improve the overall health as they show antibacterial, antifungal and anti-viral properties use of probiotics in aquaculture has become a recent trend.

Aquaculture is an important aquatic food-producing sector to fulfill nutritional food demand of a continuously growing world population. However, diseases outbreak became a major issue in aquaculture which results in huge economic loss to the aquaculture sector. The use of expensive health care drugs for treatment have negative impacts on the aquaculture species and also on the environment. So there is a growing concern to find other safe, non-antibiotic based and eco-friendly alternative for the improvement of the health and treatment of the various diseases. The use of probiotics is a secure alternative approach for the control the infections, boost the immunity and treatment of diseases. The benefits of probiotics include improvement of improved digestion, stimulation of growth, boosting immune response and recuperate the soil and water quality. Probiotics supplements use via in water, soil and feed in the shrimp and fish farming to fight against various pathogens and improve the overall health as they show antibacterial, antifungal and anti-viral properties use of probiotics in aquaculture has become a recent trend.

Aquaculture production increases day by day to meet the excessive amount of need for seafood. Deterioration in water quality, stress and malnutrition caused by intensive stocking in order to obtain the highest efficiency from the unit area makes fish susceptible to diseases (Naylor et al., 2000). Also, many other factors such as sudden temperature changes, reproduction, external parasites, transportation and grading may also cause stress in fish, resulting in the disappearance of disease resistance (Naylor et al., 2000). Only a few fungus species cause pathogenicity in fish (Roberts & Shepherd, 1997). Saprolegnia species are accepted as one of the most important of these fungi in freshwater (Roberts, 1989; Southgate, 1993). Saprolegnia species are fungi in Oomycota class, with no septa and with profuse branching mycelium (Branson, 2002). Outbreaks of waterborne fungal infestations (Saprolegniasis) on fish and fish eggs continue to cause problems in aquaculture (Schreier, Rach, & Howe, 1996). Saprolegnia infestations can lead to significant loss of salmonid eggs and adults in reproductive conditions. Many chemicals such as salt, copper sulphate, potassium permanganate, calcium hypochlorite, chlorides, bronopol, methylene blue, iodophor and formalin are used as disinfectants in rainbow trout production and egg protection (Çelikkale, 1988). Alderman (1984) suggested that some of these chemicals are not healthy and may have harmful effects on eggs. For example, malachite green, which was widely used as antifungal, has been banned in many countries due to its

Fish is one of the popular health foods worldwide and has huge medicinal importance. Several traditional medical practitioners of Tripura claimed that bile content of fresh water fish may useful in diabetes. Therefore the present work was undertaken to evaluate antibacterial and antidiabetic activity the bile content of two major fresh water carps, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. Physicochemical characterization including stability study was also carried out for bile content. Moderate antibacterial activity was observed against two gram positive such as Bordetella pertusis, Staphylococcus aureus, and two gram negative like Eschericia coli and Vibrio cholerae bacterial strains. Oral and inraperitonial administration of fresh bile content of both fresh water carp possesses remarkable antidiabetic activity. Though mortality of animal is a major concern; mortality was less in case animal received diluted bile content. Though, further research is necessary for dose fixation and identificat...

This article deals with the challenge of addressing antimicrobial resistance in resource-poor countries. It explores the possibilities of using rapid diagnostic tests to improve animal health management and treatment, particularly in situations where laboratory veterinary infrastructure is limited. Using data from a survey undertaken in 2018, three composite variables, i.e. perceived usefulness, compatibility with existing practices and ease of use, derived from the Model of Technological Acceptance and Diffusion Innovation Theory are used to analyse the perceived characteristics and values of rapid diagnostic test devices for farmers. Results suggest smallholder farmers’ willingness to adopt and use the tests provided they are affordable, easy to use and suitable to their local conditions ‐ a common referential being mobile phones. While such tests have the potential to improve how antibiotics are used in smallholder farms, they are more likely to instigate more general improvement...

The present study investigated the protective effects of dietary Allium cepa against Saprolegnia parasitica infections and the amelioration of cadmium-induced immunosuppression in Oreochromis niloticus. Saprolegnia isolates were recovered during an outbreak of saprolegniasis in farmed O. niloticus raised in a poor aquatic environment. Isolates were identified phenotypically as S. parasitica. Results were confirmed further by ITS gene sequencing. Four fish groups were kept in water with cadmium (1.5 mg/L) and fed for 30 days on a diet supplemented with crude or alcoholic extracts of A. cepa using two concentrations (0.5% or 1%). Positive (with Cd) and negative (without Cd) control fish groups were given the basal diet. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd in tilapia was (15.1 mg/L Cd). Fish exposed to Cd showed poor growth performance parameters, abnormal biochemical measurements, impaired immunological responses, and high oxidative stress indicators. Feeding tilapia on A. cepa-supplemented die...

The effects of feeding β-glucan on the survival and immune responses of Oreochromis spp. were investigated. Fish received 3% of (body weight of animal) commercial tilapia pellet diet containing β-glucanat the concentration of 25mg/kg twice a day until day 40th of experiment. Control fish were fed with normal commercial tilapia pellet diet without the test compound at the same schedule. Every 10 days of interval, the fish were weighed and their FCR were recorded. Blood samples were collected from each group on day 7th. Control and test fish were challenged by i.p injection of LD50 concentration of A. hydrophilaon day 41th. Daily mortality was recorded up to day 48th. Haemoglobin (Hb, g/L), packed cell volume (PCV, L/L), erythrocyte (RBCx1012/L), total leukocyte (x109/L), mortality and relative percentage survival (RPS) were determined and calculated. Feeding with 25mg/kg of β-glucan significantly enhanced the RPS and growth of the fish. Test fish injected with the compound also showe...

The present study was carried out to study the effect of different dosages of β-glucan suspension on immune response and disease resistance in Anabas testudineus spawns against a fungal pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica. Eight day old spawns were exposed for 3 h in four different dosages of β-glucan suspension in phosphate buffered saline at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg l-1. The cell suspension of spawn was assayed for total protein, acid phosphate, lysozyme, bactericidal and NBT activity. The spawns were then challenged with 3x10 5 CFU ml-1 of S. parasitica. The survivability percentage and immunological parameters were assayed upto day 7. Exposure of fish for 3h to all the concentrations of β-glucan recorded a significant enhancement in the immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity and NBT activity by the end of day 7. The challenge study indicated least mortality in the groups exposed to 10 mgl-1 and 15 mgl-1 but 15 mgl-1 gives little higher survivability. Thus 3 h exposure of β-glucan suspension could reduce the mortality and increase the immunity of A. testudineus spawns against S. parasitica.

Water pollution due to agricultural and industrial processes may cause adverse biological effects in aquatic organisms such as fishes. The removal of brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous solution using seaweed Sargassum wightii was carried out. Further, it aimed to evaluate the exposure of BG dye activity on hematological, plasma biochemical, enzymological activities and histopathology of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita as a biomarker. High mortality rate (T 2 65%) in the fishes exposed to untreated BG dye shows the toxic nature of the dye. Whereas fishes grown in treated BG dye showed less mortality rate (T 3 25%) and (T 1 30%) which depicts the less toxicity. The observed behavioral, biochemical, hematological and enzymological parameters were showed a significant increase in the treated BG dye. Extensive histopathological lesions in gill, liver and kidney tissues were observed in untreated BG dye compared to fishes grown in S. wightii-treated BG dye might be due to the stress caused by the toxic presence in the dye. The results concluded that S. wightii-treated BG dye does not have any inhibitory effect which reveals the nontoxic nature.

In the present study, the illegal usage of formalin for shelf-life enhancement of fish by fish traders in the different markets of Agartala, India was assessed. Total 99 fresh fish and shellfish samples were collected from four different and major markets viz. Lake Chowmuni market, Gol bazar, Lembucherra and Battala market of Agartala, India. Out of these, around 54% of fresh fish and shellfish were found contaminated with formalin. Further, the effect of formalin treatment of 10% formalin on catla fish quality was also analysed. The result of the study showed that the hardness of fish muscle increased by 65%; while solubility and water holding capacity were found to be decreased considerably of fish treated with 10% formalin. The bacteria on fresh fish were log 5.27 that deceased to log 4.6 in 10% formalin treated fish. Formalin is harmful to human health; there is a need to implement strict regulations that prevent adulteration of fish with formalin. Overall, the study deduced that formalin adulteration is not only harmful for human health but also affected the textural properties of fish considerably.

Through collaboration with Inuit hunters, we examined the stomach contents of 142 seals (ringed seals [Phoca hispida; n = 135], bearded seals [Erignathus barbatus; n = 6], and one harbour seal [Phoca vitualina; n = 1]) hunted between 2007 and 2019 from communities around Nunavut to assess whether seals in the eastern Canadian Arctic ingest and retain plastics in their stomachs. The seals in this study ranged from juveniles to adults of up to 30 years of age, and 55% of the seals were males. We found no evidence of plastic ingestion in any of the seals suggesting that seals in Nunavut are not accumulating plastics (> 425 μm) in their stomachs. These data provide important baseline information for future plastic pollution monitoring programs in the Arctic.

Background and Aim: In the aquaculture industry, the crucial goal is to minimize production costs, especially feeding costs, without significant side effects. Black soldier fly larva (BSFL) is a locally available, eco-friendly, and sustainable source that is high in crude protein (42% dry matter [DM]) and fat (35% DM). This study aimed to determine the growth performance along with the composition of crude fat and protein in red hybrid fingerlings after the addition of BSFL into the diet.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 fingerlings of uniform size (mean initial weight of 1.46 ± 0.06 g) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10) (A, B, C, and D) per tank (1 m × 2 m × 1 m). For 21 days, Group A (control group) was fed with 100% commercial diet; Group B was fed with 90% commercial fish diet + 10% BSFL; Group C was fed with 80% commercial fish diet + 20% BSFL; and Group D was fed with 70% commercial fish diet + 30% BSFL. Feed efficiency, growth performance, and proximate composition analysis were performed on the fish.

Results: The results displayed that the group with the highest BSFL percentage had a greater effect on protein and fat composition than the control group. The proximate composition analysis of fish-fed diet revealed that an increase in the level of BSFL inclusion increases the protein content in the fish. In comparison to the other groups, the experimental diet with 30% BSFL inclusion has the highest levels of crude protein (80.30% DM) and fat (2.90% DM).

Conclusion: It is concluded that incorporating BSFL into a commercial diet for red hybrid tilapia fingerlings increased crude protein and fat composition, providing an alternative protein and fat source in fish diets.

Keywords: black soldier fly larvae, growth performance, Oreochromis spp., red hybrid tilapia.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally colonizes the anterior nostrils of humans. Sepsis is one of the most common critical care problems with high morbidity and mortality, it is the main cause of acute kidney injury. Intravenous fluids are the mainstay of treatment in patients with hypovolemia due to severe sepsis, we currently have colloid and crystalloid solutions for the management of electrolyte therapy. We can highlight the use of sodium acetate; this acts through the Grp43 receptor where it causes apoptosis of neutrophils and therefore the resolution of inflammation.

This study evaluates the influence of mixed algal extract (Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena viridis and Spirulina platensis) on common carp Cyprinus Carpio, which infected infect with bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. C. carpio was administered intraperitoneally with various doses such as methanol extract (0, 0,1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg). The immunological parameters of fish blood and serum samples (Neutrophil activity, Lysozyme activity, Serum myeloperoxidase intensity, Serum bactericidal activity, and Serum antiprotease activity) were investigated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of post-immunization. Fish had been tested by virulent A. hydrophila for 30 days after treatment and 14 days after infection were identified with mortalities. The findings showed that neutrophil levels, lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, myeloperoxidase activity, and serum antiprotease activity significantly enhanced (p&lt;0.05) compared to untreated control. Mixed dietary algae at 1 and 10 mg/kg lev...

Temperature is one of the environmental factors with greatest influence on the growth performance of animals. Thus, a 12 week study was conducted to investigate the effects of different water temperature on length gain, feed conversion ratio and protein profile in brain of Indian major carp rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton 1822) in the wet laboratory of Fisheries Development and Training Center, Janakpurdham, Nepal. Altogether six treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) of varied temperaturesas18-20 °C, 20-22 °C, 22-24 °C, 24-26 °C, 26-28 °C, 28-30 °C were fixed with the help of aquarium thermometer in 18 aquaria (three replicates). Natural climatic condition was at that time around 17-18 °C hence in T1 tank 18 °C was fixed in the beginning and after a month it was changed to 19 °C and in final month the temperature was fixed as 20°C, thus this tank was considered as control. Similar temperature variations were applied in other treated tanks and after 90 days of feeding final sampling wer...