Aquaculture Management

Abstract
Blood cockles Tegillarca granosa culture in natural habitat is one of the way to increase national
production in addition to harvesting natural resources today, but culture in pond is rare to Malaysia.
Many factors need to be considered before the study of blood cockles in the pond is to be carried out. The
presence of plankton as a food source is a key factor in obtaining optimal blood cockles growth. The
study was conducted in two ponds with different treatments. Pond one used commercial probiotic for
water treatment and pond two was as a control. Fertilization was carried out weekly while water
exchange was carried out monthly. Measurement of water quality and chlorophyll a content were
performed once a month. As a result of 12 month of culture, blood cockles from pond one average length
was 22.85+1.80mm and for pond two average length was 25.36+3.00mm. Blood cockles length growth
rate for pond one was 0.66mm/month while for pond two was 0.99mm/month.
Keywords: Tegillarca granosa, growth performance, water quality, blood cockles

Tenualosa ilisha popularly known as 'Hilsa' - a commercially important high valued food fish for its delicious taste, immense nutritional values for human health and high preference to the consumers across the South Asia, has received much attention for culture in confined waters and as a component under species diversification in aquaculture, since the natural population has been declining over the years. As the species is euryhaline in nature, spending most of its life in marine habitat, completing the life cycle in freshwater river where they migrate for breeding purposes, and also their high stress sensitivity, it is a tremendous task for the researchers to domesticate and culture it in captivity. After scrupulous efforts, ICAR-CIFA has achieved success in developing the technology of 'Artificial breeding and seed rearing of hilsa' producing stockable seed for culture -a step forward towards its domestication. Considering the importance and high commercial demand of hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) an attempt has been made to document the breeding and rearing protocol of this fish species. Research results, experiences, methodology and secondary information have been compiled in this booklet in a simpler form.

Aquaculture is globally the fastest growing primary industry (>6% per annum). Smart-farming, using sentinel animals equipped with miniature biosensors alongside environmental sensors and farm management systems has the potential to revolutionize all sectors of the industry. Real-time animal and environmental monitoring together, will support improved farm management decisions, animal welfare, social awareness and consequently sustainable productivity. Biosensors that monitor the physiology and behavior of sentinel animals provide information on animal well-being and its responses to environmental change and management actions. In turn, this information is extrapolated to help with stock management decisions. This paper introduces the sentinel animal concept to commercial aquaculture with a case study using oysters fitted with biosensors that measure heart rate, and other parameters. We demonstrate how sentinel animals can be effectively integrated alongside environmental sensors ...

Fishery extension personnel ought to be effective information seekers to perform their role as ‘facilitators’ for accessing farm inputs, advisory services and markets to the farming community. Study conducted among the fishery extension personnel of Department of Fisheries in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh has indicated that hardly 50% of them were information seekers and their information seeking frequency was totally insufficient (<50%). Printed publications, research wings of the Departments of Fisheries (DoF), fisheries colleges of State Agricultural Universities and Marine Products Export Development Authority were the information sources respectively for 46, 40, 36 and 30 percent of the extension personnel. Their low information seeking behaviour was manifested in their low awareness level (<50%) on the Better Management Practices advocated. It is suggested to evolve a National Fisheries Extension Mission to restructure the DoFs and to integrate fisheries research with ex...

ABSTRACT
Aquaponics is the integration of two separate, established farming technologies recirculating fish farming and hydroponic plant farming. There are several components used in aquaponics systems, these include fish rearing tanks, Settling basin, Bio-filter, Hydroponic system, sump, water pump, aerators and ultra-violet light. This work analysed aquaponics fauna and flora, types of aquaponics systems which includes Deep water raft system, recirculating system, reciprocating system, and Nutrient film system. Suitable fishes such as Catfish, Koi, Perch, Bass, Barramundi, Trout, Gold fish and tilapia and plants like lettuce, celery, cabbage, radishes, carrots potatoes, squash and melons are used for aquaponics set up. Analysis of revenue of three aquaponics farms in the United States of America was carried out and it was established that aquaponics farming is viable and profitable. The total revenue of all three farms was on an upward trend for the three years studied for both lily pad which is $80,320 in the first year, $157,428 in the second year and $248,000 in the third year. Traders hill farms recorded $137,000, $169,000 and $314,250 respectively. Also university of Virgin Islands farms studied for two years and realized $103,137 and $115,005. It was concluded that, shrinking water resources in the north of Nigeria occasioned by desertification, is probably the major cause of the now unending face-off between farmers and herders in the middle-belt region, as in my own perspective it is more of economic survival than any other cause.

Costa-Pierce and Chopin (2021) covered much of the hype in some proposals for aquaculture development today. Many aquaculture veterans chimed in to us after the article was published and said "so what else is new"? There are more important additional orthodoxies that affect aquaculture policies and development options that are uncomfortable truths: 1) Does the world need more food? 2) Does aquaculture contribute in an outsized way to nutritional wellness? and 3) Do the new geographies for aquaculture, such as the USA and the EU, import 90 percent or more of their seafoods? First, world food production has outpaced population growth by a large margin, including for animal proteins (Hazell and Wood 2008, Pingale 2012, FAO 2017). Seafood supply has also outpaced population growth (FAO 2018). The real reason for human suffering is not supply but the dysfunctions in access, distribution networks, income distribution (the yawning gap between rich and poor) and its consequences for increasing poverty, protracted wars and violence and climate-related disasters (FAO et al. 2018). Second, there is evidence from aquaculture scientists that the enhanced protein and micronutrient contributions from seafood to consumers and households in comparisons to intake from lower-cost plants and terrestrial animals has been overstated (Kawarazuka and Bene 2011, Bene et al. 2016). Third, large countries with great potential for aquaculture development advocate the need for it in comparison to other alternatives. The US does not import 90 percent of its seafood. It has long been said that "America exports everything it produces and imports everything it eats." I once ate cod at a restaurant in Gloucester, Massachusetts, next to the fish auction. The fisherman I was out to dinner with pointed to my plate and said, "that fish was caught here, exported to be processed in Thailand, now is on your plate." The US and the EU are among the world's largest seafood exporters. Gephart et al. (2019) estimate that China imports about one-third of US seafood, processes them, then about 57 percent of that is shipped back to the US where it is counted as imports. As a result, they estimate domestic production accounts for 35-38 percent of America's seafood and that 62-65 percent of seafood is imported. Seafood data are poor everywhere for decision-making and are used to make political points to advocate for aquaculture. Aquaculture is political, of course, but doesn't need poor data to justify its solid merits.

Aquaculture Researcher, Fish Nutrition. Morocco. Aquaponics is a technique that takes advantage of the symbiotic association between aquatic animals and plants by creating an efficient and unconventional crop production system resulting in the production of both fish and vegetables or fruit. This system works in such a way that fish waste and residues are nutrients that fertilize the plants, which in turn clean the fish water, making it reusable. This system is based on the fusion of aquaculture and hydroponics. Aquaculture According to FAO, aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in controlled or semi-controlled environments. Several activities are developed within aquaculture, including: fish production, shellfish farming, and the cultivation of aquatic plants. Representing a source of food and income for the population. The aquaculture product is an alternative livelihood for human beings, guaranteeing a quality diet. Aquaculture is an ancient practice whose origins date back to Egypt and China, where the fish farmed were species such as tilapia and carp. In Africa, aquaculture is gaining momentum through political initiatives such as the establishment of aquaculture development agencies in several African countries and the role aquaculture can play in food security, income generation and poverty alleviation. According to the FAO (2018), aquaculture has surpassed fisheries production and is currently responsible for half of the world's fish trade, but the activity has its challenges. According to the book Climate Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture (FAO, 2018), the climate changes that are currently occurring are causing physical changes, for example, in water temperature and pH, which will have a negative impact on aquaculture.

The effect of three low cost feeds, containing different protein levels, on growth performance and economics of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus)were studied in earthen ponds for a period of 120 days. The experiment was conducted under three treatments of dietary protein levels viz. T: 30% protein level (poultry viscera,36.23% + mustard oil cake,36.23%+ rice polish, 27.52%), T1: 27% protein level (commercial pellet feed; grower grade) and T3 : 24% protein level (poultry viscera, 25.22% + mustard oil cake, 25.22%+ rice polish, 49.54%)) with three replications for each. Stocking density (49400 fish/ha)and initial weight 30.6±3.55 g and length 15.7±0.79 cm of fish was same in all treatments. Water quality parameters and fish growth parameters were monitored fortnightly. Mean values of the water quality parameters showed no significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments. Results showed that fish growth was significantly affected by protein level. The SGR (% bw/day)and FCR values showed significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatments. Feed with 30% protein level resulted in the highest fish production (P<0.05)of 3389.4±240.23 kg/ha/120days. A simple economic analysis showed that treatment T generated the maximum net profit of Tk. 713542 ha/120 days. Present findings indicated that the production and net profit were significantly higher with treatment T (diet 1; 30 % protein level)in trial.

Resumen.-La contaminación biológica afecta a la acuicultura mundial con importantes impactos de productividad y rentabilidad, especialmente en el cultivo de moluscos, donde tanto la especie de cultivo objetivo como la infraestructura están expuestas a una diversidad de organismos contaminantes. En el cultivo de ostras, el impacto clave es la adherencia directa de organismos causando daño físico, interferencia mecánica, competencia biológica y modificación ambiental, mientras que también se efectúa la infraestructura. El presente estudio describe la composición de la bioincrustación en la superficie de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivada en un estuario Amazónico, ubicado en el estado de Pará, norte de Brasil. En total, 6.124 macroinvertebrados fueron muestreados en julio, agosto, octubre y diciembre de 2013. La epifauna recolectada estuvo representada por 5 grupos principales (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea y Anthozoa), 20 familias y 37 especies. Bivalvia fue la clase más abundante, presentando 5.183 mejillones de la especie Mytella charruana. El conocimiento sobre la composición de la incrustación biológica, así como la identificación de las principales especies que causan impactos directos, permite opciones de gestión más personalizadas y estratégicas, minimizando los costos, a menudo significativos, asociados con el control de la bioincrustación (antifouling). Abstract.-Biofouling affects global aquaculture with significant impacts on productivity and profitability, especially in marine shellfish culture, where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms. In oyster culture, fouling of stock causes physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, with infrastructure also colonized. The present study describes the composition of the biofouling community inhabiting the surface of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivated in an Amazon estuary, in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. In total, 6,124 macroinvertebrates were collected during July, August, October and December 2013. Collected epifauna was represented by 5 groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea and Anthozoa), 20 families and 37 species. Bivalvia was the most abundant class, with the mussel Mytella charruana by far the most dominant species with 5,183 individuals. Knowledge about the composition of biofouling as well as identifying the main species that cause direct impacts allows more tailored and strategic management options, minimizing the often-significant costs associated with biofouling control (antifouling).

of the famed ichthyologist John Bardach at the University of Michigan, who teamed with McLarney and John Ryther, the pioneering aquaculture scientist researching integrated mariculture systems in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, to bring to a wider global audience the history and diversity of aquaculture species and systems, especially Asian integrated aquaculture farming ecosystems. They produced the pioneering textbook, "Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms" (Bardach, Ryther and McLarney 1972). Bill McLarney was a founder with John and Nancy Todd, Ron Zweig and Earl and Hilde Barnhart (and many others) of the eclectic and pioneering New Alchemy Institute (NAI) in West Falmouth, Massachusetts whose research works in applied ecology during the 1970s-1980s laid the foundation visions of a future ecological society. NAI pioneered much of what today has become "permaculture." The integrated renewable energy food bioshelters they designed and implemented intrigued many, including world leaders such as Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (Justin Trudeau's father) who dedicated "The Ark" on Prince Edwards Island. NAI was also among the first to weave into discussions of the social implications such designed ecosystems as "appropriate technologies." These have evolved today into the impacts of technological innovations on "social-ecological systems," an example of which for aquaculture is Johnson et al. (2019). Among the many, famed architect Buckminster Fuller and renowned ecologist Eugene Odum visited NAI and praised their solutions for societies worldwide that they felt were losing their way. Ron Zweig of NAI became the fisheries and aquaculture leader for The World Bank, impacting aquaculture development throughout the world. Bill McLarney later became an environmental leader recognized globally for working with indigenous peoples to help save one of the world's most biodiverse regions, the tropical Atlantic Talamanca ecological systems of Costa Rica. John and Nancy Todd have continued to the present day implementing their ecological designs, pioneering the concept of "living machines"

In subtropical fish ponds, many ecological processes depend on aquatic macrophytes, especially free-floating plants. The hypothesis that different free-floating macrophytes would be linked with different biological mechanisms, especially out-competing plankton, was tested here. The effect of free-floating plant, Azolla pinnata, cover on water physico-chemistry, phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton abundance, and fish growth in fertilized fish ponds was compared experimentally. In 250-m 2 fish ponds, Azolla plants covered 0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% of pond surface area, and the ponds were stocked with 250 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (15.5Ϯ1.0 g), and 100 common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (25.6Ϯ1.5 g), for 165 days. The dissolved oxygen, pH, water conductivity, phosphate, and nitrate concentrations decreased with increasing Azolla cover, especially at 50% and 75% covers. Chlorophyll a content, phytoplankton numbers and zooplankton density decreased significantly with increasing Azolla cover. Competition of Azolla plant with phytoplankton involved shading and nutrient removal from the water. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the production of Nile tilapia and common carp at control and 25% Azolla cover (746 and 905 kg/ha and 706 and 874 kg/ha, respectively). The lowest fish production was obtained at 75% Azolla cover (P < 0.05). It is recommended that the fish pond could be used to culture and produce beneficial free-floating plants and fish. Moreover, free-floating macrophytes could be used to control nutrient enrichments and eutrophication. In all cases, the cover of free-floating macrophytes should not exceed 25% of pond surface area to obtain a balanced fish culture ecosystem.

In order to compare the growth performance of trout as two pressed and extruded foods and
their impact on the environment, an experimental test was conducted from April 30 au15 July 2009 in a
private fish farm. The comparison of the two foods with different formulation and different energy is
perfomed in isoenergetic conditions. Following this study, two plans were formulated : the extruded
food with 42% crude protein, 28% fat and 17% carbohydrate while the pressed food with 44.7% CP,
15% fat and 28.6 carbohydrates with digestible energy of 20.9 Mj and 16.48 Mj. The initial average
weight of the trouts was 154 g and the fish were bred in two circular tanks supplied with fresh water in
open circuit. Each group was fed twice a day. Within a 63 day-experiment, the final average weight of
the extruded food group was 255g (66.5% weight gain) and 246 g for the pressed food group (58% weight gain) with a survival rate of respectively 98 and 96%. The best conversion rate was obtained
with extruded food with 1.04 v.s 1.51 with a protein efficiency ratio of 2.28 v.s 1.48 and a
viscerosomatic index of 11.22 v.s 9.53.
Manufacturing technology and the formulation of the two foods have had a major influence on fish discards and thus the extruded food is cleaner and more efficient.

Keywords: trout, pressed, extruded, growth, environmental impact

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Turkey berry (Solanum torvum) leaf extract on feminization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five days old post hatching larvae were used in this experiment. The Turkey berry leaf extract (1:1) were used in this experiment. This study used a completed randomized design which consisted of five treatment; P0 (0 mg.L -1 as a control), P1 (100 mg.L -1 ), P2 (200 mg.L -1 ), P3 (300 mg.L -1 ), P4 (400 mg.L -1 ), with three replications. The results showed that the immersion of Turkey berry leaf extract affected on feminization of common carp and increase the growth rate of fish were 82.20% and 0.98%, respectively at P3 (300 mg.L -1 ).

Uea waerea kahura ra ka takata a tai, Me turaki atu a takata ki uta Ka tu tenei ahau ki te Pito o Rehu, I raro nei i te maru o Tuhiraki I te taha o te ara moana o Te Tohora Tapu Ka titiro atu ahau ki ka tihitihi o ka Pariwhero, o tenei moana o Whakaroa Whakatau mai ra te mauri o te moana o Takaroa Ki ka mauri tuturu o Marukore raua ko Te Rakihorahina Mai ea, mai ea, mai te tipua, Mai ea, mai ea, mai te tawhito I haere mai ra koe i a Whakahotunuku, i a Whakahoturaki Ko tou Manawa, ko toku Manawa Ko Tane ka irihia Whakatau mai ra te hihiri o Io o te Raki, No te Kahu o te Aoraki Kokiritia ra ki te Ara-a-Raki, Ki te maioha o Tawhirimatea Kia kaha ai koe, kia toa ai koe, Tena te kaha ka whiwhi Tena te kaha ka rawe, Tena te kaha ka mau Takiritia ra te huhiri ki ruka i, Te mauri o te moana a Takaroa Whano koe ki te mauri kohatu, a Maui Tikitiki a Taraka e Aua kia eke, eke Panuku

The aims of this research were to determine the hatching percentage of snakehead fish egg which incubated on different duration of aeration (oxygen supply). This research had been conducted in the Fish Breeding Unit "Batanghari Sembilan", Indralaya since October until November 2017. This research used Completely Randomized Design method (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications consist of; P1 (24 hours, aerated), P2 (24 hours non aerated), P3 (12 hours aerated, 12 hours non aerated), P4 (10 hours aerated, 14 hours non aerated) and P5 (8 hours aerated, 16 hours non aerated). The result of this research showed that the best hatching percentage, were P4 81.64%. Survival rate of pro larva (3 day old / D3), the best result were treatment 4 (P4), 86,54%. Baside on, hatching percentage and survival rate of prolarva parameter, P4 is the best treatment. Furthemore, time efficiency and cost of operation fish breeding program, treatment P4 suggested.

This paper reviews smart fish farming systems that demonstrate how complex science and technology can be made easy for application in seafood production systems. In this context, the focus of this paper is on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in fish culture. AI mimics some of the capabilities of human brain via its Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in performing certain tasks in a fish hatchery that are crucial for aquaculture systems. Water quality is of utmost importance for survival, growth and all other living activities of captive stocks of fish. The AI-based systems can be designed for controlling the main parameters of water quality such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature. This systems approach uses software application that runs on an application server connected to multi-parameter water quality meters such as those offered by YSI. The software captures these parameter values from YSI device and checks if they are within the optimum range. If not, then an alarm system is triggered for immediate remedial action that can be executed by personnel handling the hatchery management roles. This improves accuracy, saves cost and action time to ensure sustainability life-supporting system in the hatchery. Despite complexity in evolving this system, the application is simple enough to be operated by an organized fish farming community. Because this study introduces a rather new approach to aquaculture management, presentation of a detailed background scenario was deemed necessary to put the pertinent issues in the right perspective.

Disease remains a limiting factor for the aquaculture industry including fresh waters aquaculture, shrimps culture and maricultur. With respect to the shrimp culture industry, disease outbreaks have been the primary cause of production loss during the last two decades. Disease outbreaks not only result from the mere presence of a pathogen in the system, a compromised health status of the cultured animals in combination with suboptimal environmental conditions are also factors facilitating disease outbreaks. Therefore, disease prevention and control should not only focus on implementing biosecurity measures, but must be performed in an integral approach involving, among others, adequate nutrition, enhancing the immunity of the cultured animals and maintaining a good water quality. The basic principle of the biofloc system is to recycle waste nutrients, in particular nitrogen, into microbial biomass that can be used in situ by the cultured animals or be harvested and processed into feed ingredients. So far, very few studies investigated the immunological potential of the biofloc technology although it is widely known that microorganisms, their cell components or their metabolites can act as immunostimulants that enhance the shrimp innate immune system and provide improved protection against pathogens.

Budidaya perikanan atau perikanan budidaya adalah kegiatan memproduksi biota (organisme) akuatik (air) untuk men-dapatkan keuntungan. Selain budidaya perikanan, dalam sektor perikanan produksi biota akuatik dapat dilakukan melalui penangkapan atau perikanan tangkap. Berbeda dengan penangkapan, produksi dari budidaya perikanan diperoleh melalui kegiatan pemeliharaan biota akuatik dalam wadah dan lingkungan terkontrol. Kegiatan pemeliharaan tersebut (sesuai dengan tujuannya) mencakup pembenihan dan pembesaran.

This guidebook is written to help local governments and the communities whom they govern, address the negative environmental impacts associated with aquaculture. Fish kills, red tide, eutrophication, and other forms of aquatic pollution are among the negative impacts of aquaculture which should be managed, avoided, and mitigated.

Penurunan kualitas air yang signifikan pada badan air dapat disebabkan oleh adanya kontaminasi. Kontaminasi dapat berupa bahan pencemar dari aktivitas industri, pertanian, peternakan, maupun kegiatan rumah tangga (domestik). Badan air dijadikan sebagai tampungan berbagai macam limbah. Perlu adanya upaya yang berkesinambungan dalam pengendalian maupun pencegahan pencemaran air melalui teknologi terbarukan. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan fitoremediasi. Fitoremediasi merupakan penggunaan tanaman untuk menghilangkan polutan dari tanah atau perairan yang terkontaminasi. Tanaman yang digunakan pada percobaan ini yaitu lemna, kangkung air, eceng gondok dan perlakuan kontrol. Tujuan dari praktikum ini yaitu praktikan dapat memahami dan mempelajari cara pemanfaatan tanaman untuk perbaikan kualitas air budidaya. Selain itu,praktikan diharapkan dapat menganalisis mekanisme tanaman dalam perbaikan kualitas air dengan telaah dari pustaka. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa penggunaan tanaman air pada wadah budidaya dapat menurunkan bahan pencemar yang dibuktikan dengan berkurangnya kandungan nitrat, nitrit, dan TAN dari waktu ke waktu selama tiga hari. Kata kunci : kualitas air, fitoremediasi, nitrit, nitrat, TAN.

Aquatic Plants is a plant that can live in water such as seaweeds, ferns and many other types with special functions in natural habitats. However, now, these aquatic plants have been commercialized for use in decorating fish aquariums to further enhance the attractiveness of the aquarium. In the meantime, aquatic plants are commercialized and sold in the hobby industry to keep ornamental fish in the aquarium actually have some functions. For beginners, aquatic plants are to beautify the aquarium. But for hardcore enthusiasts who prioritize the natural process, planting aquatic plants is more to seek satisfaction. By planting aquatic plants in the aquarium, we can learned that aquatic plants are important to supply oxygen in the aquarium naturally and can absorb carbon dioxide gas released by fish, thus completing natural carbon cycle. Aquatic plants in aquariums can also be a source of natural food for some species of fish that eat leaves or grass and will be a place of fish protection from predators, shelters of laying fish and also as a place of play.

Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk menyusun manajemen produksi pembesaran teripang pasir (H. scabra) dengan berdasarkan hasil wawancara pembudidaya teripang di Kecamatan Pomala Kabupaten Kolaka dan informasi pendukung dari hasil diskusi serta literatur yang ada dalam rangka meningkatkan kapasitas produksi. Manfaat yang dari penulisan makalah ini sebagai informasi dasar terkait manajemen produksi budidaya teripang yang dilakukan menggunakan pen culture.

In recent years, the recirculating aquaponics system has gained high attention and significant popularity for organic vegetables and fruits production which contributes to the sustainable aquaculture for tropical regions. This review aims to summarize the possibility for practicing intercropping in aquaponics to produce high-quality fruits, vegetables and fish without any chemical fertilizer and minimum ecological impact for a sustainable agriculture. Although many studies have addressed about aquaponics for producing high-value crops such as tomato, cucumber, and lettuce, there is still a lack of complete information to support the development of intercropping in aquaponics and limited focus on its commercial implementation. Moreover, this study will focus first on the requirements for inserting intercropping in aquaponics and technical improvements needed to adapt as potential for sustainable food production system to increase productivity around the world, especially in countries...

Aquaponics loosely described is the combination of aquaculture and hydroponics. Aquaponics means many different things to different people, but it's basically all about growing fish and vegetables in a symbiotic system. Fish and plants growing happily together.

1 PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN  Ikan lele MUTIARA merupakan strain unggul ikan lele hasil pemuliaan di Balai Penelitian Pemuliaan Ikan (BPPI) Sukamandi yang memiliki keunggulan performa budidaya relatif lengkap, antara lain dalam hal pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, keseragaman ukuran, toleransi terhadap penyakit, toleransi terhadap lingkungan, toleransi terhadap stress serta kualitas dan kuantitas daging.  Ikan lele MUTIARA telah dirilis sebagai strain unggul berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 77/KEPMEN-KP/2015.

The PHILMINAQ project built competence within marine science for monitoring and modelling aquaculture impacts on the environment. This has been achieved by developing three levels
of monitoring/ surveys, developing hydrodynamic and depositional models to be used as
tools for planning (locating sites) and optimisation of production (carrying capacity of sites), and setting up a network of marine scientists nationally and between Philippine scientists and European scientists.

Fund for Nature (WWF), RARE, dan Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Seminar Nasional ini dihadiri oleh 118 pemakalah yang menyampaikan 120 judul makalah. Makalah yang disampaikan secara oral 83 judul, dan 37 judul disampaikan menggunakan poster. Berdasarkan permintaaan penulis, sebanyak 70 makalah dipublikasikan dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Penyuluhan II tahun 2019; dan makalah lainnya diterbitkan pada Jurnal Penyuluhan Perikanan dan Kelautan (JPPIK), Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia (JII), Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia (JPHPI), dan media publikasi lainnya. Seluruh makalah yang diterbitkan dalam prosiding ini telah melalui tahap penelaahan dan penyuntingan baik isi maupun format oleh tim penyunting. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Penyuluhan II disusun dalam tiga jilid. Jilid pertama memuat makalah yang berkaitan dengan Teknologi Perikanan Budidaya, Teknologi

Metabolomics is a fast-evolving field that provides qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolites within cells, tissues or biofluids. Recent applications of metabolomics approaches in aquaculture research have highlighted the huge potential for solving problems within all aspects of the production line, from hatchery production to post-harvest quality control. To assist with the growing application of metabolomics in aquaculture research, this contribution provides a review of techniques and steps necessary to conduct metabolomics research, from experimental design to data interpretation. Specifically, we target scientists who are new to the field of metabolomics, and we offer simple, but comprehensive steps and strategies to conduct this type of research. We conclude this primer with some advice on how to access relevant expertise and facilities for metabolomics-based aquaculture research.

Bodies of water provide essentials for both human society as well as natural ecosystems. To expand the services these water provide, hybrid food-energy-water systems can be designed. This paper reviews the fields of floatovoltaic (FV) technology (water deployed solar photovoltaic systems) and aquaculture (farming of aquatic organisms) to investigate the potential of hybrid floatovoltaic-aquaculture synergistic applications for improving food-energy-water nexus sustainability. The primary motivation for combining electrical energy generation with aquaculture is to promote the dual use of water, which has historically high unused potential. Recent advances in FV technology using both pontoon and thin film structures provides significant flexibility in deployment in a range of water systems. Solar generated electricity provides off-grid aquaculture potential. In addition, several other symbiotic relationships are considered including an increase in power conversion efficiency due to the cooling and cleaning of module surfaces , a reduction in water surface evaporation rates, ecosystem redevelopment, and improved fish growth rates through integrated designs using FV-powered pumps to control oxygenation levels as well as LED lighting. The potential for a solar photovoltaic-aquaculture or aquavoltaic ecology was found to be promising. If a U.S. national average value of solar flux is used then current aquaculture surface areas in use, if incorporated with appropriate solar technology could account for 10.3% of total U.S. energy consumption as of 2016.

Aquaculture production is currently challenged to meet the growing demands for seafood protein throughout the world. To achieve this growth in an efficient, safe and sustainable manner, novel tools and applications will need to be incorporated at each step of the production line. A variety of 'omics' (e.g. transcriptomics, pro-teomics, metabolomics) applications have already begun to emerge in aquaculture research with extreme success. A promising new 'omics' approach is metabolomics, which aims to use metabolite profiles to identify biomarkers indicative of physiological responses of living samples (e.g. whole organism, tissues, cells) to environmental or culture conditions. One of the benefits of this approach is that it uses a broad scan of biological conditions to identify often unexpected problem or risk areas upon which to focus management attention. In this contribution, we have selected relevant research examples to showcase the applications of metabolomics in aquaculture in four major areas: hatchery production, nutrition and diet, disease and immunology, and post-harvest quality control. The novelty of this approach is highlighted by the fact that we cite the majority of published papers in this field, and they are all recent (within the last decade) contributions.

La acuicultura ha mostrado un crecimiento vertiginoso en los últimos años y se espera que esa tendencia se sostenga. El cultivo de camarones es uno de los renglones más vigorosos dentro del subsector, particularmente en Venezuela. Las amenazas más significativas para el potencial acuícola están constituidas por las enfermedades. En tal sentido, a nivel global está tomando fuerza la implementación de programas de bioseguridad en las instalaciones acuícolas, procurando evitar la ocurrencia de patologías. A pesar del peligro siempre presente de enfermedades, no se conoce de trabajos previos en el país que consideren los riesgos existentes para organismos en una facilidad de producción acuícola. Por esta razón, se concibió desarrollar un estudio de los peligros sanitarios presentes para la operación de una camaronera comercial situada en la isla de Coche, Venezuela. Se realizaron visitas semanales a la granja por espacio de un año. Se recabó información pertinente por medio de instrumentos de encuestas y levantamiento directo, y se analizó a la luz de literatura científica relacionada. Como resultado, fueron evidentes numerosas prácticas y condiciones que constituyen peligros en el ámbito sanitario. De la misma forma, se identificaron 40 elementos de riesgo para la salud de los camarones (11 virales, diez bacterianos, cuatro micóticos, uno asociado a microalgas, seis protistas, tres helmínticos, un cnidario y cuatro abióticos. Entre ellos, ocho con riesgo moderado por lo cual se propone un plan de bioseguridad para la empresa el cual se recomienda abordar a la brevedad para prevenir problemas patológicos.

Aquaculture is globally the fastest growing primary industry (>6% per annum). Smart-farming, using sentinel animals equipped with miniature biosensors alongside environmental sensors and farm management systems has the potential to revolutionize all sectors of the industry. Real-time animal and environmental monitoring together, will support improved farm management decisions, animal welfare, social awareness and consequently sustainable productivity.
Biosensors that monitor the physiology and behavior of sentinel animals provide information on animal well-being
and its responses to environmental change and management actions. In turn, this information is extrapolated to help with stock management decisions. This paper introduces the sentinel animal concept to commercial aquaculture with a case study using oysters fitted with biosensors that measure heart rate, and other parameters. We demonstrate how sentinel animals can be effectively integrated alongside environmental sensors into an on-farm sensor network and decision support system.

The opening editorial Comment in the current issue argues that as the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines) gets under way, it is imperative to lobby for policies and processes that will empower small-scale fishing communities.

How the Guaranis, indigenous people of Morro dos Cavalos in Brazil, are being displaced from their lands to satisfy the interests of politicians and businesses is analyzed in one article, while another details how the Seafood Slavery Risk Tool tracks abuses of labour and human rights in seafood supply chains.

The current issue also features a report on the Danish Institute for Human Rights’ meeting on the contribution of human rights to the sustainable development of fisheries. Continuing on the theme of livelihood rights, the article from Indonesia delineates the causes for the poor nutritional intake in Indonesia's coastal communities.

On-the-ground reports of two meetings – one on the largest conference on occupational safety and health in the fishing industry, held in Canada, and the other, on the 33rd Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI) – provide insights into issues that plague the fisheries sector in different ways.

Another article in SAMUDRA Report No. 79 explains how fishermen and scientists are being brought together to track wind and waves, and save lives, through new innovative weather forecasting technology.

A report on the Pêcheurs du Monde film festival, held in Lorient, France, and which turns 10 this year, as well as a review of a book on the global implementation of the SSF Guidelines, swing the spotlight to the problems that small-scale fishing communities face around the world.

SAMUDRA Report No. 79 also features the regular Roundup section that carries news snippets, analysis and tidbits on fisheries from around the world.

SAMUDRA Report No. 79 can be accessed at
https://www.icsf.net/en/samudra/article/EN/79.html?limitstart=0

This study was aimed at assessing the effect of stocking density on the survival and growth of Dumbo fish fry raised in a recirculated system. The study was conducted at the the A completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications was used. Treatments consisted of stocking density rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 fish/l. Tanks sized 50x30x30 cm 3 were filled in with 25 liter water and fish fry sized 2.24-2.30 cm in the corresponding stocking density rates. Feeding was done ad libitum twice a day at 09.00 and 16.00. Parameters measured included survivability rate, body length growth, daily weight gain, feed efficiency, protein retention, and water quality. Results showed that stocking density gave significant effects (P<0.05) on survivability rate, body length growth, and daily weight gain but not (P>0.05) on feed efficiency and protein retention. The highest survivability rate, body length growth, and daily weight gain of 66.00%; 2.13 cm; and 5.54%, respectively, were obtained in stocking density of 20 fish/l. The quality of water used as a medium of catfish fry raising in each treatment during the experimental period was found to be within good range for the survival and growth of the fry. It was concluded that improving stocking density from 20 to 50 fish/l did not improve Dumbo catfish fry survival and growth rates. Meanwhile, the use of recirculated system was found to maintain medium water quality.