Applied Biology

lnvvestigations were carried out to assess the uptake of potassium by the berries of different grape cultivars during the growing season. The results indicate that potassium uptake was constantly inereased from fruit set to the beginning of ripenlng in the cultivars Riesling KI. 239Gm and Ehrenfelser (Riesling x Silvaner) Kl.Gm, whereas in the case of Silvaner Kl. Gm. Müller-Thurgau (Riesling x Silvaner) Kl. Gm and Reichensteiner (Müller-Thurgau x (Madeleine angevine x Calabreser=Fröhlich) Kl. Gm the uptake pattern was different exhibting a significant lag phase in the beginning and gradual increase to a peak at veraison and declining rapidly showing least content of potassium in the berries at harvest.

Induced breeding of pangas, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was carried out from May to August, 2020. The experiment was carried out in the month of May, June, July and August 2020 with PG and LHRH-A. Two hormonal sources were tested to evaluate their efficacy on ovulation, fertility and hatching rate of pangas under controlled condition. Double doses of PG (an initial dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight and final dose of 8.0-10.0 mg/kg body weight) and single dose of Ovuline® (LHRH-A) (0.50-0.60 ml/kg body weight) showed better results in case of female. In the month of June, PG and LHRH-A showed better results in ovulation, fertility and hatching rate. Males were administered with a single dose of LHRH-A (0.15 ml/kg body weight) and PG (2 mg/kg body weight) showed better results in spermiation. The hatchery operators may use both PG and LHRH-A for induction of spawning better performance of P. hypophthalmus breeding.

The side effects of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture can be summarized as disturbances in the soil reaction, development of nutrient imbalances in plants, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, reduction in legume root nodulation and plant mycorrhizal associations, decrease in soil life and environmental hazards such as water pollution and soil humus reduction. The realization of such detrimental effects of chemical fertilizers when used continuously in large quantities in the absence of organic components has triggered interest regarding the alternatives to supply the plant nutrients in an integrated manner giving rise to Integrated Plant Nutrient System(IPNS) in which ,bio fertilizers play a major role. Environmental issues such as freshwater pollution, energy saving, and soil erosion are forcing the farmers to introduce methods of cultivation that have a lower impact on the environment. The application of environmentally friendly practices is promoted by voluntary certification schemes (e.g., Global GAP or organic farming schemes) as well as by legally binding regulations (e.g., the EU Directive 2009/128 aiming at the implementation of sustainable pest management practices). In this context, the reduced use of chemical fertilizers with increased application of organic fertilizers is considered a compulsory route to alleviate the pressure on the environment derived from agricultural practices.

Abstract
Today’s business environment is very dynamic and undergoes rapid changes as  result of technologies information, increased awareness and demands from customers business organization, especially the banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complete and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. Information and communication technology ICT is at the centre of the global change curve. Loudon and Loudon (1991) centered that managers cannot ignore information system because they play a critical role in contemporary organization .They point out that the entire cash flow of most fortune 500 companies is linked of information systems.
The application of information and communication technology concepts techniques,policies and implementation strategies to banking service has become a subject of fundamental importance and concern to all bank and indeed aprerequiste for local and global competitiveness.ICT directly affects high managers decided, how they plan and what products and service are offered in the banking industry. It has continued to change the very banks and their co-operative relationship are organized worldwide and the variety of innovative devices available to enhance the speed and glorify of services delivery.

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Ammi visnaga (Khella) against standard and clinical isolates from patients suffering from gastrointestinal tract infections. A total of fifty stool samples were collected from different hospitals, cultured in different media, isolated and identified. The isolated organisms were as follows: Escherichia coli (32%), Salmonella enterica (typhi) (18%), Proteus vulgaris (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%), Klebsiella pneumonia (10%) and Shigella dysentery (14%). The plant was extracted with two solvents (ethanol and hexane), ethanol extracts showed higher activity than hexane extracts. Effect of Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid antibiotics were also tested gainst all the isolated bacteria in addition to Candida albicans (standard). Ciprofloxacin showed high activity to all the strains while Nalidixic acid gave low activity. This study proved that Ammi visnaga (100mg/ml) has inhibited all the ba...

Breeding for adaptation to abiotic stress is extremely challenging due to the complexity of the target environments as well as that of the stress-adaptive mechanisms adopted by plants. While many traits have been reported in the literature, these must be considered with respect to the type of environment for which a cultivar is targeted. In theory, stress-adaptive traits can be divided into groups whose genes and/or physiological effects are likely to be relatively independent such that when parents with contrasting traits are crossed, adaptive genes will be pyramided. Currently the following groups of candidate traits are being considered for drought adaptation in wheat: traits relating to: (i) pre-anthesis growth, (ii) water extraction, (iii) water use effi ciency, (iv) photo-protection. A number of mechanisms relating to root function have potential to ameliorate drought stress. Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water by roots of dryland shrubs enables even relatively small amounts of rainwater to be moved down into the soil profi le actively by the root system before it evaporates from the soil surface. Another example is the symbiotic relationship of plants with mycorrhizal fungi that produce a glycoprotein that has a positive effect on soil structure and moisture characteristics. From an agronomic point of view, crop water use effi ciency can be increased by exploiting the stress-adaptive mechanism whereby leaves reduce transpiration rate in response to a chemical root signal in response to drying soil. While there is limited genetic diversity for adaptation to salinity in wheat, tolerance has been found in the ancestral genomes of polyploid wheat and their relatives associated with sodium exclusion into the xylem. Wide crossing techniques such as production of synthetic hexaploids are being exploited to tap into this source of genetic diversity. Looking further into the future, progress is being made into understanding the regulatory mechanisms that are expressed under abiotic stress to maintain cellular homeostasis, as well as in the ability to genetically transform crop plants with genes from alien species.

Seasonal uptake of calcium into the berries was estimated to asses the mechanism of calcium absorption by the developing berries till ripening. The results positively demonstrate the uptake pattern was nearly independant of variety. Mueller-Thurgau and Reichensteiner recorded higher Ca uptake in the beginning of berry development and subsequently reduced the quantities of absorption. In case of Riesling, Ehrenfelser and Silvaner the calcium absorption pattern was different, showing better uptake in the initial stage of growth foJlowed by drastic reduction in uptake. However, at harvest activity of Ca uptake into the berries reassumed after a lag phase between veraison aod harvesting

In field experiments on three different locations it was looked for indicators inducing iron chlorosis on grape-vines grafted on two rootstocks: Couderc 3309 (susceptible) and Kober 5 BB (resistant) . lnvestigating the soil it was found that the bicarbonate concentration in the rooted soil depth (20-60 cm) did not differ between chlorotic plants and the green ones, whereas the phosphate concentration under chlorotlc plants is significantly higher. There exists no differences in the iron content of the soil .
Calculating stepwise regression functions it was possible to discriminate between chlorotic and healthy plants . Under chlorotic plants bicarbonate effects the iron availability to 30% for resistant and up to 52% for the susceptible rootstocks .

This study aimed to analyze the structure of vegetation, diversity and patterns of mangrove zonation in the Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve area. Data collection of mangrove vegetation structure was carried out by using the line transect method (plot measuring 20 m x 20 m), measurement of environmental parameters that supported mangrove life, and 12 soil samples carried out by laboratory tests. The sample distribution was 18 research sample points. The results showed that mangrove vegetation density both at the level of trees, saplings and seedlings was in the category of total damage with density values at tree level 0.04-0.22 ind/ha), sapling 0- 0.07ind/ha), and seedlings 0.02-0.08 ind/Ha). The percentage of closure types ranged from 0% - 38%, meaning that the criteria of damage was rare, which was <50%, and some were included in the criteria of total damage, which was 0%. The index of mangrove species diversity was sequential starting from the level of trees, saplings and seedl...

The city is changing, it is moving away from traditional notions of being a purely aesthetic creation, which relies heavily on a top-down approach to design. An approach that proceeds to try to dictate how cities ultimately
function, ignoring site-specific conditions and focusing primarily on defined spatial arrangements, density and
form.
In order for design to evolve, we must understand that cities, much like any static natural organism are defined by how it responds to its context and the environmental conditions that this context exerts. Cities should be seen as a system of energy distribution between the ever-changing climate and the inhabitants that use them.
The way we see cities should shift towards the understanding that they have an intrinsic metabolism and that
they are living, breathing super organisms that match natural organisms in both depth and complexity.
The ecosystem that we inhabit has had millions of years to develop intricate strategies of self-organization that are resilient to environmental change. Emerging discoveries drawn from how natural biological systems employ strategies of self-organization and adapt to their environment could prove immensely significant to the architectural profession.  In particular how this emerging knowledge that understands how natural structures swarm and organize themselves can be applied to the design of cities. This idea of combining natural
and artificial principles of design and organization has the potential to possibly produce architectural systems
that is as harmonious and responsive to their context with that of a living biological system.

Abstract: This Experiment was carried out in the screen house of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kano station to study the leaf relative water content and yield of nine cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) varieties to water stress. Data were collected on the following criteria, number of leaves, leaf area (LA), leaf relative water content (LRWC), and agronomic traits. The experimental materials were arranged in randomize complete block design with three treatments which include unstressed, vegetative stage and flowering stage of water stress. The results indicate that Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC) of the water stressed genotypes were lower than the unstressed genotypes. At vegetative stage of water stress only 22.22% had an increase in their leaf water content and 77.78% recorded reduction in their LRWC. The highest reduction was exhibited by IT97K-568-19 with 9.5% and lowest reduction was recorded 0.1% by TVU-7778. 55.55% of the genotypes at flowering stage of water stress had reduction in their pod number. The Fodder yield at vegetative stage of water stress showed that 77.77% of the genotypes recorded reduction in their Fodder yield. IT98K-503-1 had higher dry fodder yield with 4.07% increase. At flowering stage of water stress, 99% of the genotypes recorded reduction in their fodder yield. The present study conclude that, water stress reduced the leaf area, relative water content and grain yield, among the cowpea screen genotypes TVU-7778 and IT98Kk-503-1recorded lower seed number at vegetative and flowering stages

Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others. All these measurements give estimates of the animals’ live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others. All these measurements give estimates of the animals' live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

Genotypic yield potential of maize varieties is greatly affected by sowing dates. In order to investigate the effects of sowing dates and varieties on the grain yield of maize, the field experiment was carried out at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from April 2009 to March 2010.  Three varieties namely Rampur Composite, Arun-2 and Gaurav were sown at every week. The results of experiment showed that interaction effect of variety and sowing date on grain yield of maize was significant. Rampur Composite produced highest grain yield (6.1 t/ha) in August and lowest yield (2.6 t/ha) in May. Similarly Arun-2 produced highest yield (4.6 t/ha) in August and lowest yield (2.1 t/ha) in May. Gaurav produced highest grain yield (5.1 t/ha) in September followed by 4.9, 4.8 and 4.6 t/ha in February, July and August respectively and lowest yield (1.5 t/ha) in November. The sowing date was highly significant on grain production. The highest grain pro...

Toxicological evaluation of herbal medicines is necessary because of possible adverse effects that may be associated with their consumption. This study screened antimalarial herbal recipe (containing leaves of Azadirachta indica and stem-bark of Alstonia boonei) and its individual plant’s extract for DNA and chromosomes mutation potentials following the DNA fragmentation and Allium cepa assays. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity of the recipe and each extract was determined. The kinds of phytochemicals present in them were determined using the FTIR technique. Water extracts of A. indica, and A.boonei at all the tested doses caused significantly lower DNA fragmentations than those of the controls. However, at 25.0% and 50.0% recipe, there was no significant difference in the percentage fragmented DNA compared to the positive control (0.05% sodium azide). Cell division was significantly inhibited by the extracts and recipe, chromosomal aberra...

This study aimed to analyze the structure of vegetation, diversity and patterns of mangrove zonation in the Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve area. Data collection of mangrove vegetation structure was carried out by using the line transect method (plot measuring 20 m x 20 m), measurement of environmental parameters that supported mangrove life, and 12 soil samples carried out by laboratory tests. The sample distribution was 18 research sample points. The results showed that mangrove vegetation density both at the level of trees, saplings and seedlings was in the category of total damage with density values at tree level 0.04-0.22 ind/ha), sapling 0- 0.07ind/ha), and seedlings 0.02-0.08 ind/Ha). The percentage of closure types ranged from 0% - 38%, meaning that the criteria of damage was rare, which was <50%, and some were included in the criteria of total damage, which was 0%. The index of mangrove species diversity was sequential starting from the level of trees, saplings and seedl...

During a fertilizer trial with N applications ranging from 0 to 150 kg N/ha it was found that after fruit set in leaves and shoot axis accumulated as starch. While this process continued until harvest in the shoot axis the accumulated starch in the leaves was gradually mobilized after veraison. Nutrition of the berries as well as the accumulated as starch in the shoot axis was predominantly fed by the lower leaves. In contrast the upper leaves had a higher assimilation capacity during the ripening phase of the berries than the lower ones, The carbohydrates transported in the berries originate from the leaves and also probably from the old wood but not from the starch accumulated in the shoot axis.
After fruit set until "bunches closed" in the variants 0-30 kg N/ha a reduced translocation of assimilates out of the leaves was found, however, after that and especially from "ripening" in these variants a pronounced accumulation of starch occured in the shoot axis. This process was accompanied by a rapid "depletion" of the Jeaves and a more intensive supply of the berries, while the senescence of the whole plants was accelerated. It is supposed that after the stage "bunches closed" starch from the one year old wood was immobilized which was preferably used in the unfertilized plots for the nutrition of the berries. The control plots showed during both years the highest must densities, however, non-fertilizing as well as over-fertilizing had negative effects on the yield potential.

Viticulture as part of agricultural cropping systems needs specific growing conditions. In particular grapevines need a specific climate and monitoring due to plant diseases. Currently, production philosophy changed from a high yielding practice to a high quality production, accepting as a consequence also lower yields. Mineral nutrition of grapevines forms the grass-roots level of yield oriented as well as of quality oriented production. Under those circumstances it is necessary to know the nutrient demands of this crop to make the proper decisions for fertilization and quality to be achieved. The mineral nutrients (kg/ha) taken up by medium – heavy crop (75-100 hL must/ha) are as follows: N – 65-75, P – 5-10, K – 65-85. Bunches alone remove: N – 25-30, P – 2-4, and K – 40-50. Figures for total uptake may serve as a general guideline for fertilization. In practice uptake rhythm of the different nutrients is more important, which leads to a reasonable nutrient application. The accumulation of nutrients in berries revealed that specific parts of the organ serve as preferred sinks.

Using a series of fertilizer experiments of long duration and test plots with grapevines, DRIS norms could be successlully calculated for this crop. Subsets were created for low and high yielding subpopulations with different norms.
The "new" DRIS-indices were calculated with consideration to leaf dry matter and the newer proposal according to Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND).The complete calculations can be done with an EXCEL module including a complete database.
In a comparison of DRIS-indices with the Critical Value Approach(CVA) an adavantage of DRIS was observed. DRIS indices reflect the overall nutritional status of the grapevine: used as a logging system, fertilization can be based on a rational basis. With CVA the risk to overestimate changes in leaf composition, regardless of whether they derive from exogenic or endogenic inlluences, is higher. With the proposed system, the judging of leaf analysis can be fully automated.

This research aims to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals chromium (Cr) in the flesh of fish oreochromis mossambicus (Oreochromis mossambicus) and find out the feasibility of fish consumption oreochromis mossambicus at floating net on the river Krembangan Sidoaarjo. This research are observatif by using Purposive Random Sampling techniques. test the content of heavy metal chromium (Cr) in the flesh of fish oreochromis mossambicus (Oreochromis mossambicus) method using AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrofotometry). The data generated in the analysis in quantitative descriptive. In this research show that the heavy metal content of chromium (Cr) in the flesh of fish oreochromis mossambicus highs station III of 0.52 mg/Kg; I station of 0.51 mg/Kg II station of 0.48 mg/Kg on a sampling sedangkang the morning, at night the highest value on the station III of 0.50 mg/Kg; I station of 0.46 mg/Kg and the II of 0.39 mg/Kg. Average deposits of heavy metal Cr on fish oreochromis mossambicus (o. mossambicus) is still under the raw quality of the already established by the Director-General of POM 1989 i.e. amounted to 2.5 mg/kg but fall into the category bioakumulasi medium, so that fish oreochromis mossambicus is still worthy of consumption, but need to watch out for, considering the Cr are toxic, carcinogenic, bioakumulatif and biomagnifikasi would potentially interfere with health.

Citrus peel color is one of the main quality attributes which was caused by the accumulation of carotenoids and its derivatives, especially β-citraurine. It makes citrus peel color looks attractive (orange). The orange color is a mixture of β-cryptoxanthin with β-citraurin. The objectives of this study were (1) to observe the effect of precooling and duration of proper ethylene exposure in the formation of orange color on citrus peel, (2) to identify and determine the β-cryptoxanthin content and total chlorophyll on citrus peel. Citrus was from Tuban, East Java while the study was conducted at PKHT IPB and LIPI. Precooling and without precooling treatment prior to injection of 100 ppm of ethylene exposed at 15 °C, duration of exposure control (0), 24, and 48 hours. The results show that the best color of the Citrus Color Index (CCI) is the precooling treatment and the duration of ethylene exposure for 24 hours, which can reduce total chlorophyll content about 8 times and proved to i...

In a series of experiments the influence of training systems, clonal material, varieties and rootstocks on the nutritional composition of leaves was tested. It was found out that a strict sampling programme is necessary to get reliable result, which can further be used for the development of fertilizer recommendations.

Die Dynamik "ni<;ht-struktureller" Kohlenhydrate in Reben (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling) im Verlauf zweier Vegetationsperioden unter dem Einfluß einer langjährig variierten Stickstoffdüngung. Teil V: Kohlenhydratverteilung in den vegetativen Organen.

In a fertilization trial with increasing amounts of nitrogen it could be demonstrated that after unfolding of the 5th - 6th leaf the highest amounts of carbohydrates were translocated from the woody parts with the young leaves as attraction centers, Highest activity was measured in the tops; sirnultaneously leaves accumulated starch. In contrast starch content remained constant in the shoot axis until the cornplete developmern of flower clusters. Then, it was mobilized and translocated to the flower clusters and the growing shoot terminals. The highest translocation activity was found in the lower part of the shoot axis as well during blooming as at fruit set. At 5th- 6th leaf unfolding it could be demonsrrated that with a fertilization level of 0-30 kg N/ha the overall carbohydrate metabolism is impeded. As a consequence already after the full development of the flower clusters only a small increase in vegetative growth could be observed, which was not associated with the generative organs. Thus, it is concluded that in grapevines suffering with nitrogen their generative parts are first order sinks.
With the help of a factor analysis it could be demonstrated that the saccharose concentration of the terrninals as well as the upper parts of the shoot axis resp. the leaves measured at the phenological stage "flower clusters fully developped" is a good predictor of the overall nitrogen nutrition status of the vine and also of the expected yield.

During two growing seasons glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch were investigated in the two and one years old wooden parts of the vine. It was found out that during bud burst the conocentration of mono- and disaccharides decreased whereas that of starch.increased. It was seen that glucose and fructose dominated during the winter months; sucrose began to dominate already in february. The starch contcnt showed only small reactions on temperature fluctuations in march. The one year old wooden parts had the largest concentrations in total carbohydrates during the winter rest. At the beginning of bud burst the firstly mobilized carbohydrates came from the two years old wooden parts. The one year old parts delivered carbohydrates for the first flush of leaves. The nitrogen fertilization had only a small influence on the overall carbohydrate metabolism. Only in the control plot the concentration of rnonosaccharides was slightly higher. The budburst in the control plots was retarded in comparison to the fertilized plots. On the other hand the growth intensity of the first leaves in the fertilized plots was increased in comparison to the control plots.

An investigation on tbe influence of different rootstocks and locations on nitrate and nitragen accumulatum in musts of the variety Riesling showed the following results: Except for the location Gelsenbeim it was not possible to show any signifieant influence of tbe rootstock on the nitrate accumulauon in musts. Tbe influenee of the location is significant. The total nitrogen content is both influeneed by rootstock and location. According to the location ~25% of the musts investigated had nitrate contents >25 mg NO3/l. The variation coeffieients of the nitrate contents of musts varied from 41.3 to 47.9%; therefore it seems impossible that nitrate is a criterion for must quality and / or falsification.

Based on about 7000 leaf analysis sets DRIS-norms for high yielding and high quality grapevine populations were calculated.
It could be shown that with these norms one could detect yield and quality limiting nutrients that could not otherwise be detected. It was not possible to demonstrate some coincidence with soil testing results and DRIS-norms. Calculating simple and multiple correlations resp. regressions one could show that DRIS-norms deter-mine to a great extent yield in the following year

Quel! es conséquences pouvons-nous tirer de cet essai pour la fertilisation des pépinières viticoles?
En raison de la forte production des pépinières, il est utile d'analyser le sol après la récolte.
On doit faire deux prélèvements: [de 0 à 30cm et de30 à 60cm) et déterminer: pH,P, K, et Mg.
La matière organique sera analysés tous les trois ans.
Le tableau 6 indique l'état nutritionnel du sol de pépinière.
Quand cet état est atteint, il suffit d'appliquer la fumure d'entretien. Les éléments nutritifs peuvent être apportés en hiver, Quand l'état nutritionnel du sol est très bon, on peut renoncer à une fumure d'entretien.
La fumure azotée devrait couvrir l'exportation totale des plants.
Les sols sableux doivent recevoir une plus grande quantité que les sols arqileux.
Sous paillage plastique, il est recommandé d'appliquer un engrais à action lente (p.ex. Plantosan 4 D). L'application est à faire avant la mise en place du paillage.

Applying multivariate statistical methods it was tried to discover relations between different soil nutrient: fractions and "Stiellähme" regarding the varieties Kerner, Riesling, Thurling, Kanzler and Optima. The calculations were carried out with the contents of soil nutrients in a depth of 20-40 cm and the symptoms of "Stiellähme" which had been establisbed on a per cent basis. In the first series of calculations it could be ascertained that certain soil nutrients or soil components, like P-potential, Ca- content, proportion of soil skeleton, and Ca-Mg-potential showed significant relations to the classified symptoms of "Stiellähme". It is striking that the different examined varieties show typical. pattems of reactions regarding the symptoms of "Stiellähme" depending on the various nutrient fractions.

The research about the potential of sea worm Perinereis aibuhitensis extract as anti-microbe toward bacteria Salmonella typhi and fungus Candida albicans had been conducted. The aim this research is to know the extract’s concentration of sea worm Perinereis aibuhitensis which is effective to obstruct the growth of bacteria Salmonella typhi and fungus Candida albicans. The result of research that was obtained shows that sea worm’s extract which used ethanol solution 96% and was needed in the culture of bacteria Salmonella typhi with the concentration of sea worm’s extract 7.5%, 15%, 30%, and 60% involved the form of obstruction zone at the medium with duration incubation 1x24 hours and 2x24 hours. Based on the research which was conducted, it can be concluded that the sea worm Perinereis aibuhitensis extract had the potential as anti-microbe toward bacteria Salmonella typhi  because can obstruct the growth of that bacteria, but it had no effect as anti-microbe toward fungus Candida a...

Grain yield production of maize is greatly affected by varieties and fertilizer levels. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different rates of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and farmyard manures) on grain yield and yield attributing traits of different maize varieties during winter seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/011 at the research farm of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Six levels of fertilizers [Control (Zero fertilizer), FYM @ 10 t/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 60:30 20 kg NPK/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 120: 60: 40 kg NPK/ha, FYM@ 10 t/ha plus 180: 90: 60 kg NPK/ha, and 120: 60: 40 kg NPK/ha] and four maize varieties (Rampur Composite, Manakamana-4, Across9942 × Across 9944 and S99TLYQ-B) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that grain yield was non-significant for maize genotypes but the fertilizers levels were highly significant for grain yield. Rampur Composite produce...

Color and freshness of mangosteen are important characters as benchmarks for consumers in the selection and purchase of mangosteen in the market. Color, freshness and shelf life of mangosteen are affected by the stage of maturity at harvest and the correct storage temperature. Information about the correct maturity stage for harvesting and storage temperature of mangosteen are needed by the mangosteen farmers, local merchant, and exporters as an effort to maintain the quality of fresh product. The objective of this research was to study the effect of several maturity stage at harvest and storage temperature to mangosteen color changes and shelf life during storage. The research used Completely Randomized Design of two factors. The first factor was the fruit maturity stage at harvest consisting of: Maturity Stage 1, 2, 3 and 4. The second factor was storage temperature of 15 oC and room temperature. The result of harvesting mangosteen at Maturity Stage 1 could maintain skin color lon...

Polyamines (PA) are triggered by external inducers (hormones, fertilization, nutrients etc.). In triggered systems, the level of free PAs increase before the onset of cell division. PAs are high dur- ing onset of fruit development as compared with other stages of fruit development. During a fertilisa- tion experiment with increasing amounts of N and timing, non-structural carbohydrates and PAs were determined in leaves, flowers and developing berries. Leaves: PAs were lowest in the unfertilized plots; fertilization showed no differentiated effects. PA-concentrations peaked after full bloom and fell to 50% of the starting value at the stage “pea-sized berries”. Shoots: belonging to the leaves with the same plastochron-index showed a similar behaviour like PA in leaves. Stems: Putrescine (Put) and Spermidine (Spd) show a clear time course. Put decreases until "flowers fully developed" and after- wards a slight increase until "pea sized berries". Spd behaves nearly inverse: peak at "increasing of the flowers" and a minimum at "fruit set". Berries: all four tested PAs show a clear pattern of their time course. Agmatine (Agm) is highest at 27 May (five to six leaves unfolded), lowest at 5 June and peaking again at "flowers fully developed" (24 June). At "fruit set" concentrations are as low as at 5 June ("flowers are growing"). Put is high at "five to six leaves unfolded", decreases continuously until "flowers fully developed" and a maximum at "fruit set". Spd shows a maximum at "flowers are grow- ing" and reaches a minimum at "fruit set". Spd has nearly constant concentrations through "five to six leaves unfolded" until "flowers are fully developed" in all fertilizer variants. At "fruit set" is a maxi- mum. peaks at "flowers fully developed", decreases to "fruit set" and increases again at "pea sized berries". Treatments show a differentiation; highest values are found with the plot 90/60. A direct connection to the carbohydrate metabolism could not detected during this experiment.

Viticulture has to take care for its environments. Many impacts are generated by activities with more or less environmental severeness. Fertilization has an influence on the close-by ecosystems through transport of nutrients, which may induce adverse changes in surface waters or are harmful for human health. During a trial (4 years. 4 replicates) the influence of N and K on yield and quality was tested. N-increments were 0, 60, 120, 180, 240; applied K was 160 units on all plots. A second trial received 320 units K2O on all plots. Besides yield and must density nitrate contents in petioles were determined in order to evaluate if there exists a reliable correlation between N-inputs and NO3 concentration in petioles. Next question was if N-level can be detected by petiole nitrate analysis; and if exists a close connection with yield and oOe. Despite a wide spread N-fertilization scheme the influence of the “years” as a factor is quite greater than that of “fertilization”. That is a well-known fact in viticulture and is again confirmed by this trial. It is possible to demonstrate the influence of high N-doses on the NO3 -concentration of petioles, but NO3-concentrations are modulated by higher K-doses. This indicates that K improves nitrate reduction. Then again it is not possible to detect relations between NO3-concentrations in petioles at blooming and the final yield or oOe. Results earlier could not be confirmed: it is reported a significant relation between petiole NO3 and yield or oBrix. In contrast a good relationship was found between the petiole NO3 concentration at “bloom” or “full ripeness” and the yield in the following year. But the relation is not strong enough that it can be used as a predictive tool for grapevine fertilization. For environmental reasons and for a reliable N-fertilization of grapevines those tests should be avoided and replaced by more reasonable procedures like soil testing in combination with modelling systems and/or more reliable plant analysis systems.

Investigations were carried out to assess the uptake of different mineral nutrients by the berries of Riesling during the growing season, cultivated under normal soil tillage conditions and with a permanent grass cover. The results for the different nutrients indicate that the uptake as well as the uptake rates differed widely according to the elements investigated and the type of soil tillage. Nitrogen and phosphorus showed a similar pattern with a reduced uptake and uptake rate during veraison to full ripeness (70° Oe), which was more pronounced by permanent grass cover.
Potassium was taken up steadily from fruit set to harvest, but a grass cover reduced uptake and uptake rate. Magnesium uptake and uptake rates were also clearly diminished by a grass cover. Calcium uptake was only scarcely influenced by soil tillage method, but in grassed plots the Ca uptake rates were higher during the whole growing season

In nearly all European grape growing areas, nitrogen (N) fertilization has induced an increase in ground water pollution by nitrate. This is a logical consequence of high N inputs without considering the actual N-uptake of the grapevine. Research on the nitrate dynamics of different soil types showed that endogenous N production is high and thus under normal circumstances fertilization is not necessary. By utilizing a N mineralization model, it is possible to calculate, in the soil, the nitrate buildup and leaching during wintertime. The 'residual' N found/calculated provides the basis for the fertilization program in the following growing season.
The pattern of N-uptake by grapevines during the growing season was also investigated. It was shown that during the early stages of growth most of the N needed for the first flush, up to five to six leaves, is delivered from the endogenous reserves of the roots and trunk. Shortly before and after bloom, N has to be taken up from the soil. Later in the growing season, the reserves are filled up mostly by translocation of N from leaves and canes. Total N-uptake did not exceed 70 to 80 kg N/ha. The real N export from the vineyard is in the range from 25 to 40 kg N/ha for the variety Riesling. Experiments with other varieties in Germany confirmed these results. Currently, it is recommended to top up the soil N reserves shortly after budburst to 70 kg N/ha. These basic values are obtained from the previously described calculation or from a soil analysis performed at budburst. With these tools, it is possible to reduce significantly the N input to the soil and consequently the leaching of N to the ground water. A reduction of nearly 60% in N fertilizer sales has been observed recently.

Arginine and proline dynamics in canes and leaves of the variety Müller-Thurgau were studied during a vegetatlon period, The canes act as a sink immediately after bloom untill leaf fall. Predominant N-storage form is arginine; proline is only 1/20 of the arginine-N. ln the Iower leaves during and after veraison an expert of arginine can be observed; in those of the middle part of the canopy a distinct export begins after harvest; in the uppermost leaves is a steady increase and after harvest also an export. The proline does not show a distinct accumulation pattern. In the flowers and berries 14 days after veraison a rapid import of arglnine and proline can be observed. The average accumulation rate for arginine in this period is 39 mg N/plant and day,

Nitrate is not completely reduced in the roots of grapevines, The concentrations in the transportation organs root, trunk, canes, and shoots show a distinct rhythm throughout the vegetation time. The highest concentrations can be measured two weeks before blooming with 800 ppm NO3 in roots, 300 pprn NO3 in scions, 650 ppm NO3 in canes, and 4500 ppm NO3 in shoots. Rapid decreasing concentrations can be observed with the onset of veraison.

In a fertilizer trial the influence of different doses of nitrogen was tested in a grapevine nursery,
Nitrogen form was a slow release fertilizer, It was tested in two forms as coarse and fine granules. The amounts were 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/ha resp. 20, 30, and 40 kg N/ha. It could be shown that fertilizing nurseries led to a greater growth of the canes and to a greater removal of nutrients, Nevertheless nutrient uptake is comparatively low:
16-32 kg N/ha
3- 6kg P/ha
11-29 kg K/ha,
Further it could be demonstrated that the best qualities were produced with nitrogen doses of 30-40 kg N/ha.

In model experiments with the variety Grata it could be demonstrated that the activity of phenylalaninammoniumlyase and saccharase as well as the content of total phenols are severely increased in the black spots of potatoe tubers. However, polyphenoloxidaseactivity and the chlorogenie acid content were reduced. The content of several free amino acids in the black spots was also changed: proline defenitely increased, valine, lysine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine decerased more or less.

Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others. All these measurements give estimates of the animals&#39; live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

Kappaphycus alvarezii is a red algae that can be used as alternative raw material for bioethanol production. This is because K. alvarezii contains a high carbohydrate that reaches 60%. This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation nutrition and fermentation duration of hydrolysis results of K. alvarezii algae on pH changes, sugar levels, cell biomass and ethanol content. There are two methods was used in this research, namely hydrolysis method and fermentation method. The hydrolysis method was used α-amylases enzyme which is 150 KNU/L with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% concentrations. The next method, K. alvarezii algae was fermented by Pichia kudriavzevii and used Gandasil-D® as an anorganic suplementation and yeast extract which is 0 g/L, 1 g/L, 2 g/L and 3 g/L. The results showed that         K. alvarezii can be fermented into bioethanol after enzymatic hydrolysis process. The optimal ethanol content was produced at 48 hours of incubation duration.

Toxicological evaluation of herbal medicines is necessary because of possible adverse effects that may be associated with their consumption. This study screened antimalarial herbal recipe (containing leaves of Azadirachta indica and stem-bark of Alstonia boonei) and its individual plant's extract for DNA and chromosomes mutation potentials following the DNA fragmentation and Allium cepa assays. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity of the recipe and each extract was determined. The kinds of phytochemicals present in them were determined using the FTIR technique. Water extracts of A. indica, and A.boonei at all the tested doses caused significantly lower DNA fragmentations than those of the controls. However, at 25.0% and 50.0% recipe, there was no significant difference in the percentage fragmented DNA compared to the positive control (0.05% sodium azide). Cell division was significantly inhibited by the extracts and recipe, chromosomal aberrations were not dose dependently induced and were significantly lowered than that caused by sodium azide (positive control). The individual extracts and their recipe significantly inhibited Root growth. However, 12.5% recipe promoted root growth that was not significantly different from that of distilled water (negative control). SOD and CAT activities of each of the extracts and their recipe were dose dependent and significantly higher than those of the controls. Water extract of A. indica significantly suppressed generation of malondialdehyde compared to water extract of A. boonei and recipe as well as the control. The individual extracts and their recipe contained phenolic phytochemicals. The obtained results show that extract of A. indica, A. boonei and their recipe have good antioxidant properties with strong mitodepressive and root growth inhibitory effects except at 12.5% recipe. However, A. indica extract seems to have least cyto-muta-genotoxic effects than water extract of A. boonei and the recipe in mice and A. cepa cells.

Pseudomonas fluorescens not only enhances the plant growth but also controls the fungal pathogens by production of anti fungal metabolites. The objective of this experiment was to identify P. fluorescens using different biochemical tests. This research was carried out in Plant Pathology Laboratory at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The result of this experiment indicated that P.  fluorescens gave positive result for Catalase test, Gelatin liquefaction, Fluorescent pigment and Oxidase test but negative result for starch hydrolysis test. The colony of P. fluorescens was maximum in maize seed than that of rice seed after two hours of inoculation, whereas higher number of colony was found in rice seed than that of maize seed after twenty four hours of seed inoculation. This findings is useful for identifying colony of P. fluorescens  per seed which is necessary for better seedling growth and effective biological control of pathogens.