Anti-Semitism

The period between the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century is one that witnessed the rise and spread of anti-Semitism throughout Europe. This paper attempts a historical analysis of the development of anti-Semitism in Romania and a comparison with the case of Hungary in the period between 1866 and 1913. Such a comparison is interesting as the process of Jewish emancipation in the two countries could not have been more different: while in the Romanian principalities Jews were almost completely excluded from political life, and faced important restrictions in all areas of activity, in Hungary they enjoyed full civil and political rights. As a result, anti-Semitism in these countries took different forms as well. In Hungary, anti-Semitism is usually viewed as a reaction to emancipation, while in Romania it accompanies the offi cial policy of discrimination and exclusion. As a result, this paper follows the development of legislation dealing with the
Jewish populations in the two countries, and tries to challenge the common perception of anti-Semitism as a phenomenon appearing as a reaction of the majority population to Jewish emancipation. This comparative discussion is carried out taking into account the different historical contexts of the two neighbouring lands and their impact on the situation of the Jews.

WE ATTACH  -FOR THE SCHOLARS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC- THIS FULL EDITION (85,000 WORDS, 212 PAGES), WITH THE  SCOPE AND PURPOSE THAT THE PUBLIC CAN HAVE A VIEW TO THE COLOSAL  CONTINETAL REACH, SIZE & LOGISTICS OF THE JEWISH HOLOCAUST [1933-1945], PERPETRATED BY THE NAZI GERMANY AND SO MANY EUROPEAN COLLABORATORS: INDIVIDUALS, COMPANIES, INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERMENTS ALIKE.

THIS CONTENT IS SUPLYIED AS A COURTESY TO STUDENTS AND RESERCHERS. IF ADDITIONAL MATERIAL IS NEEDED, PLEASE CONTACT THE AUTHOR [email protected]. WE OFFER FREEE CONFERENCES ON THE JEWSIH HOLOCUAST.

THE TRAINS OF THE HOLOCAUST: An In-Depth Look at How Railway Transports Companies in Europe cooperated and assisted in the Second and Final Phase of the Holocaust, the "Final Solution".

    THIS GENERAL STUDY, deal with the concrete fact about how a modern railway system -the largest capitalist enterprise at the time, the Deutsche Reichsbahn [DRB]- with its associated railways companies (in collusion) in each European country, contributed to the colossal scale of evacuation and displacement, for the purpose of interment and slavery, especially after the Wannsee Conference in January 1942.

    The Nazi criminal regime (1933-1945), it’s military, civilian organizations, middle-level bureaucracy and associated dictatorial regimes all over Europe, succeeded in murdering millions of people and destroying a flourishing 900-years-old Jewish Culture in Europe.  In the process, they murdered of millions of humans across the continent: 6 millions Jews and 20 million other innocent civilians.
     
An efficient railways system across the continent with more than 100,000 km of rail, (only 42,000 km of which were in Germany proper) operated by the largest private railroad at the time, the Deutsche Reichsbahn, with more than 250,000 workers and a formidable 12,500 operational locomotives (kriegslokomotiven), totally sustained and assisted Germany’s formidable war machine and as aided the Nazi organizations in charge of the “Final Solution”.
     
The European railway companies totally and willingly assisted the Nazis in the transportation segment by carrying out this infamous crime: The Holocaust. Without the collaboration of European railways, the Holocaust could not have happened on the scale on which it did.
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Christians, Jews and the Money. About the permanence of a prejudice and its roots (text in German).
Deconstruction of the myth of exclusive Jewish money lending because of the pretended prohibition of interest for Christians, as it is still conveyed by handbooks of history, in school and otherwise, as well as in the internet. Historic sources and serious scholarly research reveal the evidence that money lending all over the Middle Ages was an activity undertaken by Christians, too.

An early study of representations of Jews and Judaism in British literature a the turn of the 20th century.  The overall picture is best characterized as ambivalence - Jews were becoming more recognizably human and their symbolic function was changing.

Er zählt zu den Vergessenen in der österreichischen Medizingeschichte, obwohl er mit seinen Forschungen der Zeit weit voraus war und zudem einen in Österreich weltberühmten Nachfahren gleichen Namens hat: Der Embryologe Samuel Leopold Schenk (1840-1902) war nämlich der Großvater von Schauspiel-und Komödiantenlegende Otto Schenk, der vor kurzem unter großer medialer Begleitmusik seinen 90. Geburtstag feierte. Was in den zahlreichen Geburtstagsinterviews nur kurz zur Sprache kam, war die Schenk'sche Familiengeschichte, die einige Tragödien aufweist.

Samuel Leopold Schenk, der Pater familias, war – so wie viel später sein Enkel – eine mediale Berühmtheit. Dem Mediziner sollte die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, die sich keineswegs auf Österreich beschränkte, im Gegensatz zu seinem Enkel allerdings zum Schaden gereichen. Die verstärkte mediale Berichterstattung über Medizinthemen und der Wiener Antisemitismus zur Lueger-Zeit um 1900 haben maßgeblich zum tiefen Fall des Forschers beigetragen. Das behauptet jedenfalls die Wissenschaftshistorikerin Tatjana Buklijas (University of Auckland in Neuseeland), die sich seit langem mit dem Fall beschäftigt hat und nun in einer kürzlich erschienenen Sondernummer des Fachjournals "History of Science" über die wichtigsten Ergebnisse ihrer Recherchen berichtet.

Although Latin American decolonial thinking has always maintained an interest in taking the theories and practices of the communities of Latin America's colonized peoples seriously, the theorization of communality and communal systems has been a new focus of the last two decades. That is, the academic decolonial dedication to diversity and difference has recently been imagined as a pluriverse of communal systems. As such, this decolonial group of thinkers has been effectively demanding that the radical theories of communality produced by Indigenous communities of the Global South be taken seriously as real and viable alternatives to capitalism and representative democracy. Nevertheless, a critical engagement with Latin American decoloniality reveals a serious oversight in communal-oriented decoloniality: it fails to engage in a serious manner the millions throughout the world who are not or are perceived as not part of any community or are exiled from their community. To demonstrate this threat within the communal-oriented vision, one can look to another (de)colonial context ubiquitously overlooked in Latin American decolonial thought: Ireland. More precisely, as a reading of James Joyce's Ulysses reveals, the communal-oriented Irish anti-colonialism of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries contained a common mode of modern anti-Semitism: Jews belong to no community and uproot and hollow out the life of any community they encounter. This article argues that although the pluriversal vision of communal-oriented decoloniality is explicitly opposed to the denigration, dismissal, or rejection of any community, it can still be characterized by this other mode of othering: the denigration, villainization, and oppression of persons who are perceived as embodiments of anti-communality.

A call for papers is now open for the forthcoming issue of JCA. Please submit your manuscript to [email protected]. The deadline for submissions is November 15, 2019. All submissions are subjected to a blind peer review process. Your submission should comply with the authors’ guidelines, which may be found at https://www.academicstudiespress.com/s/InstructionsforJCAAuthors.pdf

Art and the Nazis 12/5/16 Chloe Hyman Art and the Nazis Professor Fogle 2 For the German people, the interwar years were marked by unemployment, economic collapse, and an overwhelming sense of demoralization. National Socialist ideology manipulated the vulnerable German population by manufacturing a scapegoat from pre-existing German prejudices. This scapegoat, labeled "Degeneracy," was a conglomeration of Judaism, Bolshevism, modernism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism. The notion of degeneracy did not appear overnight. Strains of it had emerged over the last hundred years and were picking up speed during the difficult inter-war years. Nazi Socialist ideology promised to fill the void left by the elimination of these evils with the triumphant return of the German Volk-the term used to describe the German people. The foil to degeneracy, the German Volk was also a conglomeration of pre-existing German values, including respectability and beauty. Analysis of the art Hitler commissioned art reflects how National Socialism glorified these Volkish values.

This book introduces the lay reader to the problem of how to read Hitler's notoriously turgid prose by taking key short extracts and undertaking a close reading of them.  It seeks to offer a reading of the text that moves discussion of its contents beyond the 'Intentionalist-structuralist' debate that governed previous interpretations of the book.  At its core is an examination of how, despite the difficulties associated with interpreting Hitler's writing, we can detect the presence of a genocidal mentality and an implicitly genocidal ideology.  Chapters discuss: 1. Why Read Hitler?  2. The Politics of Genre  3. Language and Politics  4. History  5. War, Revolution and National Rebirth  6. The Jews  7. Eugenics  8. Modernity  9. Expansion  10. Leadership, Propaganda, Mobilisation.

The preface to the 2014 edition of the book, which discussed the text against the background of the expiry of the copyright of Mein Kampf at the end of 2015, is attached here with the permission of Granta Books.

Ist Antisemitismus eine Form des Rassismus oder handelt es sich um zwei völlig verschiedene Phänomene? Und gibt es Analogien zur Islamfeindlichkeit oder ist dieser Vergleich abwegig? Der Aufsatz zeichnet die international geführte Fachdiskussion um das Verhältnis verschiedener Ausgrenzungsmuster und Diskriminierungsformen nach.

En 1240, le duc de Bretagne expulse tous les juifs du duché. Cet épisode peu connu signe la fin de la présence d’une communauté juive en Bretagne au Moyen Âge. Elle s’explique par la conjugaison du fanatisme religieux et la volonté d’effacer les dettes d’aristocrates bretons envers des prêteurs juifs. Cette expulsion faisait suite à des massacres qui auraient coûté la vie à 3 000 juifs, suscitant la réprobation du pape.

Systemic transition in post-communist Eastern Europe resulted in high inflation, rapid economic changes, and increased lack of control in everyday life. Atthe same time, anti-Semitic incidents were reported in this region after 1989. The ideological model of scapegoating (Glick 2002; 2005) might serve asan explanation of anti-Semitic prejudice in post-transition Eastern Europe. The model predicts that the ideology defining Jews as powerful, cunning, and dangerous would gain popularity in times of crises and would lead to greater discrimination against Jews. In two nationwide representative sample studies of anti-Semitism, in Poland (n = 1098) and Ukraine (n = 1000), we applied the ideological model of scapegoating to study various forms of anti-Semitism (conspiracy-based belief in Jewish control and discriminatory intentions toward Jews). In both samples, economic deprivation led to increased discriminatory intentions toward Jews; however, only in the Polish sample was deprivation linked with higher beliefs in Jewish control (scapegoat-defining ideology). In Poland the rise of conspiracy beliefs about Jewish control partially explained the effect of deprivation on discriminatory intentions toward Jews. The implications of these results are discussed.

Ce livre retrace le dialogue de longue durée entre les extrêmes droites italiennes et françaises depuis le début des années 1960. De ces relations d'abord personnelles naissent de véritables réseaux qui bénéficient du soutien bienveillant des régimes dictatoriaux portugais et espagnol. Certains des membres de cette « communauté de combat » occidentale participent à la série d'attentats du terrorisme « noir » qui frappent l'Italie à partir de 1969. Avec une préface de Michelle Zancarini-Fournel.
Publié aux Presses Universitaires de Rennes (2016).

Of all the keywords frequently included in the modern lexicon of antisemitism, “anti-Zionism” may be the most resistant to conceptual analysis. In this essay, I offer a methodological critique of this predominant approach before proposing an alternative method of analysis focused on several main strands in anti-Zionism’s intellectual genealogy. Doing so promises a better understanding of the specific origins of anti-Zionism as a distinct, self-conscious ideology without reducing it to an essentialist definition. Furthermore, mapping such a historical genealogy allows us to see how the concept of anti-Zionism is repeatedly linked to antisemitism – though not in the ways many might assume.

Although it has been claimed that Dietrich Bonhoeffer's controversial 1933 essay on "The Church and the Jewish Question" is riddled with inconsistencies, I argue that the essay is entirely consistent at least on the issue of church action with respect to the state. Seeing this requires recognizing that the essay is driven by the logic of the two kingdoms, that Lutheran way of understanding God's action in two dimensions of life, the spiritual and temporal.

In her chapter, 'Varieties of Pejoratives', Robin Jeshion distinguishes pejorative lexical items, pejorative uses of words, and pejorative speech acts. She surveys and taxonomizes pejorative nicknames, thick terms, and slurs, including canonical, descriptive, and gendered slurs, as well as those terms explicitly encoding group stereotypes.

Scholars of postwar American Jewish history have traditionally focused on highbrow texts in charting the shifting ways that “Jews,” as a category, has been defined and characterized. Including postwar middlebrow publications in our analysis offers a more comprehensive picture of the changing discursive representation of Jews during the twentieth century. Despite the fact that Gentleman’s Agreement rarely receives more than a line or two of mention in scholarly accounts of postwar Jews, it is a text that ably demonstrates the power that popular novels wield in shaping cultural sensibilities. Hobson was not the only 1940s novelist to publish an anti-Semitism themed novel, and her connection to a larger body of such literature contributes to the value of Gentleman’s Agreement. The novel’s best-selling status (and its adaptation into an Academy Award-winning film) is what makes it exceptional among this genre. The making of Gentleman’s Agreement, with all of the debate and opposition it aroused, indicated tectonic shifts within publishing circles and the wider American culture about how to treat the topic of Jews and anti-Semitism.

The Holocaust was not unique to the Jewish population in Europe. Many others, including Poles, died in the same way, " said Romanian President Jon Iliescu in 2003 (Davidovitz, 2003, later mentioning that his nation cannot be accused of genocide in Transnistria. Similar statements were often made by other political leaders who denied the uniqueness of the Holocaust in order to present their own nations as unique victims of historical atrocities and to deny the historical cruelties perpetrated by ingroup members. Thus, perception of ingroup victimhood serves as a strategy that allows for denial of responsibility.

The phenomena of cultural homogenization manifested in the Westernization of the world in recent centuries has its precedent in the Hellenization of the Levant almost 2 millenia ago. This paper examines the cultural force and its coalescent energy which may have determined why the New Testament writers wrote the way that they did.

The product of an 18 month empirical study which examined the use of restorative justice for hate crime in the United Kingdom, this book draws together theory and practice in order to examine the causes and consequences of hate crime victimisation. Hate Crime and Restorative Justice: Exploring Causes, Repairing Harms also identifies the key process variables within restorative practice that can help to repair the harms of hatred. In doing so, it challenges commonly held conceptions of both 'hate crime' and 'restorative justice' through its use of qualitative research of restorative interventions across the UK.

The study's findings provide original data on the contextual variables that are intrinsic to both the cause and effect of hate-motivated offences, revealing complex socio-cultural and socio-economic factors that are fundamental, both to our understanding of hate crime and to how such incidents can be best resolved. Through meticulous analysis and discussion, the book also provides new information on how restorative processes can be used to repair the harms of hate and challenge the prejudices which give rise to hate-motivated conflicts. The issue of group identity and cultural 'difference' amongst participants of restorative justice is explored and examined through the use of detailed case studies, allowing assessment of whether dialogical barriers to reconciliation can limit the success of restorative processes. In particular, the notion of 'community', a fundamental concept of restorative justice theory and practice, is reconceptualised by exploring both its healing and harming features.

Utilising data from the first study of its kind, Hate Crime and Restorative Justice draws together theoretical assumptions about restorative philosophy and empirical evidence of its use for hate crime to offer a more holistic understanding of how restorative justice can help repair the harms caused by processes of hate, while simultaneously challenging the identity-based prejudices that continue to pervade our multicultural communities.
Readership: Restorative and criminal justice practitioners, police officers and policy makers, as well as scholars of criminology, sociology and criminal justice.

The Order, otherwise known as the Silent Brotherhood, or Bruder Schweigen, had one of the shortest but most eventful and notorious careers of the post-civil rights or fifth-era extreme Right (1970s to the 1990s). In its short lifespan (from 1983 to 1985), members of The Order were connected to numerous murders, armed robberies, and terrorist plots and were the subject of an FBI manhunt and the defendants in two major trials, including one for seditious conspiracy. Arguably, the majority of attention focused on the extreme Right during the early 1980s was due to the activities of The Order and its members. The most high-profile incident involving The Order, which attracted national attention, was the murder of talk radio disc jockey Alan Berg in Denver, Colorado. The group's notoriety is best illustrated by the fact that no less than three films were made about them: the television film Brotherhood of Murder (1999), as well as two major motion pictures by critically acclaimed directors, Betrayed (1988) by Costa-Gavras and Talk Radio (1989) by Oliver Stone. The latter two were centered on the murder of Berg, albeit loosely in the case of Betrayed.

十六世紀半ばから十七世初頭にかけ、日本イエズス会により、日本語の教理書が出版されたということは周知の通りだ。世俗のヨーロッパ文学である『イソップ物語』の和訳、そして天草版『平家物語』、『太平記抜書』の存在もよく知られている。しかし、日本語で書かれたオリジナルのキリスト教説話が現存するということは案外知られていない。近年、このテキスト群を「異文化接触」というレベルで取り上げた研究が現れているが、漢訳仏典や漢籍の影響を受けた『日本霊異記』『今昔物語集』などとは対照的に、室町末期にラテン語文脈から国語に翻案されたキリスト教文学は、残念ながらこれまで国文学として扱われてこなかった。その理由をここで詳しくは追究できないが、日本精神というものが（漢文脈との関連性ではある程度まで認められている一方で）キリスト教との関係性については根本的に異質で相容れないものと一般的には理解されていることが、その背景にあると考えられる。しかし、キリスト教説話を聞いた織豊期の日本人がこのように日本精神とキリスト教を両極的なものとして捉えていたということは、資料からは読み取れない。本稿では、キリスト教も日本精神も信仰していない筆者が日本中世キリスト教の代表的な説話集をバレト写本という資料の中から取り上げ、その原典が何であったかを明らかにし、さらに、同時代の日本文学との関係性を探る。その結果、この説話集は当時の武士階級によって評価された軍記・語り物文学、取り分け幸若舞と最も関連性が深いということを示す。

Discussions around the Israeli-Palestinian conflict tend to rely upon a binary distinction of the Arab inhabitants of Palestine and the Zionist movement to establish a “national home of the Jewish people” there.  This oversimplifies and erases the position of those whose identities are both Jewish and Arab, and the existence of Jewish communities in Palestine long before the ‘national home’ was proposed. The Zionist movement created new tensions between Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewry who had previously co-existed in relative harmony under Ottoman rule, as the Ashkenazi population began to dominate the Palestinian Jewish community and Zionism defined itself in terms starkly incompatible with Arab identity. From the Old Yishuv of the Ottoman Era to the establishment of the Israeli state (and beyond) Zionist rhetoric has been characterised by a deeply contradictory relationship to non-European Jewry, treating them as a burden whilst relying on them to make the Zionist project workable. Additionally, contrary to the promise of safety associated with the 'Jewish National Home,' the Zionist movement has profited from the persecution of Jews in the Arab world, relying on displacement of Jewry from populations such as Egypt and Iraq due to anti-Semitism to legitimise and strengthen the National Home.

The Polish School of Medicine (PSM) at the University of Edinburgh was an autonomous Polish-language institution established by the Polish government-in-exile. This article demonstrates that, despite a significant presence of both Jews and Polish nationalists among medical refugees in wartime Edinburgh, anti-Semitic discrimination and violence, which were commonplace at faculties of medicine in pre-war Poland, did not resurface at PSM. Jewish students were not subject to discrimination by the Faculty Council in the admission process, and personal relations between colleagues of different religious creeds and ethnic backgrounds were on the whole satisfactory, even if the Christian-Jewish rapprochement at PSM was merely superficial. The lack of open hostility toward Jews did not necessarily mean that all the prejudices of Polish nationalists disappeared as a result of their wartime displacement to Britain. The available evidence suggests that the rise of pre-war forms of anti-Semitism at PSM was prevented by a combination of interrelated factors, such as a growing sense of wartime solidarity among Jewish and non-Jewish refugees, the priority that Polish nationalists gave to the exile mission of PSM, concerns over negative reactions from the British hosts, stricter control over student life and organisations, the relative weakness of extreme Polish nationalists, and adoption by Polish Jews of a deliberately low profile.

Il profondo legame che sussiste tra il Risorgimento italiano e il processo di emancipazione civile degli ebrei è testimoniato dal saggio conosciuto con il titolo di Interdizioni israelitiche: Carlo Cattaneo, autore della breve monografia pubblicata nel 1836, è infatti tra i protagonisti culturali e politici del movimento democratico italiano, che voleva un'Italia laica, indipendente e federale. Scopo di questa nota è mostrare che le Interdizioni hanno una valenza che travalica i confini del messaggio politico e civile, poiché possono essere interpretate anche come un'applicazione e una dimostrazione di un importante principio enunciato da Adam Smith, stella polare della complessiva riflessione di Cattaneo.

In 1952, Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible – a fictionalised staging of the 1692 Salem witch trials. As an allegory of McCarthyite anti-communist hysteria in 1950s America, the play could itself be considered a form of sublimation: firstly, of course, in the way that all creative works can be understood, in the Freudian context, as a diversion of the drives (1916-17). But secondly, and as allegory specifically, we could consider it a sort of sublimated political gesture: Miller’s protest against a modern-day witch hunt finding its expression in an alternative form. However, for the purposes of this paper what I want to identify is the socio-political mechanism of sublimation at work both in the context of the production of The Crucible and within its narrative and staging.

Specifically, I intend to explore The Crucible in relation to Slavoj Žižek’s theory of the “sublime object of ideology” (1989). To this end, I will address Miller’s own adaptation of his stage play in Nicholas Hytner’s 1996 film, for the ways in which its formal strategies emphasise the key features of social conflict that drive persecution. And while it might, at first face, seem almost an error of category to examine the “sublime” in the context of a symposium on sublimation, it is worth noting that both Freud (1930) and Lacan (1992) emphasised the social function of sublimation. Moreover, Žižek’s theory relies specifically on Lacan’s most succinct definition of sublimation, as the elevation of the object “to the dignity of the Thing” (1992: 134), which we can understand here as the raising of something quotidian to a privileged position within the social fabric. Reflecting the terrible fascination of the Thing, such an object may be venerated or, indeed, denigrated, like the totemic animal that is both worshipped and sacrificed in order to ensure the cohesion of the tribe or clan (Freud 1913). In this paper, I will focus on what Žižek calls the sublime object as “negative magnitude” (1997: 81) to explore the logic of scapegoating – where the internal contradictions or antagonisms of a particular society are ideologically displaced onto an external figure of the Other – that we can chart from (at least) the Salem witch trials to the present day refugee crisis.

The purpose of Encyclopedia of History of Antisemitism is to provide basic information on the history of the virulent phenomena of antisemitism with regard to the roots and origins of the particular myths, beliefs, policies and ideologies. The book is intended for students of history on the B.A. level as it provides basic understanding and orientation in the phenomena. The topics, covered by the entries of this encyclopedia include: Definitions of various forms of antisemitism, blood libels, medieval ant-Jewish Christian myths, origins of racial antisemitism, inquisition, antisemitism in Iran and Arab world and the Holocaust, including various forms of its contemporary denial and relativization.
The need for such an encyclopedia arises not only from the occurrence of some of the anti-Semitic myths and beliefs in the public discourse, but also from the fact that the originally anti-Semitic meaning of some of the phrases, stereotypes and images, we can hear and see in the public discour- se, is becoming forgotten. Most of the Jews were exterminated or expelled from the Bohemia and Moravia, but the stereotypes which caused the extermination and expulsion still prevail. Naming the origins of such stereotypes is a tool for comprehension of their virulence.
The process of making of any encyclopedia is a neverending one. This volume contains the most basic entries and it is intended as a basis for future expansion. This basic edition of the book allows the reader to search quickly for definitions and history of specific phenomena, main events and some of the most infamous anti-Semitic libels. The reader can either search the phenomena directly through alphabetically listed entries, or through a time-line of most important events in the history of antisemitism and fol- low the links to the particular relevant entries from there.