Anthropological demography

The deep interconnections between biology, population politics, and ethics have been strongly brought to the fore by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus has highlighted the ways in which governments and state machineries calculate, control, and manage entire populations and demographic groupings, akin to what Foucault refers to as 'biopolitics : through measures such as complete or partial lockdowns, contact tracing, clinical trials, and vaccination. These steps immediately raise several important ethical concerns around questions of discrimination, inequality, surveillance, security, privacy, right to healthcare, and social protection. In this special issue, we foreground the discussion of bioethics in relation to demography and population politics by focusing on the two most populous countries in the world, India and China. In the process, we seek to enhance our understanding of the ways in which biology is enmeshed with population politics and the nature of bioethical concerns this generates. In doing this, we are guided by the conceptualisation that population as bioresource is not only 'bioavailable' (Cohen 2007) but can be rendered into 'biocapital' as articulates in his study of clinical trial patients. As the most populous countries in the world, India and China have come to mark our collective conscience in significant ways (Eklund and Purewal 2017; Kaur 2020). The stance has, however, shifted considerably from fears of overpopulation and high fertility rates, to policies encouraging childbearing and addressing infertility through assisted reproduction. As a superpower, China is interested in facilitating birth amongst a chosen few; while India continues with its ambivalent posture on the domestic use of in vitro fertilization and other reproductive technologies, prohibiting the transnational traffic of 'unsuitable foreigners' and 'non-heteronormative families' to avail of the

This paper examines the political and social transformations within Kurdish society and their impact on Kurdish identity and anthropology. These studies highlight the need for a deep understanding of the complex dynamics shaping Kurdish society amidst ongoing political change. Research has predominantly focused on the transformations within Kurdish society resulting from political shifts, impacting economic, social, and cultural aspects. These transformations have manifested in forced migration, violence, famine, poverty, and the harsh conditions faced by refugees and internally displaced persons. Turning points in the early twenty-first century necessitated a reassessment of the position of religious and ethnic minorities in the Middle East. The expanding process of globalization, coupled with the Arab Spring uprisings (at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century), paved the way for the empowerment of some ethnic and religious minorities, despite challenging circumstances. As in other regions globally, minority groups seek to adjust their cause's framing to enable ordinary people to gain greater control over resources and decision-making processes at all levels. "Minorities" often advocate not for separation, but for more liberal policies with implications for the majority as well. Authoritarianism significantly impacts social movements, resulting in life-altering events, intertwined trajectories (such as activism and family), socialization, generational impacts, and relational dynamics. Some consequences may leave long-lasting effects, potentially leading to decisions regarding secession. This paper also addresses border issues in the Middle East, transnational networks, the movement of people (refugees and migrants), and the flow of goods and ideas across the new borders established after World War I. The influence of religious factors on transformations within Kurdish society is explored, including how Islamic empires utilized religion politically as a tool to combat each other and manage Kurdish uprisings, the impact of religion on the political identity of Kurdish youth, and the negative political instrumentalization of religion in the region generally. This paper is structured around several key themes: the reflections of political transformations on Kurdish anthropology, Kurdish identity, social structures, oppression and violence, and displacement and refuge. While these themes overlap, we have divided them to categorize the prominent areas of study and analysis in this field.

and Business, is provided by the University Library and the IT-Services. The aim is to enable open access to the scholarly output of the WU. This document is the publisher-created published version. It is a verbatim copy of the publisher version. http://epub.wu.ac.at/ View metada leBensstanDarD statIstIsche nachrIchten 12/2012 983  leBensstanDarD einleitung 123 Die Verteilung von Ressourcen innerhalb des Haushalts war im Jahr 2010 Thema des Sondermoduls zur Erhebung EU-SILC. 4) Als Ressourcen gelten dabei einerseits Einkommen, die extern durch Erwerbsarbeit, Sozialleistungen, Kapitaleinkommen sowie durch Transfers zwischen Haushalten oder intern, d.h. durch Aushandlungsprozesse innerhalb des Haushalts, erworben werden können. Ergänzend dazu wird über Entscheidungspositionen, also die Beobachtung, wer in einer Partnerschaft die Rolle des Entscheidungsträgers/der Entscheidungsträgerin einnimmt, die Verteilung der finan-1) Institut für Institutionelle und Heterodoxe Ökonomie der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien.

El cálculo de la mortalidad infantil ha sido empleado para medir el bienestar en una población, las causas de una alta o baja mortalidad infantil dependerán del contexto en el que se estudie. La siguiente investigación tuvo como objetivo general conocer los niveles de la mortalidad en los menores de cinco años de la ciudad de Zacatecas, entre 1835 a 1845. La fuente de los datos analizados fueron las partidas de defunciones de la parroquia del Sagrario (actualmente Catedral), se emplearon herramientas de análisis demográfico bajo el enfoque de la antropología demográfica y el enfoque biocultural. Se obtuvieron un total de 2.528 defunciones, la mortalidad femenina fue de 50,4% y la masculina el 49,5%. Las diferencias entre sexos se encontraron en los grupos de edad, mayor mortalidad neonatal masculina (53%) por infecciones respiratorias y mortalidad femenina más alta (53%), a partir de los 2 años de vida, por enfermedades gastrointestinales.

Epidemias têm sido a causa do declínio populacional entre povos indígenas do continente americano, desde os primeiros contatos com os invasores europeus. Doenças como a varíola, o sarampo e as gripes, dizimaram milhões de pessoas no decorrer dos séculos, levando à extinção de grupos étnicos inteiros. Porém, o efeito devastador das infecções foi ampliado por outras circunstâncias impostas pelo colonizador, como o mal tratamento dos índios submetidos à escravidão, o deslocamento populacional, a desnutrição e as guerras de extermínio. Este artigo defende que o declínio populacional, causado pelas doenças trazidas pelos colonizadores, só pode ser entendido se examinado em confluência com esses outros fatores da opressão indígena, ao qual somam-se o racismo e a negligência das autoridades governamentais.

Background A vast variety of factors may cause recurrent pregnancy loss. Blood group incompatibility of parents could cause abortion. The examination of couples or twins, blood groups showed that the blood group incompatibility can affect adversely the outcome of pregnancy. Couples with blood group incompatibility are more involved in spontaneous miscarriage. Antigenes in two different blood groups could disorganize implantation. Aborted embryos with normal karyotype showed more frequently blood group incompatibility with their mother. Abnormal newborn and stillbirth were observed more frequent in couples with incompatible blood groups than without. Methods This study investigates relationship between blood groups incompatibility and recurrent miscarriage in couples who were referred to genetic counseling clinic of Yazd Research & Clinical Center for Infertility. The blood group of 100 couples with recurrent miscarriage was evaluated using slide test method. Their abortions were unknown after possible evaluation. One hundred and twelve fertile couples entered to this study as control group, which have at least two normal children without any abortion. Results The results showed blood group incompatibility was more frequent in couples with recurrent abortion than fertile couples. Conclusion Blood group incompatibility of parents could causes antigen-antibody interaction between mother and fetus, which ended with abortion. In previous study it was believed that blood group incompatibility cases fetal anemia and stillbirth.

Research in several Latin American countries points to violence, loss of traditional territories, and seeking education, health, and wage labor as key variables in triggering rural–urban migration among Indigenous people. This study presents an analysis of the migration patterns of Indigenous people in Brazil, compared to non-indigenous people, based on data from the most recent national census, conducted in 2010. Migration characteristics related to lifetime migration and recent migration were investigated by means of descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The findings pointed to complex mobility scenarios according to migrants’ Indigenous status and geographical regions of origin and destination. Indigenous people living in urban areas presented high levels of mobility (approximately 50% lived in different municipalities from those where they were born), which were more pronounced than those of non-Indigenous people. Indigenous people living in rural areas pre...

This study investigates the demographic and health behavior of the Xavante Indians of Mato Grosso State, Central Brazil. Data covering the period 1999 to 2004 was collected using information from household censuses and vital statistics. In addition to standard demographic analyses, survival analysis was carried out. Results show a young age structure, derived from a combination of high fertility rates (7.7 live births per woman) and declining mortality. Mortality rates, especially infant mortality (97 per thousand), remain very high, surpassing regional and national rates. Natural increase is the main contributing factor to population growth. The annual population growth rate is 4.4%. Results suggest that recent declines in mortality and fertility may be related to transformations in the implementation of basic health care services and internal diversity, the latter of which seems to be associated with local history and sociocultural determinants.

The genetic trait of lactase persistence (LP) evolved as an adaptation to milking pastoralism in the Old World and is a well-known example of positive natural selection in humans. However, the specific mechanisms conferring this selective advantage are unknown. To understand the relationship between milk drinking, LP, growth, reproduction, and survival, communities of the Coquimbo Region in Chile, with recent adoption of milking agropastoralism, were used as a model population. DNA samples and data on stature, reproduction, and diet were collected from 451 participants. Lactose tolerance tests were done on 41 of them. The European -13,910*T (rs4988235) was the only LP causative variant found, showing strong association (99.6%) with LP phenotype. Models of associations of inferred LP status and milk consumption, with fertility, mortality, height, and weight were adjusted with measures of ancestry and relatedness to control for population structure. Although we found no statistically ...

En el presente trabajo mostramos una estadística, comprendida entre 1895 y 1899, sobre las causas de mortalidad entre la población de Huacho. Para esta investigación consultamos los libros de defunciones del Archivo del Obispado de Huacho, identificando distintas enfermedades comunes en dicho período, algunas con nombres desconocidos hoy en día, además de casos de longevidad.

Typescript prepared by Lorraine Telfer-Taivainen. United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency-providing a range of services from policy advice to governments as well as freely available original research. The Institute is funded through income from an endowment fund with additional contributions to its work programme from Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom as well as earmarked contributions for specific projects from a variety of donors.

Registro em video do show  Rupestres Sonoros com Mawaca gravado ao vivo no Auditório Ibirapuera em 2009. Esse espetáculo é uma homenagem aos indígenas com sua rica diversidade musical e relaciona em uma ‘arqueologia musical’ inspiradas nas imagens rupestres brasileiras. O show ganhou participações especiais de Carlinhos Antunes e Marcos Xuxa Levy, produtor do CD Rupestres Sonoros.
Destaque para as músicas So perewatxé e Koi txangaré dos Paiter Surui, Tamota Moriorê dos Kayapó; Matsã Kawa dos Huni Kuin, Canção Kayapó além de composições de Magda Pucci (Asurini e Tupari) revelando parte da enorme diversidade musical dos povos indígenas, pouco conhecida do público brasileiro.

Ziele und Aufgabenstellung des Vorhabens 3 2.1 Forschungsfragen 4 2.2 Stand der Forschung und theoretischer Begründungszusammenhang 5 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Methodologie und Methodenbeschreibung 3.1.1 Von Kindern geführte Dorfbegehung 3.1.2 Datenaufzeichnung mit GPS-Empfängern und die Darstellung und Auswertung mithilfe von geografischen Informationssystemen 3.1.3 Gruppendiskussion mit Kindern 3.1.4 Kinderinterviews zur Nutzung interaktiver Medien 3.1.5 Dreigenerationeninterviews und Kinderinterviews zur aktuellen Kindheit 3.1.6 Experteninterviews 4 Kindheit heute 4.1 Kinderdorfprofile 4.1.1 Westrup 4.1.2 Bockholte 4.1.3 Kahlwinkel 4.1.4 Ralbitz 4.1.5 Glasow 4. 2 Ergebnisse der Gruppendiskussionen − Beurteilung der Lebenssituation von Kindern im ländlichen und städtischen Raum 4.3 Medien-und Onlineverhalten der Kinder in den Untersuchungsdörfern 4.4 Auswertung der Einwohnerbefragung zur Kindheit 4.5 Übergeordnete Schlussfolgerungen zur aktuellen Kindheit

Wie hat sich die Kindheit im dorflichen Raum gewandelt? Wie beurteilen die Kinder ihre aktuelle Lebenssituation? Wie beurteilen die Eltern die Lebenssituation ihrer Kinder? Welche Muster des Aufwachsens zeigen sich im landlichen Raum? Das sind die Forschungsfragen, denen im Rahmen der Langsschnittstudie 'Landliche Lebensver-haltnisse im Wandel 1952, 1972, 1993 und 2012' in der Teilstudie zu Kindheit im landlichen Raum durch ForscherInnen der Bergischen Universitat Wuppertal nachgegangen werden konnte. Somit konnten Daten zu vergangenen Kindheiten in historisch-zeitlicher Perspektive und Daten zur aktuellen Kindheit aus der Perspektive der 5- bis 13-jahrigen Kinder im landlichen Raum erhoben und ausgewertet werden. [...]

A coleção Brasil Plural tem como objetivo dar visibilidade às pesquisas realizadas pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Brasil Plural (INCT/CNPq). Busca retratar as diferentes realidades brasileiras em toda sua complexidade e contribuir para a elaboração de políticas sociais que levem em consideração as perspectivas das populações e comunidades estudadas. Além disso, visa formar pesquisadores e profissionais que atuem com essas populações.

This article suggests that emerging adulthood, the stage in the life cycle described by Arnett for the United States, is also evident in Europe. The article examines the characteristics of emerging adulthood in Europe and highlights their regional and national similarities and differences. Also examined are the differences between European emerging adulthood and the American model, which chiefly involve the various ways European youth ameliorate economic and domestic instability. This article is based on a study of one of the most salient consequences of emerging adulthood, low fertility. A clear sign of emerging adulthood in Europe is that historically low numbers of children are being born there. KEYWORDS-Europe; emerging adulthood; low fertility Arnett (2004) has proposed that emerging adulthood in the United States is an extended period of both exploration and instability, when many young people between the ages of 18-25 struggle with uncertainty even as they revel in being free. Emerging adulthood for Arnett has several social characteristics among which are a lengthening of time spent in higher education, prolonged job instability, and expanded, more flexible roles for women. There is also, due largely to effective contraception, an uncoupling of sex and marriage and childbearing. Finally, this new period is associated with a rise in the mean age of entering not only marriage but especially parenthood, those final steps, as Arnett (2004) calls them, historically linked with adulthood. According to Arnett, adulthood is seen by many contemporary young people as a peril to be avoided, the end of independence. For them, the new stage of emerging adulthood represents unprecedented freedom to explore-education, love, work, and fun-and to gain a broad range of life experiences. It is also a time for self-focus with few ties or daily obligation to others. In short, it is an in-between time, full of possibilities and high hopes. However, this time of exploration is also a time of instability, with young people moving from job to job, from one romantic relationship to another, and, often, from one residence to another. Arnett also proposes that a period of emerging adulthood is becoming more pervasive throughout the world. However, he recognizes that it is not a universal period of human development and that it comes into being under certain conditions, mainly in industrial and postindustrial countries. As Arnett points out, emerging adulthood is characteristic of cultures rather than countries, though in some places, it is associated more with social class than with ethnicity or with urban areas more than rural areas. What is mainly required for emerging adulthood, however, is a high median age of entering marriage and parenthood, resulting from the longer periods of education needed in postindustrial, globalized economies (Arnett, 2002). This key condition increasingly applies in Europe, where some suggest that emerging adulthood has made an appearance (Arnett, 2006, 2007; Bynner, 2005). Recently, I collaborated with several colleagues investigating the European trend of lower fertility rates, defined as ''the frequency with which birth From Duty to Desire is how Jane Collier titled her 1997 book about the differences she found between the generations in a small village in the south of Spain where she did ethnographic fieldwork for 2 years in the 1960s and then again 20 years later in the 1980s. ''From Duty to Desire'' was her concise descriptor of the opposing values of those generations in Spain and maybe in this postindustrial, postmaterialist world.

British Pakistanis continue to have earlier and higher fertility than other ethnic groups in the UK, despite a recent rise in educational and employment opportunities for British Pakistani women. In this paper we present findings from an interview-based study with 91 British Pakistani women and men in the Northeast of England, in order to throw some light on the reproductive choices and constraints that underlie this apparent demographic anomaly. Drawing on detailed reproductive narratives, we show that, contrary to common assumptions within the literature, relatively high and early fertility does not necessarily indicate a passive acceptance of 'cultural norms' or a reluctance to engage with new social and economic opportunities. For some young women at least, early motherhood represents a deliberate and strategic choice: a way of managing different sets of family-building and other aspirations, embedded within a complex interplay of relationships between individuals, couples and wider families. This study contributes to the emerging 'inter-discipline' of anthropological demography, which offers important insights into population processes that neither discipline can do alone.

This study examines fertility decline in North-Central Namibia in the period 1960-2000. A Scandinavian-type parish-register system, established in the beginning of 20th Century and still in use, provided register-based data for fertility analysis. Fertility decline began in 1980, was rapid in the 1980s, levelled off in the early 1990s, started again in 1994 and continued until the year 2000. Fertility declined in every age group, except among the 15-19 year olds, whose fertility increased. Cohort fertility started to decline among the 1940-44 birth cohort. During the 1980s, fertility decline was associated with increasing age at first marriage and declining marital fertility, connected to e.g. the War of Independence. During the 1990s, an increase in both the use of contraceptives and HIV-prevalence contributed to the fertility decline.

The main aim of this study was to analyse fertility change in Ovamboland (North-Central Namibia) (1927-2010) and the Kavango region (North-East Namibia) (1935-1979) in Northern Namibia. According to the results, the fertility change was quite similar in both areas: fertility declined during the 1950s compared to the preceding period, 1935-1949. We can assume that the main reason for this early fertility decline was changes in the number of migrant workers (out-migration), which caused changes in both the marriage age and birth intervals. In both Ovamboland and in the Kavango region, fertility increased from the late 1950s into the early 1960s and the fertility transition started at the end of the 1970s. In both areas, the increase in fertility during the late 1950s and early 1960s was probably due to the improved health situation. Fertility transition started at the end of the 1970s, but mortality had already started to decline before that. The main causes of this declining fertility at the end of the 1970s and during the 1980s were improved access to modern methods of contraception and probably also the increased level of education. As a result of the HIV epidemic, mortality increased in Ovamboland at the end of the 1990s and early 2000s. The declining fertility in the same period was probably linked to this increased mortality due to AIDS, while the increased fertility after 2008 is, in turn, probably linked to management of the HIV epidemic.

This study examines fertility decline in North-Central Namibia in the period 1960-2000. A Scandinavian-type parish-register system, established in the beginning of 20th Century and still in use, provided register-based data for fertility analysis. Fertility decline began in 1980, was rapid in the 1980s, levelled off in the early 1990s, started again in 1994 and continued until the year 2000. Fertility declined in every age group, except among the 15-19 year olds, whose fertility increased. Cohort fertility started to decline among the 1940-44 birth cohort. During the 1980s, fertility decline was associated with increasing age at first marriage and declining marital fertility, connected to e.g. the War of Independence. During the 1990s, an increase in both the use of contraceptives and HIV-prevalence contributed to the fertility decline.

We investigated the possible differential effects of A and B blood group materno-fetal incompatibility on human fertility through a comparative analysis of couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and healthy mothers. ABO phenotype was determined in 5180 healthy mothers and their newborn babies from the population of Sassari (Sardinia) and in 1359 healthy puerperae (women who have just given birth) from the population of Rome. Mother-newborn joint ABO distribution in healthy mothers was compared with wife-husband joint ABO distribution in RSA couples. Distortions from expected distribution were evaluated by symmetry analysis. In both RSA couples and healthy mothers significant deviation from expected symmetry patterns were observed. Deviations in RSA are in the opposite direction to those observed in healthy puerperae. The most important difference observed concerned the symmetric joint phenotypes mother (women) A / infant (husband) B (B incompatible) and mother (women) B / infant (husband) A (A incompatible). A low number of B incompatible in RSA couples and a high number of B incompatible in healthy mothers was observed. The phenomenon is much more evident in women aged 24-28 years, a period of maximum fecundity. It is possible that the presence of anti-B immunoglobulin in the mother might have a protective effect against fetal loss in some cases of mother-infant ABO incompatibility.

All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0.

An analysis of previous spontaneous abortions and the frequencies of blood-group combinations in mother-child pairs was carried out in 500 gravidae. The rate of previous spontaneous abortions in blood-group-0 women whose latest child has blood group B is significantly higher than in all other women. On the other hand, the combination mother B/ child AB is rarer than expected, but no increase in the rate of previous spontaneous abortions is obvious among these women. These discrepancies are interpreted as an indication that prenatal selection associated with ABO incompatibility may operate at various stages from fertilization through pregnancy, and that different incompatible combinations may be subject to selection at different stages.

DAL POZ, João. 2006. A ocupação indígena nas áreas Zoró e Roosevelt - Laudo antropológico pericial. Processo 2001.36.00.001508-9, Primeira Vara da Justiça Federal, Seção Judiciária de Mato Grosso – TRF1. Autores: Colonizadora Amazônia Brasileira S/A e Outros. Juiz de Fora, MG.

In this study I describe the scope and variety of grandmotherly nurturing practices during the socialist regime and in post-socialism in Bulgaria. In the first part of the paper I examine childcare practices during the socialist period in the context of the ruling ideology and the corresponding approach to the family and women by the communist authorities. The second half of the paper focuses on the transformations in grandmotherly help in childcare after 1989. They range from supplementary help to full time, live-in engagement, depending on the social status and needs of the young families and the personal hardships they may be going through. Taking into account the changes in policy and living conditions during different time periods in Bulgaria, as well as the accompanying social perceptions about the grandmaternal role in childcare, I show that it was and still is a major source of help for young families with children, especially in cases of single divorced mothers. The research is based on qualitative methods that include participant-observation, semi-structured and biographical interviews with adults who were children in the 1970s and 80s in Sofia and who currently raise their own children.

Without exception, the desire for boy child has been a common phenomenon in the South Asian countries including India. Although the preference for sons in India has declined over the years, it persists across states, albeit in different degrees. Son-preference has various adverse out comes including low child sex ratio and low rate of fertility transition, attracting the attention of scholars from various fields. While the phenomenon of son-preference is largely due to cultural beliefs and norms which cannot be altered significantly within a short period of time, there are a set of interdependent socioeconomic factors helping the persistence of such a practice. These factors need to be identified and proper policies must be outlined to curb this prejudiced attitude. Present study attempts to understand the current scenario of son-preference across the states in India and identify the factors along with their persistence. The study concludes that son preference continues to be prevalent in the Indian society albeit with different intensities across regions. Strong son-preference attitude prevails in northern, central, eastern and north eastern regions of India while western and southern states record lower son-preference. Northern, central and eastern regions also record the lowest child sex ratios. Since fertility rates are on the decline and couples are opting for the small family size, preference for boy child will only accentuate the skewness in sex ratio. This is where policy intervention is necessary.

Child-bride marriage''-the marriage of prepubescent girls to adult men-has well-known nefarious consequences for females in developing countries where such marriage is often practiced. To improve these outcomes, developingworld governments have adopted several policies aimed at raising female marriage age. This paper investigates the effects of these policies for females in developing countries where parents strongly prefer sons to daughters. I find that raising female marriage age in such countries may have the unintended consequence of increasing the prevalence of female infanticide and sex-selective abortion. Where parents strongly prefer sons to daughters, some parents seek to dispose of their unwanted daughters through child-bride marriage, female infanticide, or sex-selective abortion. By raising the cost of child-bride marriage relative to infanticide or abortion, policies that raise female marriage age induce such parents to substitute the latter disposal methods for the former. I evaluate one such policy in Haryana, India and find empirical support for this prediction. My analysis suggests that from the perspective of female welfare, child-bride marriage may be a second-best institution, or constrained optimum, in developing countries that exhibit strong son preference. Keywords Child brides Á Female welfare Á Minimum marriage-age Á Conditionalcash transfer Á Educational program Á Infanticide Á Abortion JEL Classification D10 Á 131 Á J18

Das Sondermodul der Erhebung EU-SILC 2010 erfasste erstmals Informationen uber die Entscheidungsfindung und Verteilung von Ressourcen innerhalb von Haushalten und Partnerschaften. Der Beitrag prasentiert erste ausgewahlte Ergebnisse daruber, wer finanzielle Entscheidungen im Haushalt trifft und welche Faktoren wie Einkommen, Bildung und Geschlecht dabei eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Nur ungefahr 57% der Paare berichten, dass sie wichtige finanzielle Entscheidungen gemeinsam treffen. Etwa ein Viertel der Paare ist in seiner Angabe daruber, wer uber Ausgaben im Allgemeinen entscheidet, uneinig. Personen mit hoherer Bildung und Einkommen entscheiden ofter getrennt als Personen, die armutsgefahrdet, arbeitslos oder in Pension sind. Frauen treffen haufiger Entscheidungen bei alltaglichen Einkaufen und bezuglich der Ausgaben fur Kinder, wobei verheiratete Paare mit Kindern starker rollenstereotype Entscheidungsmuster aufweisen. Manner hingegen treffen haufiger als Frauen allein die Ents...

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar aspectos de la fecundidad de mujeres indígenas Suruí de la Amazonía brasilera. MÉTODOS: se levantaron y sistematizaron 88 historias reproductivas y de nacimientos, obtenidas a través de visitas domiciliarias en dos aldeas, realizadas en 2004. RESULTADOS: el promedio de edad de la menarquía fue 12 años; las edades medias de entrada a la primera unión y del nacimiento del primer hijo fueron, respectivamente, 13,8 y 15,7 años. El parto ocurrió en la aldea en su mayoría. Las mujeres Suruí presentan un intervalo intergenésico promedio próximo a los 22,8 meses. El promedio de amamantación fue 18,4 meses. El uso de contraceptivos es mínimo y el número de años de estudio de las mujeres es bajo. La tasa de fecundidad total fue de 6,3 hijos. CONCLUSIÓN: si se compara con resultados de otros estudios en pueblos indígenas, la demografía Suruí señala niveles de fecundidad entre moderados y elevados. Los autores argumentan que los hallazgos son relevantes para la prestació...

This article analyses the transformation in the mode of partnership formation in seven countries of Eastern Europe. The aim of the study is to provide an up-to-date account of the switch from direct marriage to non-marital cohabitation as it has progressed from the 1960s to the mid-2000s, using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys. Unlike previous analyses of partnership formation, we examined the extent to which crossnational variations, in the onset and scale of transformation characteristic of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT), could be linked to nuptiality regimes that existed in the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries. With few exceptions, the results support the notion of correspondence between historical and contemporary patterns. Forerunners in the transition to partnership formation outside marriage tend to come from areas which exhibited a late/low prevalence of marriage; the latecomers are typically situated east of the Hajnal line. Thus our study co...

Este trabalho refere-se ao controle de uma epidemia de escabiose em aldeia da tribo Panará, localizada no Xingu, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Descreve as dificuldades encontradas, decorrentes das diferenças culturais entre os investigadores e a população, o processo de conscientização do problema e a participação de toda comunidade no controle da epidemia de escabiose. Relata estratégias de cunho educativo utilizadas e as dificuldades encontradas para conseguir a adesão da comunidade às ações terapêuticas, essenciais ao controle e eliminação da epidemia. Essas estratégias, alicerçadas no ideário da educação em saúde e de respeito aos conhecimentos, valores e necessidades do grupo, previam a participação da comunidade como elemento essencial à consecução dos objetivos dos profissionais de saúde. Elas determinaram o redirecionamento do plano de ação inicial que, por meio de ações conjuntas dos profissionais de saúde, lideranças locais e população alvo, permitiu investigar e controla...

Ð Province-level census data for 1985 and 1990 from Turkey are used to examine the eect of the economic value of women on the 0±9 cohort population sex ratio. The sex ratio is interpreted as an indicator of the relative life chances of girls, re¯ecting their relative neglect in the household. We test two hypotheses: womenÕs labor force participation lowers the sex ratio, and womenÕs``gainful work outside'' is more eective than the not-directly remunerative work in an integrated family production system in lowering the sex ratio. We ®nd an inverse relationship between womenÕs labor force participation and the sex ratio, but this eect is present only where women engage in unpaid family labor.

The systematic literature search on the fertility rate was performed on articles from the Web of Science compiled by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) to provide major publication characteristics. All articles related to Fertility from year 1980 to 2011 were analyzed with the bibliometric approach using non-parametrics techniques. Total Citation, Citation per year and Cited References were significantly different between the 80’s, 90’s and 2000’s, with more than a 100% increase in the number of publication. The association between number of authors and citation per year were significantly weak. Number of publication in a journal posed a poor negative association with the citation per year. Similarity between Authors Keyword and KeyWords Plus® do not promote the increase in citation per year. The author’s affiliation and country of publication would be an interesting exploration for future fertility research. The bibiliometric analyses on Fertility is rather new and vital...

Methodological nuptialism in the study of relationships has contributed to an academic hiatus of studies on non-marital relationships and the sustenance of negative attitudes towards such relationships. Approaches that most scholars have adopted in the study of marital relationships have hardly been problematised. Through a 14-month (in total) ethnographic fieldwork using focus group discussions (FGD), in-depth interviews, participant observations and snowballing in two wards in Molepolole this studies has demonstrated that by avoiding methodological nuptialism cohabitation can be understood better. The major finding of the study is that cohabiting unions are not homogenous. There are different types of cohabiation, namely, Go adima mosadi (wife-borrowing); Go inyadisa (non-consensual cohabiation) and Go bulela ntlu (Visiting rights). The different types of cohabitation generally denote those types that carry the consent of parents and therefore signal social, cultural and moral lev...

It is now widely recognised that experiences of infertility are socially and culturally contingent. Drawing on reproductive narratives of 108 British Pakistani Muslims living in Northeast England (collected from 2007 to 2010), we show that subjective experiences of infertility in this population can take many forms, from 'straightforward' childlessness to concerns about inability to fulfil a range of reproductive expectations, desires and obligations, regarding timing, gender balance and number of offspring. Extended family relations are pivotal in the processes through which reproduction (or lack thereof) becomes defined as problematic. Changing family aesthetics can thus shape individuals' experiences of infertility in important ways. A growing emphasis on conjugal relationships for some couples offers a greater range of reproductive possibilities (enabling, for example, a period of voluntary childlessness). For others, increasing nuclearisation of family life reduces the possibilities for extended families to 'plug the gap' by providing proxy-children and a normalised social role for infertile couples. Moreover, such social roles may be time-limited, creating serious challenges for the long-term childless, who find themselves caught 'betwixt and between' two disparate sets of values.

This chapter explores young women's participation in higher education as a reflection of changes and challenges to the moral economy currently taking place in the Indian state of Punjab. With its renowned capitalist agricultural development as well as skewed sex ratios against females, we highlight how the metaphorical liking of girls and young women as 'paraya dhan' (others' property) outward bound from the natal 'nest' highlights the deepening and extending role of gendered patriarchal norms making women's education a potential risk to the moral economy of society. Thus, the moral panic surrounding the sex ratio and 'scarce women' in Punjab exists within a paradoxically broader moral economy in which potentially threatening impacts of women's higher education participation to the patriarchal social order are measured up against a deeply patriarchal social and economic base of Punjabi society.

Este trabalho refere-se ao controle de uma epidemia de escabiose em aldeia da tribo Panará, localizada no Xingu, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Descreve as dificuldades encontradas, decorrentes das diferenças culturais entre os investigadores e a população, o processo de conscientização do problema e a participação de toda comunidade no controle da epidemia de escabiose. Relata estratégias de cunho educativo utilizadas e as dificuldades encontradas para conseguir a adesão da comunidade às ações terapêuticas, essenciais ao controle e eliminação da epidemia. Essas estratégias, alicerçadas no ideário da educação em saúde e de respeito aos conhecimentos, valores e necessidades do grupo, previam a participação da comunidade como elemento essencial à consecução dos objetivos dos profissionais de saúde. Elas determinaram o redirecionamento do plano de ação inicial que, por meio de ações conjuntas dos profissionais de saúde, lideranças locais e população alvo, permitiu investigar e controla...

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar aspectos de la fecundidad de mujeres indígenas Suruí de la Amazonía brasilera. MÉTODOS: se levantaron y sistematizaron 88 historias reproductivas y de nacimientos, obtenidas a través de visitas domiciliarias en dos aldeas, realizadas en 2004. RESULTADOS: el promedio de edad de la menarquía fue 12 años; las edades medias de entrada a la primera unión y del nacimiento del primer hijo fueron, respectivamente, 13,8 y 15,7 años. El parto ocurrió en la aldea en su mayoría. Las mujeres Suruí presentan un intervalo intergenésico promedio próximo a los 22,8 meses. El promedio de amamantación fue 18,4 meses. El uso de contraceptivos es mínimo y el número de años de estudio de las mujeres es bajo. La tasa de fecundidad total fue de 6,3 hijos. CONCLUSIÓN: si se compara con resultados de otros estudios en pueblos indígenas, la demografía Suruí señala niveles de fecundidad entre moderados y elevados. Los autores argumentan que los hallazgos son relevantes para la prestació...

Demografija izlazi jednom godišnje. Mišljenja autora ne odražavaju nužno gledište uredništva. Objavljeni prilozi se indeksiraju u sledećim bazama:-CEEOL (Central and Eastern European Online Library, Frankfurt am Main)-SCIndeks (Srpski citatni indeks) Izdavanje časopisa Demografija finansijski podržava Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Prilozi objavljeni u časopisu mogu se koristiti samo pod uslovima licence Creative Commons Autorstvo-Nekomercijalno-Bez Prerade 4.0. međunarodna (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) UDK: 314 COBISS.SR-ID 118674444 University of Belgrade Faculty of Geography www.gef.bg.ac.rs Demografija demografija.gef.bg.ac.rs

Las estrategias reproductivas están enmarcadas por las limitaciones ecológicas específicas ante las que cada grupo humano se enfrenta. Los patrones naturales de la reproducción de los Wichí se exploran tomando en consideración la energía disponible que subyace a su ancestral patrón de cazadores-recolectores. En la pubertad, cuando se frena la inversión en crecimiento, las mujeres comienzan la inversión en reproducción. Afrontan, entonces, una negociación entre continuar su crecimiento un tiempo más o comenzar su ciclo reproductivo. Una vez comenzada la etapa reproductiva el equilibrio debe establecerse entre la energía reservada a la reproducción y la dirigida a mantenerse y poder llegar a una nueva fase reproductiva. Se analizan las historias reproductivas de mujeres Wichí para indagar acerca de las decisiones sobre cuándo comienzan la reproducción y cuál es el tamaño de la progenie resultante. La edad media de la primera maternidad fue 18,23 años y la longitud media de los interva...

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar aspectos de la fecundidad de mujeres indígenas Suruí de la Amazonía brasilera. MÉTODOS: se levantaron y sistematizaron 88 historias reproductivas y de nacimientos, obtenidas a través de visitas domiciliarias en dos aldeas, realizadas en 2004. RESULTADOS: el promedio de edad de la menarquía fue 12 años; las edades medias de entrada a la primera unión y del nacimiento del primer hijo fueron, respectivamente, 13,8 y 15,7 años. El parto ocurrió en la aldea en su mayoría. Las mujeres Suruí presentan un intervalo intergenésico promedio próximo a los 22,8 meses. El promedio de amamantación fue 18,4 meses. El uso de contraceptivos es mínimo y el número de años de estudio de las mujeres es bajo. La tasa de fecundidad total fue de 6,3 hijos. CONCLUSIÓN: si se compara con resultados de otros estudios en pueblos indígenas, la demografía Suruí señala niveles de fecundidad entre moderados y elevados. Los autores argumentan que los hallazgos son relevantes para la prestació...