Ancient lead weights

Un recente “scavo” nei magazzini del museo archeologico nazionale di aquileia ha portato alla raccolta di uno straordinario corpus di pesi per bilancia, sia metallici che lapidei, molti dei quali accompagnati da diverse tipologie di iscrizioni. Le informazioni fornite dal corredo epigrafico, di carattere prettamente pratico, contribuiscono a chiarire una serie di dinamiche riguardanti il commercio al minuto. esse collocano in primis i pesi all’interno del loro originario contesto d’impiego: le piccole tabernae, i porti e i mercati. Le indicazioni ponderali, le abbreviazioni di nomi dei possessori e le cifre forse da associare alla posizione occupata dal manufatto all’interno di serie di pondera utilizzati in uno stesso luogo sono un’importante fonte di informazione sul commercio spicciolo, dove la rapidità di identificazione dell’oggetto costituiva la necessità primaria. uscendo dalle strade gremite di venditori e acquirenti, il potenziale informativo dei pesi iscritti si estende anche alla dimensione statale. i pondera examinata aquileiesi, con certificazione dell’avvenuta calibrazione sulla base dei pesi ufficiali conservati presso il tempio dei castori a roma, illuminano un altro importante tassello della fervente vita commerciale della colonia: la necessità di garanzia ed esattezza assicurata da tali manufatti, che diventano metafora della longa manus dell’Urbs.

After a long series of investigations and fortuitous findings, a recent “excavation” in the warehouses of aquileia’s archaeological museum has led to the collection of an extraordinary corpus of metallic and stone balance weights whose many of them were inscribed. the information provided by the inscriptions, which were mainly of practical nature, enable the comprehension of the ancient retail trade’s organization. in fact, indications like the weight, the owner’s names’ abbreviations and numbers (which probably show the position of the artefacts within series of pondera used in the same place), reveal how the celerity of the weight’s identification was essential in the ancient trade. in that way, the inscribed weights’ informative potential spreads to a larger reality. the pondera examinata of aquileia, whose the official weight calibration is based on the specimens kept in the temple of castor in rome, clarify another important element of the aquileia’s intense commercial life: the need of guarantee and accuracy insured by these artefacts, that become a metaphor of the rome’s longa manus.

Horbat Be'er Shema', located in the Western Negev of southern Israel, is the Roman-Byzantine site of Berzamma/Birsama. An excavation carried out by the writers in 2006 revealed the presence of an industrial quarter with a winepress, warehouse, traces of pottery kilns and other structures, all of which were dated to the Late Byzantine period (5th-7th century CE). The excavation also revealed remains of the Early Islamic period and occupation in the 20th century.

Metal objects which are one of the most prominent discoveries of humankind has entered into the life of humans with copper which is easily accessible in nature. Since Anatolia is rich in regard to mineral
deposits, people have always been able to access mines easily. In pre-historic times, people using flint stones, obsidians and bones as well as wood collected copper and started doing objects. Since metal
materials are more durable compared to other things and easier to be formed, they were improved quickly in the life of human beings. Later metal materials were regarded as the major signifier of wealth, definitive
in wars and the assistant of being garnished which stems from the feeling of human beings that is being liked. All those factors contributed to the increase and improvement of metal material use with the help
of technological factors for ages. In this context, Parion excavations also contribute to the data in use and improvement of metal materials. Metal materials which have been unearthed in theater excavations since
2006 have contributed a lot to the data associated with metal use.
The aim of this study is to highlight the changes and practices of theater in ages by means of comparing the metal artifacts with similar samples and introducing them to the scientific world as well as evaluating
the layer and the context materials where the artifacts were unearthed. As well as giving information about the structure of theater, these metal artifacts help us to understand the socio-economic state of Parion.

Dieting is one of the most onerous tasks that individuals take for losing weight. But there is no surety that weight loss would arrive despite hard efforts. If metabolism is slow, then every effort would go off a waste one, and you would feel frustrated in the end. To speed up the metabolic rate of the body human body requires healthy ketosis, and that triggers only with the utilization of dietary supplements. The market is loaded with varieties of brands, but only a few of them work in real. Radiant Swift Keto is an exceptional weight loss formula that claims to eliminate unwanted fat compound of the body and boosts ketosis. The blend of organic ingredients drives 100% safe results, and the bottle is now available for a free trial bottle. We would now discuss some salient features of the pills in a short review described below. https://timesforeducation.com/radiant-swift-keto-bhb-reviews/

The Archaeological Museum in Split holds seven square-shaped Greek lead weights which, based on the uniformity of their style, their symbols, legends and weights, undoubtedly belong to the Attic metrological system. These weights bear relief images of a shield, an amphora, a tortoise, and a crescent and half-crescent moon – the standard array of symbols in the Athenian usual weight system from the Late Archaic to the Late Hellenistic periods. Besides these symbols, three weights have legends designating a third and quarter stater (tritemorion and tetartemorion), and two examples are particularly notable: one bearing the symbol of a shield, and the other with a legend referring to a state guarantee (demosion) – both published here for the first time.

Turn your body into a hyper-efficient fat-burning machine by revving up your metabolism. If you have the power to improve your life in just 30 seconds, would you use it? Well, that power is yours. With the push of a button, you can blend weight loss smoothies and turn your body into a super-e cient fat-burning machine. Weight loss smoothies promote metabolism, tone and de ne muscles, and turn off genes that contribute to fat accumulation and a myriad of chronic health problems. All you need is a blender and a perfect slimming smoothie. What ingredients are in the best weight loss smoothies? Healthy weight loss smoothies are made with the right blend of weight loss foods that are scienti cally proven to reduce body fat. Some of the most common ingredients used in these weight loss smoothies are: Protein Powders for Weight Loss: These powders are low in sugar and other sweeteners, low in calories, high in high-quality protein, and help build metabolism when combined with strength training. Healthy Fats: Healthy fats such as nut butter, avocado, and MCT oil can help slow digestion. Therefore, you can keep your stomach full for a long time and prevent overeating. Dietary Fiber: Eating high-ber ingredients such as chia seeds, axseed, hemp seeds, lush vegetables, and oat will help prevent blood sugar spikes that can cause carbohydrates to accumulate as fat. Low sugar: Fruits are the basis of all smoothies, and because fruits naturally contain sugar, add sweeteners such as honey, orange juice, and frozen yogurt that are only used to add empty calories. is not necessary to. Do smoothies for weight loss actually work? When you replace your standard breakfast with a weight loss smoothie, you can lose weight. On the Zeroberry Smoothie Diet, Fred, a 39-year-old emergency consultant from Katie, Texas, drank Zeroberry Smoothie as part of a weight loss program. "I noticed the results in the rst week, " he says. "It was really great." Fred lost 21 pounds and 5 inches from his waist in the next six weeks. Ohio's Martha Chessler, 52, had the same experience, losing 21 pounds and 7 inches of hips within 40 days. "I saw the results right away, " she says. In fact, in the original Zeroberry test panel of over 500 men and women, many lost up to £ 16 in the rst 14 days. With a collection of carefully selected and extremely powerful Zerobelly Smoothies, you can get these results even faster.

The identification of weights and weight-regulated artefacts is of primary importance for confirming the existence of European Bronze Age value ratios and exchange systems. Until recently, however, no such Bronze Age artefacts had been identified in Britain. Here, statistical analysis identifies-for the first time-Middle and Late Bronze Age balance weights and weight-regulated gold objects from Britain, Ireland and Atlantic France. These finds allow for new interpretations concerning modes of exchange and their significance in Atlantic Europe, further underlining a Continental-and possibly Mediter-ranean-influence on Britain during the late second and early first millennia BC.

The transformation of the protome of a winged horse into a bird-horse on the coins of Lampsacus has already been described by O. Tekin (forthcoming). He could refute the older interpretations as a hippalektryon or a hippocampus. But what does it mean that the polis Lampsacus modified its parasemon, i.e. its official symbol? There is no other case for such a modification of a parasemon. How did the modification of the coin designs of the originally protome influence the market weights and the document reliefs of Lampsacus? The dating of that modification might in turn allow us to date the other instrumenta publica of Lampsacus. The presentation includes all known official objects.
Its aim is to show that the different instrumenta publica effected each other along the chronological development of this parasemon from the protome to the bird-horse.

A flood in 2009 in the Kayıkbaşı (Üçburgu)-Gökçebey/Tefen district where is nearly on the southern border of Tios, allowed the remains of a construction to come to light that calls to mind a customs warehouse along with the Filyos (Billaios) River where it meets with the Devrek (Ladon) River. As a result of the surface surveys and the archaeological excavations that were conducted in the area between 2010-2015, a great deal of potteries, amphora handles, coins and lead weigths came to light. Six Roman lead weights has been found in this area since 2010 and eight are known from the auction and epigraphic catalogues (without the findspot) which have the same features in terms of shape but different in size. These Roman weights of Tios bear the depictions of the busts of “Zeus and Dionysos”, “Zeus and Hermes”, “kerykeion and axe”, “bell and scales” or “weights and steelyard?” on their each side which are clearly the symbols of the trade. In addition to the names of “boule and demos of Tios”, it is also possible to read the titles and the names of the officials on some of the readable weights. All these lead weights presents us a clue about the function of the construction and the river, land and maritime trade of Tios.

The study departs from recent suggestions that locally produced balance weights from settlement sites in central Portugal, dated to the Final Bronze Age (1200-900) are based on a Late Bronze Age Syrian/Ugaritic metrological system (13th-12th c. BCE). These proposals have been based on the comparative studies of the weights of these Atlantic objects, but have not been examined rigorously in comparison with Near Eastern metrological systems, despite the claims they make. This has repercussions for the conclusions drawn so far.
The present study has a threefold aim. First, it examines this hypothesis of a Syrian derivation of metrological systems underlying the local production of balance weights in Atlantic Iberian settlements (ca. 1200-900 BCE). Secondly, it investigates whether these local balance weights bear any metrological relationship to those balance weights of Phoenician typologies encountered in Atlantic Iberian sites of the colonial period (8th-6th c. BCE). Thirdly, taking as a case study the better documented evidence from Alcácer do Sal, it examines for the first time whether these metrological systems, in use for centuries in Atlantic Iberia, underlie the metrologies of the earliest, pre-Roman, locally-minted coinage, which follows Phoenician iconography but is struck using the syllabary of the indigenous languages, developed in the 8th c. BCE as an adaptation of the Phoenician script. The study suggests that the dating of the earliest group of balance weights needs to be lowered.  In addition, it documents a likely derivation of the metrological system of coinage from the Phoenician milieu of Iberia, rather than the 3r dc. BCE Carthaginian metrologies, as advocated so far. This is supported by the metrological continuity between balance weights and coinage,  and the latter's iconography, as the present study documents.

Le département des Monnaies, médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France a récemment fait l’acquisition d’un poids de la cité de Laodicée-sur-Mer sur la côte syrienne. Cet enrichissement du fonds national est l’occasion d’un bref exposé consacré aux poids du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain ainsi que d’une présentation du riche ensemble de ces instruments pondéraux conservés au Cabinet des médailles.

Excavations at Cliffs End Farm undertaken in 2004/5 uncovered a dense area of archaeological remains including Bronze Age barrows and enclosures, a large prehistoric mortuary feature, and a small early 6th to late 7th century Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery. An extraordinary series of human and animal remains were recovered from the Late Bronze Age–Middle Iron Age mortuary feature, revealing a wealth of evidence for mortuary rites including exposure, excarnation and curation. The site seems to have been largely abandoned in the later Iron Age and very little Romano-British activity was identified. In the early 6th century a small inhumation cemetery was established. Very little human bone survived within the 21 graves, where the burial environment differed from that within the prehistoric mortuary feature, but grave goods indicate ‘females’ and ‘males’ were buried here. Richly furnished graves included that of a ‘female’ buried with a necklace, a pair of brooches and a purse, as wel...

Lead rectangular balance weight (ΠΛ 502). Derived from the site of Tria Platania of the Macedonian Olympus region, in southern Pieria. It was found during the excavations in a farmhouse of the Hellenistic period, with a large central courtyard and a tower, which took place between 1999 and 2000. It is entirely preserved, although with oxidization and limited wear. A circular impressed seal can be seen in the middle of its upper surface. It was used as a counterweight on a commercial scale for measuring the various products. The seal on its upper surface is probably a stamp of government officials, who inspected the weights. This particular one dates between the late 4th century and the first quarter of the 3rd century B.C. Dimensions of the weight: width: 0.038 m, thickness: 0.007 m, weight: 103 g.

Archaeometallurgical characterization of ancient artefacts can reveal a lot about their origin, manufacturing and history. Three copper-based and one lead-based weights from the collection of the Art & History Museum, Brussels, were analysed with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray diffraction. Investigation of the surfaces reveals the oxidation state and the main alloying elements of the corrosion products. This experimental analysis is coupled with the CALPHAD method (www.calphad.org) in order to map the metal structure as function of chemical composition and solidification temperature. It is found that, although very similar in appearance, these weights display very different chemical signatures that point to different manufacturing locations, methods and source material.

Bei Parasema handelt es sich um offizielle Symbole griechischer poleis und Bundesstaaten. Parasema sind als Münzbilder verwendet worden, treten aber darüber hinaus in 13 weiteren offiziellen Gattungen (z. B. Siegel, Urkundenreliefs) auf.
Zum einen gibt der Vortrag einen allgemeinen Einblick in das Phänomen der Parasema und ihre Erforschung. Zum anderen wird am Beispiel von Marktgewichten aus Herakleia Pontike beleuchtet, auf welche Weise antike griechische Münzen zur Identifizierung und Datierung von Parasema beitragen können.

This study deals with the whole collection of the roman weights stored in the National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia. The corpus of pondera is interesting for both the quality of the artefacts and the large number of them: actually it consists of 311 stone weights and 84 metallic weights. The great abundance of weights made possible first  of all a preliminary typological classification of them based on morphology, and then the analysis  of different artefacts' features. In order to focus the attention to their remarkable informative resources, the most examined aspects have been the epigraphy, the provision of the raw material and so also the realization of the weight, the reemployment, the chronology and the connection with the primary context.

Μολύβδινο ορθογώνιο σταθμίο (ΠΛ 502). Προέρχεται από τη θέση Τρία Πλατάνια της περιοχής του μακεδονικού Ολύμπου, στη νότια Πιερία. Βρέθηκε κατά τις ανασκαφικές έρευνες σε αγροικία των ελληνιστικών χρόνων με μεγάλη κεντρική αυλή και πύργο, οι οποίες πραγματοποιήθηκαν κατά το χρονικό διάστημα 1999 έως 2000. Σώζεται πλήρες, οξειδωμένο, αλλά και με περιορισμένες αποκρούσεις. Φέρει κυκλικό εμπίεστο σφράγισμα στο μέσο της άνω επιφάνειας του. Πρόκειται για βάρος μέτρησης των διαφόρων προϊόντων, που χρησιμοποιούταν ως αντιστάθμισμα σε εμπορική ζυγαριά. Το σφράγισμα που διακρίνεται ίσως είναι σφράγισμα κρατικών υπαλλήλων, οι οποίοι έλεγχαν το βάρος των σταθμίων προς αποφυγή εξαπάτησης των αγοραστών. Το συγκεκριμένο χρονολογείται ανάμεσα στα τέλη 4ου αι. και το α' τέταρτο 3ου αι. π.Χ. Διαστάσεις σταθμίου: πλάτος πλευρών: 0,038 μ., πάχος: 0,007 μ., βάρος: 103 γρ.