Ancient Egyptian Pottery

Entre los materiales cerámicos hallados en Tell el-Ghaba, en el antiguo Delta oriental egipcio, se encontraron fragmentos de vasijas reconocidas como “pigeon pots”. Se trata de un tipo de vasija de cuerpo ovoide, manufacturada en arcilla del Nilo, que presenta dos bordes en sus extremos modelados por el alfafero: un borde superior de diámetro mayor y un borde inferior de menor diámetro semejante a la boca de un embudo. En ocasiones, en la parte inferior de la vasija, a pocos centímetros del borde, se encuentra un agujero adicional modelado en torno. Aparecen principalmente en sitios del Delta oriental a partir de la dinastía XX y su uso se difunde durante el Tercer Período Intermedio, incluso en el período Tardío. A partir de esta difusión comienzan a aparecer ejemplares en el Alto Egipto -como en El Amarna y Elefantina.
La problemática del estudio de los “pigeon pots” se debe en parte al estado fragmentario y al número escaso de ejemplares hallados en los diferentes sitios arqueológicos de Egipto y a los diferentes contextos en que fueron encontrados. Al no conservar mayoritariamente su parte superior resulta difícil reconocer este tipo cerámico. Su posible función continúa siendo un tema de debate, podrían haber sido utilizados en la cría de palomas o aves, pero algunos rasgos que aparecen en los fragmentos -tizne o humeado- podrían indicar otros usos.
El objetivo de esta ponencia es establecer la tipología de los “pigeon pots” hallados en Tell el-Ghaba en contextos del Tercer Periodo Intermedio, compararlos con los provenientes de otros sitios contemporáneos -como Tell el-Retaba, Tanis, Kom Firin, entre otros-, y estudiar en qué contextos aparecen en el sitio. Esperamos de este modo contribuir con información adicional a los estudios cerámicos sobre los “pigeon pots” que se realizaron en otros sitios de Egipto.

Women held a prominent position in ancient Egyptian society. She enjoyed an acceptable level of equality with men, which enabled her to participate fully in all aspects of life, and thus she held many important positions in the worldly and religious fields. She worked as a doctor, judge, scribe, priestess, educators, nurse, dresser for the king, heads of royal harems, divine wife, singer, musician, head of the royal treasury, and administrator of rituals. Some women even ascended to the throne, becoming queens such as Merneith (1 st Dynasty), Khentkaus I (4 th Dynasty), Sobekneferu (12 th Dynasty), Hatshepsut (18 th Dynasty), and Tawosret (19 th Dynasty). Although most sports activities were limited to men, and there may have been physical, social or cultural restrictions that prevented women from participating in some violent sports such as wrestling, fencing, boxing and weightlifting. However, this did not prevent women from participating in some sports of strength, flexibility, speed and skill, such as gymnastics, jumping of various types and playing ball. Sports, entertainment and artistic activities were practiced in free time for the purpose of enjoyment, amusement, mental health and physical health, and may have been more available to women of the palace and the upper classes and were individual and collective. Although there was a difference in rights and privileges between the different classes of women, this did not prevent the lower classes from participating in some of these activities, such as swimming, dancing, singing, playing musical instruments, drawing, sculpting, intelligence games, and hunting fish, birds and animals. Women's participation in religious rituals and celebrations was an important part of entertainment. Although there are few scenes and murals depicting women in various sporting and recreational activities, compared to the scenes of men that fill the walls of tombs and temples, they are valuable evidence of the active role of women's participation in sporting and recreational activities in ancient Egypt.

Another winter and spring have passed without any DOP presence at our dig-house in Dakhleh. We are, however, certain that the house still stands, as our friends from the Dakhleh Oasis Trust, Antonia Willis and John O'Carroll, visited Dakhleh in March. The compound required some refurbishment and repairs, especially the roofs, which were weakened by rare but heavy rainfalls. Some rooms, including the kitchen, were paved, and various additional works were done as well. For instance, many rooms were refreshed and are ready to host our missions if the permits were to come. Permits: Several DOP missions have applied for the renewal of their concessions: Tony Mills's mission to 'Ain Birbiyya, the Mut al-Kharab mission led by Colin A. Hope, the Bone Team of Peter Sheldrick and Tosha Dupras, Olaf Kaper's epigraphic mission, and the Petroglyph Unit head-

This work is presented as a continuation of previous writings in which the concept of ‘small finds’ has been problematized and a review of the materials catalogued as small finds for Tell El-Ghaba archaeological site has been systematised and conducted. This urban settlement was occupied between the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period and the Early Saite Period. The focus of this paper is to study the small finds recovered in Building B considering their contextual relationships, characteristics, and possible meanings in a structure defined as domestic. The detailed contextual study of small finds in a domestic context such as Building B aims to contribute to the scarce studies of this matter in the eastern Delta

The Spanish Mission to Dra Abu el-Naga (Proyecto Djehuty) has been working in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Tombs of Djehuty (TT 11) and Hery (TT 12) and their environs since 2002. The excavators uncovered a deposit west of the courtyard of TT 11, consisting of a wrapped ram, a wooden coffin, and a dense deposit of pottery sherds. This is possibly one of the earliest excavated animal burials in the Theban area, and unusual in the fact that it is of a ram. This article focuses on exploring and contextualising this rare find of the late Second Intermediate Period/early New Kingdom.

This paper publishes a selection of ceramics from Theban Tomb 148, the tomb of Amenemope. The tomb dates to the 20th Dynasty, specifically the reigns of Rameses III-V. The work focuses on a broad range of material from different areas of the tomb complex, with an emphasis on ceramics from the burial apartments.

Cette conférence explorera l'évolution des représentations et des cultes de la déesse égyptienne Hathor à travers l'étude de la céramique. En adoptant une perspective diachronique, nous examinons les pièces céramiques datant du Moyen Empire jusqu'à l'époque ramesside, en mettant l'accent sur les objets votifs et ceux utilisés dans les rituels liés à cette déesse.

В статье приведены результаты исследования формовочных масс древнеегипетских светложгущихся сосудов VI-IV вв. до н. э. (эпоха Позднего периода). Сосуды найдены в ходе археологических раскопок Центра египтологических исследований РАН на Ком-Тумане (Мемфис, Египет). Они выполнены из мергельных (известковых) и смешанных глин. Сравнительный анализ описаний глин аналогичных сосудов с других памятников Египта позволил изучить появление и распространение подобной керамики в эпоху Позднего периода.

The paper is devoted to investigation of pottery fabrics dated to the 6th–4th c. BCE (the Late Period). The pottery was discovered in course of archaeological excavations of the Centre for Egyptological studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Kom Tuman (Memphis, Egypt). These vessels were made of marl
and mixed clays. The comparison with fabric descriptions of parallels from other Egyptian sites raise the issue of appearance and distribution of this pottery during the Late Period.

The paper discuses some aspects of ancient Egyptian ceramic technologies in the 7th c. BCE – 2nd c. CE. The hieroglyphic signs in shape of the potters are analysed in order to determine the construction of the potter’s wheel, what kind of the mechanism ancient Egyptian potters used. In conclusion the results of this study are compared with the evidence of depictions dated to the same periods.

Sarah M. rickEttS The Sheikh Muftah cultural unit: insights into social relations with Old Kingdom Egyptians, Dakhleh Oasis and desert surrounds. .. .. Heiko riEmEr Taking the long road: starting investigations on the Darb el-Tawil. . Carlo rindi nuzzolo Broken faces: investigating evidence of regionalism in mummy mask fragments from the Kellis 1 cemetery. .. .. .. .. . .

****Please feel free to contact me if you would like a copy.

Despite varying interpretations regarding the social significance of the phenomenon, the presence of large quantities of locally manufactured Egyptian-style pottery at Late Bronze Age sites throughout the southern Levant has been regarded as a key datapoint for understanding local manifestations of the New Kingdom empire. Treatments have differed but have largely sought to assess whether the forms provide direct evidence for the presence of Egyptians as part of the New Kingdom imperial apparatus. In this paper, I propose a new, multi-level approach for assessing the social significance of Egyptian-style pottery as it pertains to Egypto-Levantine interaction. Drawing on theories of practice, I analyze the phenomenon within three distinct spheres of social interaction: the community of specialists that produced Egyptian-style pottery, the imperial administration that saw to the provisioning of the garrison community, and the garrison community that adopted, adapted, and—at times—rejected the new forms. Using a new radiometric chronology and ceramic data from the garrison site of Jaffa (modern Israel), it is possible to investigate these three social spheres from the earliest Late Bronze Age IB levels exhibiting evidence for Egyptian involvement down to the last decades of Egyptian rule at the end of the 12th century BCE. By examining ceramic production and consumption patterns over time, several key points about social relations at the site can be clarified. First, at the level of the potters, the community of practice that produced Egyptian-style ceramics remained fully separate from their Levantine counterparts over three centuries of imperial occupation at Jaffa. Indeed, the group was potentially derived from itinerant potters from Egypt brought in specifically to supply the garrison and cycled out regularly. At the level of the garrison administration, there seems to have been a certain degree of top-down provisioning wherein a select group of ceramic forms were deemed necessary to sustain specific foodways derived from Egyptian modes of doing. While this top-down initiative likely structured the body of forms made available at the site, it must be separated from the use and appreciation of Egyptian-style forms that occurred on a day-to-day basis. This final social sphere, the garrison population that utilized these ceramic forms, demonstrates dynamic shifts in consumption patterns that often correspond with major—sometimes violent—sociopolitical shifts within the community. These data are joined by a reanalysis of previously published data from Ramesside Beth Shean (modern Israel), which also suggest a similar picture. Collectively, the three spheres reveal a situation wherein the production and consumption of Egyptian-style ceramics must be viewed as an extension of the empire itself, with the availability and desirability of these forms being inseparable from the imperial and colonial institutions that sustained New Kingdom territorial control in the region.

The Dendera-inscription describing ceremonies during the Choiak-festival mentions several times a certain QrH.t Sps. The article explores the Wortfeld of QrH.t and of Sps as well. QrH.t describes raw materials coming out of the earth, including ceramics and thus also vessels made out of clay; in a metaphorical way also primordial creatures and vessels of creation as the egg or the womb. Sps indicates potency; a power to be emerging. In the Choiak-inscription QrH.t Sps is used to designate the material out of which a special figurine next to the better-known ‘corn mummies’ is created, as Maarten Raven has observed, but the same time it points to its function as a vessel or carrier for a number of ingredients out of which the Sps-ability of the figurine emerges, as stressed by Émile Chassinat.

During the late 6th Dynasty, serving sculptures underwent several
significant developments in production and distribution, including
a change in where they were located in the tomb. Previously
housed in the serdab in the superstructure, the sculptures began
to be deposited in the subterranean burial chamber. Previous
explanations for this change in funerary practice have focused on
religious reasons, specifically the growth of the Osirian cult which
caused greater attention to be devoted to the substructure. However,
it is equally important to investigate the historical factors that
may have influenced this development. As these have not yet been
fully considered, this study presents the historical perspective which
should be understood alongside the religious explanations. It is
argued that an increased feeling of insecurity in society contributed
to the burial chamber becoming the preferred location for serving
sculptures. This subterranean location enabled the sculptures to no
longer have any interaction with the living and to give the tomb
owner direct and more secure access to the goods and services they
provided.

In this article we present a unique fragment of
an anthropomorphic vessel that was found in the
Givʿati Parking Lot excavations, located on the
northwestern edge of Jerusalem’s Eastern Hill
(also called “The City of David”; Figs. 1A, 1B)
and discuss its implication for understanding
the nature of the city during the Persian period.
1 While the question of the size and location
of Jerusalem during the Persian period attracts
much scholarly attention, it seems that the nature
of the city is a similarly unresolved issue.
Especially intriguing is the level of connectivity
Jerusalem inhabitants had with surrounding
cultures both economically and culturally. While
quite many small finds, especially locally made
pottery sherds, coins and stamped handles, were
found in Jerusalem and dated to the 5th–early
4th centuries BCE, imported objects from this
period are quite rare, limited usually to a small
amount of simple black burnished Attic pottery
fragments. Jerusalem therefore is perceived by
most scholars to be an isolated small hill site,
centered around the temple and relatively impervious
to outside influence. The finding of a
vessel displaying facial features, of a kind that
is commonly used in Egypt and along the Phoenician
coast, challenges scholarly perception of
the city’s nature.

Médamoud stands as one of the most significant Egyptian marl fabric ceramic production centers known to date. Hundreds of figurines depicting human and animal forms have been unearthed during archaeological excavations conducted in the early 20th century and ongoing excavations. The majority of these figurines are likely the product of local craftsmanship from its pottery workshops. The observed evolution of ceramic fabrics used at Médamoud over more than 2,000 years allows us to provide relative dating for the entire corpus of figurines. This privileged production context makes it possible to trace their provenance and evolution over a long period, providing criteria for dating and cultural and symbolic interpretation.

Upper Egypt has played a significant historical and political role in the growth of the occupation of the Eastern Desert and its seaports. This is particularly evident in the ceramic repertoires found at various sites in the region. Thanks to the progress and discoveries that have been made recently in the recognition of different ceramic productions and workshops and particularly in marl fabrics, we can now propose trade and distribution networks that trace the intensity of exchanges from origin to destination. In the framework of the project, Ceramiques Thebaines, developed at the IFAO, new data are available thanks to the combination of archeological finds and archaeometric analyzes that allow a definition of ceramic macroscopic groups and a comparison with published records. The data reveal changes in production and consumption patterns throughout the centuries, which are traceable through specific ceramic productions. From the storage and transport jars found in the Middle Kingdom, through the fine decorated ceramics of the New Kingdom, and moving on to the great expansion of amphorae and other containers in Hellenistic and Roman times, we can shed new light on the trade exchanges and production dynamics of the region over thousands of years.

This study is divided into preface, five sections and a conclusion: Preface: The preface will be composed of a study of the city of Kom-Ombo, and the temple and a focused section on the open court in terms of its location, its general description and the dating of its scenes and texts.

Abstract
Large sets of objects written in the hieratic script were found in several places in Egypt and can be attributed to different periods. Therefore, it is safe to say that the New Kingdom period was the heyday of the objects written in hieratic, which come in various categories. Many Museums throughout the world have these thousands of hieratic objects. Similarly, the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, EMC, contained large sets of various hieratic objects. These specimens were recorded in the main registers of the Museum. There are several objects were also moved to other places such as the Grand Egyptian Museum, GEM, with new inventory numbers. Sometimes, searching for these objects in the EMC was not an easy task for many reasons. Thus, this paper will try, as possible, to track the hieratic collections in the EMC with the history of their accession. The four main records of the Museum will be displayed here as well. It will also tackle the problems that can face the scholars during their searches in the database of the Museum. Based on the category, and the finding spots, the paper will display the hieratic objects, such as Ostraca, Papyri, wooden boards with their numbers and comments attached to them in the registers with their new numbers when they moved to the GEM. A few unpublished hieratic examples will be embodied in this paper as well.

This is the second of two volumes that explores the world of faience figurines in Egypt and the adjacent areas of the Levant and Nubia during the Middle Bronze Age (2100-1550 BC). Its companion volume is titled Miniature Forms as Transformative Thresholds (BMPES 7).
This volume serves as a catalogue raisonné for faience figurines and provides a detailed analysis and description of over 1150 pieces along with their archaeological and museological contexts. The volume is accompanied by numerous drawings, photos, cards, archival material, graphs, tables, maps, and plans.
The research is primarily based on material coming from documented archaeological contexts, with two main unpublished cores from Lisht and Byblos, but also includes material from more than 150 sites. The museological research focuses on three main collections: the Petrie Museum, the British Museum, and the Musée du Louvre, but also encompasses a total of 35 different museums in 33 different cities across Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia, Russia, and the USA, as well as private collections and public auctions.
The volume covers not only faience figurines, but also provides a comprehensive study of the material dimension and culture of the late Middle Kingdom (1850-1650 BC), encompassing a diverse range of object groups, including a large corpus of pottery and stone vessels, as well as information on the people and society from that period.

Les temples égyptiens de Doukki Gel, à Kerma (Soudan), ont été bâtis sous le règne de Thoutmosis Ier, au centre d’un ensemble religieux et cérémoniel du Kerma Classique. Les fouilles du site ont livré de grandes quantités de céramiques, dont l’étude constitue la matière de ce livre.
De concert avec l’analyse stratigraphique et l’épigraphie, l’approche typologique de la poterie, premier axe de recherche, a contribué à la datation de nombreux contextes archéologiques. Par ailleurs, six phases de développement ont été mises en évidence, au sein du corpus céramique du Nouvel Empire, depuis la fin du Kerma Classique. Le second axe de recherche, l’analyse technologique, basée principalement sur le système dit «de Vienne», a permis de définir des variantes locales des pâtes de tradition égyptienne, alors que la tradition Kerma a fait l’objet d’un système de classification particulier. L’étude indique que la grande majorité du matériel des deux traditions était fabriqué localement, et révèle des influences réciproques entre Nubiens et Égyptiens, dues à la situation singulière de ce site.
Une analyse des données quantitatives du matériel récolté dans différents secteurs permet en outre de proposer une identification fonctionnelle des espaces et de la circulation des denrées dans le cadre des activités cultuelles, au sein de trois organisations architecturales successives. Ces données suggèrent également une longue survivance de la tradition Kerma déclinante, à l’échelle locale ou régionale, pendant le Nouvel Empire.

The Egyptian temples at Dokki Gel, Kerma (Sudan), were built during the reign of Thutmose I, in the heart of a Classic Kerma religious and ceremonial compound. The excavations of the site have yielded a huge number of potsherds whose study constitute the focus of this book.
The typological approach, combined with stratigraphic analysis and epigraphy, has allowed the dating of many archaeological contexts. Moreover, six development phases within the New Kingdom ceramic corpus were identified, starting at the end of the Classic Kerma. The technological analysis, relying mainly on the so-called «Vienna System», led to the definition of local variants of egyptian pottery fabrics, whereas the Kerma material had to be classified separately. A large majority of pottery from both traditions was most likely produced locally and shows signs of mutual influences between Nubians and Egyptians.
Analysis of the quantitative data of ceramic assemblages gathered from various sectors brings us to an identification of probable space functions, and movement of commodities within the framework of temple cult ativities and according to three successive architectural organizations. They also suggest a long period of survival of the declining Kerma pottery tradition, during the New Kingdom.

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Année de la campagne : 2020 (7 octobre-5 novembre) Autorité nationale présente : Le ministère du Tourisme et des Antiquités (MoTA) était représenté par Mustafa Muhammed (inspecteur, inspectorat de Kôm Ombo) et restaurateur Emad Abdelaziz (restaurateur, inspectorat de Kôm Ombo) Numéro et intitulé de l'opération de terrain : 17151-Kôm Ombo. Le temple de Haroëris et Sobek à Kôm Ombo : relevés photographiques, mission épigraphique, préservation du site Composition de l'équipe de terrain : L'équipe de terrain était composée de Francoise Labrique (Universität zu Köln), Shafia Bedier (égyptologue, université Ayn Shams), Ali Abdelhalim Ali (égyptologue, université Ayn Shams), Islam Alwakeel (égyptologue, université Ayn Shams), Gael Pollin (photographe, Ifao), Mohammed Abdu (intendant de chantier, Ifao), Muhammed Husein (ouvrier, Gourna), Muhammed Qaed (ouvrier, Gourna), Mustafa Qaed (ouvrier, Gourna), Waled Shafie (ouvrier, Beni Souef), Karam Ahmed (ouvrier, Kôm Ombo) et Saleh Mahmoud (ouvrier, Kôm Ombo). Partenariats institutionnels : La mission bénéficie du soutien de l'Universität zu Köln et du l'université Ayn Chams. Organismes financeurs : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1 Le programme prévu pour la mission d'octobre 2020 a été réadapté aux circonstances affectées par la pandémie.

Los hornos L0402 y L0404 (Fig. 5) eran adyacentes; cada uno consistía en un contenedor de cerámica en cuyo interior había alfarería tanto fina como de uso cotidiano, restos de peces, carbones, ceniza y arcilla. L0404 apoyaba sobre un lente de arcilla. El horno L0383 (Figs. 6, 7 y 8) consistía en un contenedor de cerámica que, a su vez, había sido colocado en una matriz arcillosa de 3 cm de espesor. Se le había colocado encima una roca con fines de protección o, más probablemente, para regular la abertura y disminuir la pérdida de calor. La combustión había oxidado el sedimento interior; correspondientemente, había poco carbón. De él se recuperaron restos de peces y fragmentos de cerámica. El horno L0387 (Fig. 6) se construyó de manera similar al anterior, disponiendo una matriz de arcilla de unos 3 cm de espesor en torno de un recipiente cerámico; pero contaba con un canalículo de drenaje 250 CRIVELLI MONTERO-LUPO-KOHEN ANTIGUO ORIENTE

Abstract of the presentation on Latopolite cryptography for the International Conference "Conceptualizing Sacred Languages and Their Visual Inimitability", organised by the Arab-German Young Academy of Sciences and Humanities (AGYA) and held at the SOAS University of London.

Année de la campagne : 2019 (10 mars-5 mai) Numéro et intitulé de l'opération de terrain : 17132-Fouille du site portuaire du ouadi el-Jarf Composition de l'équipe de terrain : L'équipe était composée de Pierre Tallet (égyptologue, chef de mission,

The article publishes and analyzes six pottery vessels found by the Nubian Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1962 at the site of Khor Daoud (Southern Egypt) and subsequently transferred under the agreement with the Egyptian government to the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Four jars are Egyptian in shape and are
typical for the Naqada culture; the other two can be characterized as Nubian; the dating of this group of pottery fits into the interval of Naqada IIB–IIIA (3600–3200 BC). Taking into account the nature of finds in Khor Daoud, which is located within the area of the Nubian A-Groups Culture, the site should be interpreted as a trading post where goods from Egypt, the region of the middle reaches of the Nile and the Nubian Desert were exchanged

Los hornos L0402 y L0404 (Fig. 5) eran adyacentes; cada uno consistía en un contenedor de cerámica en cuyo interior había alfarería tanto fina como de uso cotidiano, restos de peces, carbones, ceniza y arcilla. L0404 apoyaba sobre un lente de arcilla. El horno L0383 (Figs. 6, 7 y 8) consistía en un contenedor de cerámica que, a su vez, había sido colocado en una matriz arcillosa de 3 cm de espesor. Se le había colocado encima una roca con fines de protección o, más probablemente, para regular la abertura y disminuir la pérdida de calor. La combustión había oxidado el sedimento interior; correspondientemente, había poco carbón. De él se recuperaron restos de peces y fragmentos de cerámica. El horno L0387 (Fig. 6) se construyó de manera similar al anterior, disponiendo una matriz de arcilla de unos 3 cm de espesor en torno de un recipiente cerámico; pero contaba con un canalículo de drenaje 250 CRIVELLI MONTERO-LUPO-KOHEN ANTIGUO ORIENTE

Résumé : La terre occupe une place prédominante dans la civilisation égyptienne antique. Cultivée par les paysans, elle est aussi employée comme matériau de construction, pour la confection des céramiques, pour sceller des contenants ou des lettres, mais aussi pour la confection de cataplasmes. Quelques scènes dépeintes dans les tombes permettent d’appréhender le travail de cette matière et donnent un aperçut des différentes chaînes opératoires. Le travail de la terre est aussi mentionné dans la Satire des métiers, un texte littéraire connu, par des copies du Nouvel Empire (1539-1069 av. J.-C.), qui décrit de manière satirique le travail des artisans notamment celui du potier. Loin d’être une description naturaliste des activités du potier égyptien, ce texte a été rédigé par des scribes et pour des scribes afin de valoriser la maîtrise de l’écrit. Cependant, grâce à la richesse du vocabulaire et aux expressions employées, l’auteur donne l’image de l’environnement direct de l’artisan à travers l’usage de mots exprimant le geste et la matière.

Abstract:
Earth played a predominant role in ancient Egyptian civilisation. Cultivated by the peasants, it was also used as a building material, to make ceramics, to seal containers or letters, but also to make poultices. Some scenes depicted in the tombs (so-called “daily life scenes”) allow us to understand the work of this material and give an overview of the different chaînes opératoires. The work of clay is also mentioned in the Satire of the Trades, a literary text known from copies dated to the New Kingdom (1539-1069 BC), which describes in a satirical way the work of craftsmen, including that of the potter. Far from being a naturalistic description of the Egyptian potter's activities, this text was written by scribes and for scribes in order to enhance the mastery of the written word. However, thanks to the richness of the vocabulary and the expressions used, the author gives an image of the craftsman's direct environment through the use of words expressing the gesture and the material.

This paper presents a glimpse into the earliest settlement of the ancient town of Kom Ombo discovered by the Egyptian-Austrian mission. In area s/9 North, the rubbish from a settlement dating to the second half of the 2nd Dynasty was excavated. This refuse ran over the Nile bank and as a result the eastern bank of the river gradually shifted westwards. Subsequently, the area was levelled, and the first architectural structures, dating from the late 2nd to the early 3rd Dynasty were built. The dating of the phases is based on the pottery, which has its closest parallels with material from Elephantine. On seal impressions found here in phase 19, the title ḥm-nzw and trian- gular labels abound, while those of phase 18 display only the title mjtr/mjtr.t. This indicates a change in the function of area s/9 North from dumped material from a (royal?) foundation to an Old Kingdom urban quarter.

Los hornos L0402 y L0404 (Fig. 5) eran adyacentes; cada uno consistía en un contenedor de cerámica en cuyo interior había alfarería tanto fina como de uso cotidiano, restos de peces, carbones, ceniza y arcilla. L0404 apoyaba sobre un lente de arcilla. El horno L0383 (Figs. 6, 7 y 8) consistía en un contenedor de cerámica que, a su vez, había sido colocado en una matriz arcillosa de 3 cm de espesor. Se le había colocado encima una roca con fines de protección o, más probablemente, para regular la abertura y disminuir la pérdida de calor. La combustión había oxidado el sedimento interior; correspondientemente, había poco carbón. De él se recuperaron restos de peces y fragmentos de cerámica. El horno L0387 (Fig. 6) se construyó de manera similar al anterior, disponiendo una matriz de arcilla de unos 3 cm de espesor en torno de un recipiente cerámico; pero contaba con un canalículo de drenaje 250 CRIVELLI MONTERO-LUPO-KOHEN ANTIGUO ORIENTE

Spanish mission has been working at Dra Abu el-Naga North since 2002. To the southwest of the open courtyard of the tomb-chapel of Djehuty (TT 11), a Middle Kingdom rock-cut tomb was unearthed. The study of the pottery found attests the re-use of the funerary space for at least 1,400 years. The material resting on the lower layers of the filling of the tomb could be interpreted as the first use, during the 12th Dynasty. It is possible that a short phase of re-use was present in the late Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediated Period. The next pottery phase recorded could be dated at the end of the Second Intermediated Period or the early 18th Dynasty. This phase is represented by some red polished bottles, jars and bottles with thick incised wavy lines, and some big jars in Marl B fabric, which are common among the ritual and funerary pottery in Dra Abu el-Naga, during this time period. It is very likely that during the reign of Thutmose III the burial was re-used again, according to some fragments of the socalled "simili" jars and other jars with bichrome decoration, one of them painted with big lotus flowers. Finally, the most extensive phase of re-use was probably at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Late Period. Large number of fragments of big storage jars showing a big white painted band on the surface and some vessels in Marl clays were found.

Since 2017, archaeological excavations on the behalf of the French mission of Medamoud (IFAO/MEAE/Sorbonne) have been underway at the site of Medamud with the aim of understanding the urban development of this Upper Egyptian city and its relationship with the temple of Montu. But another of its objectives is the study of ceramic production at the site, which is one of the most important in Egypt, with the production in marl clay documented from at least the 2nd Intermediate Period and up to the Byzantine period. During these excavations, at least six pottery kilns dating from the 18th to the 25th Dynasty was discovered in a test pit to the southwest of the temple. Next to the 18th Dynasty kiln, a large floor has been documented, which is composed of thousands of ceramic fragments from the kiln's production waste. All of them are made of Marl A4 and Marl A2 fabrics and all of them are homogeneously dated to around the end of the 18th Dynasty. Among them are several fragments decorated in blue from the same production.
The aim of this paper is to present new data that allow us to propose Medamud as one of the first sites where the production of such a sophisticated type of pottery can be documented, and to offer some reflections on its production and distribution throughout Egypt.

(inspecteurs des antiquités), Mohammed Abd el-Basset Ahmed (inspecteur de la restauration) et Dr Ashraf Mohamed Abd el-Samiah Abdel-wahed (inspecteur des travaux de carottages sédimentaires) représentaient le ministère du Tourisme et des Antiquités (MoTA). Numéro et intitulé de l'opération de terrain : 17111-Taposiris Magna et Plinthine, deux villes de Maréotide Composition de l'équipe de terrain : Bérangère Redon, historienne, archéologue et

Depuis 2011, la mission française de Médamoud a repris la recherche sur le terrain en suivant trois objectifs complémentaires : tout d’abord, étudier les secteurs inexplorés du kôm entourant le temple, afin de comprendre son environnement urbain, économique et social ; ensuite, réexaminer la documentation issue des fouilles du début du xxe siècle dont les résultats doivent être précisés et actualisés ; enfin, assurer la mise en valeur du site. Cependant, à la demande du ministère du Tourisme et des Antiquités, l’exploration archéologique s’est concentrée cette année sur le secteur du temple. En effet, il nous a été demandé d’étudier en priorité le tronçon ouest de l’enceinte augustéenne dans le but de la dégager et de la restaurer pour une mise en valeur du site. De ce fait, un seul secteur de fouilles a été ouvert, entre la porte de Tibère au nord et une petite porte anépigraphe au sud (appelée « poterne » dans la documentation ancienne). L’investigation du kôm antique a été poursuivi par l’étude du matériel issu des campagnes antérieures et nous avons, en particulier, pu compléter l’analyse de la production d’un des ateliers (ensemble 1) fouillé entre 2018 et 2021. La réouverture de la fouille de ce secteur a déjà été autorisée pour l’année 2023. Outre les activités archéologiques et d’étude, la campagne de 2022 a poursuivi les travaux de mise en valeur du site par la restauration des maçonneries du temple, dont un nouveau tronçon a été complété, ainsi que la construction du musée en plein air dont les premières pièces ont pu être installées sur les banquettes construites à cet effet. Enfin, nous avons préparé un plan de conservation de l’enceinte augustéenne à partir de son étude architecturale, qui sera mis en œuvre dès 2023.

Année de la campagne : 2019 (10 mars-5 mai) Numéro et intitulé de l'opération de terrain : 17132-Fouille du site portuaire du ouadi el-Jarf Composition de l'équipe de terrain : L'équipe était composée de Pierre Tallet (égyptologue, chef de mission,

Potsherds recovered from the Saqqara-Memphis floodplain in Egypt, dated according to their typology and radiocarbon dating of the included sediments, are analysed geochemically and mineralogically to identify source materials and fabrication characteristics. Pottery layers were identified and potsherds were recovered from several settlement levels. Sherd typology was used to identify sherds from four periods (the Old and New Kingdoms, and from the Late Period to the Ptolemaic). The Pharaonic pieces were found at depths of between 8 and 12 m and the later material was between 6 and 3 m. Chemical analyses of the potsherds revealed three main source materials: local Nile silt, marl clay and mixed Nile silt-marl. Two marl clay types were recognized: marl clay from Upper Cretaceous marine sediment and another one from Late Pliocene deltaic sediments. The mineralogical composition of the pottery samples shows that the estimated firing temperature was about 850-900°C. No consistent differences in sherd mineralogy and geochemistry were found according to pottery types, so that the ancient Egyptian potters used essentially the same materials throughout the Pharaonic period. However, this initial study has revealed the existence of extensive pottery-rich occupation sites buried within the Nile floodplain deposits between Memphis and Saqqara.

The excavation by the Japanese archaeological mission from Waseda University at a rocky outcrop in Northwest Saqqara yielded a number of terracotta and clay statues in two rock-cut chambers on the southeastern slope of the outcropping.They were found with fragments of wooden statues, a number of MiddleKingdom pottery sherds, and plant micro remains. The most distinguished statuary among them are those representing a lioness goddess, which will be the main topic of this article.
Four terracotta statues and two clay statues depicting either a lioness goddess or lioness were found in a rock-cut chamber, while the remaining clay lioness goddess statues were found in a separate rock-cut chamber. Notably, one of the terracotta statues was inscribed with the Horus name and prenomen of Khufu, along with the prenomen of Pepy I. They were found with Middle Kingdom pottery, but the statues themselves were apparently repaired several times in antiquity.
In this article, I will reconstruct the life history of these lioness goddess
statues from the Fourth Dynasty to the end of the Middle Kingdom and relate itto the cult of the lioness goddess in this part of the Memphite Necropolis. First,I will explain the archaeological context of the lioness goddess statuary with the other associated finds. Second, I will describe their style, date, reuse, collapse or destruction, ancient restorations, rearrangement and ritual burial. Finally, I will propose the nature of the cult of lioness goddess at this remote outcropping at Northwest Saqqara.

Pottery manufacture considered one of the most important industries whose production throughout the ages has contributed to the definition of specialists (Ceramologists, Archaeologists and Anthropologists…ets) in the modern era to the nature of the activities of ancient societies, and the different relationships between their people. From this point of view, the study of ancient Egyptian pottery has gained wide importance since the beginning of the twentieth century until now; in order to derive as much information as possible about the nature of the Egyptian society in its ancient history with its different eras and stages of its civilizational development. In the same context, Egypt was famous for the availability of several types of clay that represent the raw material for the pottery manufacture. One of the most famous of these types is Marl Clay, which was and is still available in different parts of the country. Accordingly, this research focused on shedding light on some areas of Upper Egypt, those that were famous for the availability of marl clay and had enormous production of it during the Ptolemaic era. That was based on many archaeological studies that dealt with the production of Egyptian marl pottery in the relevant period.

The Ogdoad (xmnw) were the original eight great deities, who were primarily worshipped at Hermopolis, but their aspects of the creation were combined in other areas with existing myths. They were thought to have helped Thoth with creation, then died and retired to the land of the dead where they continued to make the Nile flow and the sun rise every day. Hermopolis means "the city of Hermes" in Greek. The Greeks gave it that name because it was a major cult center of the god Thoth who they associated with their god Hermes, but the Egyptians knew it as xmnw (the City of the Eight). The name survived into Coptic as (Shmounein), from which the modern name, El Ashmunein, is derived. It was the capital of the Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt and now it is considered a village of El Minia government (approximately 300 km south Cairo). Each pair of the Ogdoad represented the male and female aspects of the four creative powers or sources, represents also an aspect of the primordial chaos out of which the world was created. They all came into being at the same time. Nun and Naunet represent the primordial water's, Kuk and Kauket represent the infinite darkness, Heh and Hauhet represent empty space, and Amun and Amunet represent quintessence, or the secret powers of creation. The gods are usually depicted as men with the heads of frogs, the goddesses as women with the heads of snakes. Together

This study examines Egyptian ceramic production in the Eastern Delta, particularly several vessels manufactured in marl fabrics attributed to Marl F found at Tell el Ghaba, a Third Intermediate Period–early Saite settlement on the eastern border. A characterisation of TG 12, TG 14, and TG 55/60 fabrics performed under binocular lens is presented, as well as a description of their morphological and decorative repertoire. It is suggested that these sandy fabrics can be closely tied to the Marl F group, as they reflect a technological tradition in pottery production typical of the Eastern Delta and North Sinai that may have persisted from the Second Intermediate Period until at least the Saite period. The fabric typology shows the production of local shapes, along with imitations of imported vessels from the Levant and Cyprus different from those previously recognised in older sites.

All scholars with an interest in all aspects of Egyptology are cordially invited to participate in the Tenth European Conference of Egyptologists. Egypt 2023: Perspectives of Research (X ECE). The conference will be held at the Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland, from the 12th to the 16th of June 2023.
As in the previous editions, the conference is also open to the young generations of Egyptologists (MA required), who will have a great opportunity for sharing their research with more experienced scholars, in an environment that will hopefully stimulate the growth and refinement of our discipline.
The main focus is currently undergoing research in all fields of Egyptology, such as:

- history and chronology from prehistory to the Arab conquest
- archaeological research
- artefacts (analysis, interpretation, iconography, typology etc)
- museum collections
- language and literature
- art
- mythology and religion
- anthropology, forensic and radiological research
- archaeobotany, palaeozoology and palaeoecology
- history of Egyptology
- Aegyptiaca, Egyptomania and reception of ancient Egypt

Each presentation shall last 20 minutes. The official language of the conference is English.
The deadline for submission of abstracts is the 31st of December 2022, with notification of acceptance by the 1st of February 2023. Abstracts should consist of no more than 500 words and should also contain 3 to 5 keywords. Please send the application to: [email protected]

In this paper we will report on the importance of 3D documentation as a tool for study and communication in Cultural Heritage, with particular reference to the experience grown up at Centro Conservazione e Restauro La Venaria Reale (in the text: CCR La Venaria Reale) and to its application on Egyptian artefacts. We will focus on the purpose-built virtual viewer, set up in order to solve specific operational needs of the working group. We will consider for that significant case studies for innovation that 3D technology has brought in terms of streamlining processes and sharing results. We will also focus on technical advantages obtained by the realization of a 3D model of the remains of a 22 dynasty cartonnage, found by the Italian Archaeological Mission at the area of the Temple of Millions of Years of Amenhotep II (Luxor, West bank, Egypt), and on the benefit in using 3D documentation on archaeological excavations.

The site of Medamud is of particular importance to Egyptology as one of the first sites where, from relatively early times, it was possible to document a chronological succession of sanctuaries in the same cultic space. This influence has been passed on through a variety of works and research projects that have made ancient MAdw an essential historical and religious reference point.
Against this backdrop, this book, based on a study of the ceramics unearthed during archaeological excavations at Medamud itself between 1925 and 1939, has been developed around three complementary lines of study:
1. Contextualising the pottery.
2. Dating the architectural structures.
3. Systematisation of ceramic production in the context of local industry.
The first of these aims to restore the ceramic pieces that have been preserved and studied to their initial contexts, taking into account, as far as possible, the nature and detail of the contexts unearthed during successive excavation campaigns, whether in specific areas within the enclosure of the temple of Medamud itself, or in other areas of the kôm. Logically, given the archaeological nature of our research, we would have expected to be able to assign well-defined stratigraphic horizons to the ceramic material. However, due to the methodological shortcomings inherent in the excavation period, stratigraphic references are still non-existent. Despite this, this methodological gap did not discourage us from making inferences about the dating of the original contexts that could be identified.
In fact, studies focusing on data and objects from ancient excavations are nothing new in this scientific field. We refer to examples inspired by the purely historical orbit, such as D. Arnold's re-evaluation of the beginning of the XIIth dynasty at Thebes on the basis of the furniture discovered by Winlock at the beginning of the 20th century. Or, on the other hand, from a purely ceramological approach, though no less historical, the studies carried out by J. Bourriau based on funerary furnishings from various necropolises hastily excavated between the 19th and 20th centuries, with the aim of examining in greater depth the historical development of the Second Intermediate Period.
Consequently, the first main line of our research work is to gather precise and detailed descriptions of all the archaeological work carried out in order to expose all the data from which it is possible to obtain information. At the same time, we are reconstructing, as far as possible, the original groups of ceramic materials found in each of the contexts identified. As a first result, we have been able to visualise and understand the environment in which the pieces were found, so that we can propose a new interpretation and, if necessary, a better dating. One of the contributions of our study was to be able to identify and associate the finds of numerous terracotta figurines from different periods, as distinct products of the ceramic workshops that developed in Medamud, or to understand them as examples of the magico-religious beliefs that the population attributed to certain ceramic representations, from the Pharaonic period to the Byzantine period, depositing them near places of worship.
At the same time, the second line of study, parallel but complementary to the first, proposes a new reading of the architectural or archaeological context in which the various ceramic pieces were found. This was achieved by means of new identifications and classifications of the analysis and study of the objects unearthed, in accordance with the most recent publications on the subject. Despite the difficulties inherent in research that is based almost exclusively on material from ancient excavations, and therefore lacking in many cases most of the initial data, this study has enabled us to verify how a detailed and meticulous analysis, in this case of ceramics, can lead to the re-evaluation of important historical events or monuments. In this case, we are referring to one of the most remarkable historical phases in Medamud, reflected in the discovery of one of the oldest (and numerically under-represented) sanctuaries in the province, known as the "Primitive Temple".
Discovered during the last two excavation campaigns, in 1938 and 1939, with very unusual architectural features and without any epigraphic remains or written testimonies that could have helped with its interpretation, the location of this temple in the lowest level encountered so far on the site, as well as the strangeness attributed to the numerous ceramics that were unearthed right next to it, had the effect of dating it to the Old Kingdom period. Taking into account both the historical and chronological importance, as well as the technical knowledge of the ceramics, revisiting the study of the material from these excavations is one of the most interesting contributions of this book. We were confronted by the absence of the original ceramic pieces from the so-called "primitive temple", with the exception of some that are still preserved at the IFAO. However, thanks to the study of these pieces and the analysis of the original drawings of the main batch of ceramics uncovered, which are held at the University of Milan, it has been possible to provide a new dating and a better understanding of this complex. We are now in a position to assert that all the ceramics discovered in the context of the "primitive temple" of Medamud belong to a chronological range that encompasses the second half of the 11th Dynasty and the beginnings of the 12th Dynasty, a date that is relatively close to that of the temple that was erected in its place at the time of Sesostris III. In addition, most of the pieces unearthed correspond to ritual or funerary types, which are consistent with the context of a sanctuary. On the other hand, these new considerations contradict the earlier interpretation that most of the ceramic material consisted of bread moulds.
Still through this second line of research, we were able to verify and conclude how, on occasion, the historical prejudices of the time, as well as the preconceived ideas of the researchers who worked at Médamoud (mainly Fernand Bisson de la Roque, Clément Robichon and Alexandre Varille) were reflected in their historical conclusions, and ultimately had a lasting effect on the history of the site, since their considerations are still passed on today in Egyptology works. One example is the association that Bisson de la Roque made between certain building materials and periods in the site's history. On numerous occasions, throughout the chapters devoted to the archaeological work at Medamud, we come across statements attributing all the buildings made of terracotta bricks to the Byzantine period. Both the current scientific works on architecture that have dealt with this issue, and our study and analysis of the ceramic objects that were found in relation to these structures, have shown that in most cases the interpretation and dating were not correct, and that the chronology of these buildings could be dated back to previous centuries, and that, particularly in the case of Medamud, the Byzantine settlement reused earlier structures built in this type of material. In some cases, these new dates may have contributed to a reinterpretation that is both cultural and religious, implying, for example, that the temple of Medamud in the Greco-Roman period may have had important administrative, artisanal or productive installations around the sanctuary; however, these installations were not perceived by Bisson de la Roque because they were identified as "simple Coptic houses".
The ceramic materials recovered have been compared with the archaeological and architectural descriptions in the light of the most recent academic publications. Thanks to this overall study, a number of sectors have proved particularly useful in understanding life (in and around) a temple such as that of Medamud. One of the most fruitful was the south-western sector of the temple enclosure, excavated in 1930 and which, according to Bisson de la Roque's description, could be divided into three chronologically and culturally superimposed 'layers'. Indeed, after the present analysis, we can see that this zone of the sacred enclosure is extremely interesting for understanding the transformation of space in the sacred area of a temple over several millennia, and this has far exceeded the interpretations proposed by its inventor.