Analogue Modeling

Chocolate-tablet boudins of quartzite are restricted to steep limbs of D1-folds along the SW coast of Portugal. The chocolate-tablet geometry results from older vertical and younger horizontal quartz veins. Both sets of veins developed during similar conditions by extension fracture in pre-existing necked domains: (1) both veins show stretched crystal fibers; (2) the boudin aspect ratio is the same in vertical (3.0 ± 1.4) and in horizontal sections (2.9 ± 1.2); (3) temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions are similar (200 ± 20° for vertical and 230 ± 22 °C for horizontal veins) and are compatible with temperatures obtained from illite crystallinity (ca. 200–ca. 250 °C). Given thermal equilibrium between the host rock and the precipitating fluid, the chocolate-tablet boudins formed close to the metamorphic peak. We interpret that the vertical veins developed after the limbs of the D1-folds had attained their steep attitude and the orientation of the greatest and intermediate principal strain axes had interchanged. Subsequently, the initial strain field was restored and opening of horizontal veins led to the chocolate-tablet geometry. The direction of the main shortening direction was constant from the initial buckling stage via isoclinal folding and during all boudinage stages.► The paper deals with chocolate-tablet boudins well exposed in 3D. ► The boudin aspect ratio (ca. 3) is the same in horizontal and vertical sections. ► Vertical and horizontal fractures of neck domains developed in sequence. ► Boudinage occurred during progressive shortening close to the metamorphic peak.

With the urban and industrial growth, many evolving countries suffer from excessive air pollution. The growing concern about air pollution has been raised by the government and people because it affects individual's health and sustainable development globa interpose and forecast air pollution for the whole city. for air quality forecasting based on 1D CNN, Bi the PM2.5 dataset taken from UCI Machine Learning Repository. traditional deep learning models,

This scientific paper will cover the process of creating two 3D objects, accompanied by a brief history of 3D printing technology, designing the model in CAD software, saving in appropriate format supported by the 3D printer, features of technology and the printer, materials from which the object can be made and examples where the products created by the 3D printing process can be applied. The printing of models was made by the studio "Xtrude Design & 3D Print" in Skopje. Two 3D models have been printed. A creative model of intertwined 4 triangles in STL file format has been made, which will be transferred and printed with PLA material. The model with the heart on the stand is printed with popular FDM process also with PLA material which is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Both models are printed on Anet A8 3D printer. Different printing times, layer thicknesses and cost price of producion we have in our research.

The evolution of mountain belt piedmont is controlled by interactions between tectonics, erosion and sedimentation. To study coupling between these processes, we analyze morphometric data collected in the eastern Tian Shan piedmont (NW China) and develop a new analogue modelling technique. The modeling approach uses an experimental set-up and analog material specifically designed to study simultaneously tectonic structures (faults, folds), detailed morphology (drainage basins, channels, alluvial fans, etc.) and stratified sedimentation. Measurement techniques based on laser interferometry and image correlation are also developed to quantify the topographic and kinematic evolution of models.
Our experiments allow a new approach for the study of piedmont morphotectonic evolution. Our results indicate that tectonics mainly controls this evolution. The propagation of deformation and the formation of relief both significantly influence the development of drainage networks, the evolution of drainage basins and the formation of morphotectonic markers. Particularly, a study of alluvial fans and watershed metrics suggests that there is a dynamical equilibrium between uplift, erosion and morphology. In addition, our results show that terrace nucleation is controlled by thrust activity and hydrography adjustments. Folding of terraces responds to a homothetic deformation pattern.
This new methodology brings promising perspectives in the fields of geomorphology, seismotectonics and sedimentology.

Analog sandbox models have been set up to study the impact of syntectonic erosion on thrust wedges with one and two décollement levels. Different accretion mechanisms are activated depending on interactions between surface processes and wedge mechanics: frontal accretion, backthrusting, underthrusting and underplating due to décollement induced duplex formation at depth. These mechanisms may function simultaneously, being located at different parts across the wedge. For all the experiments, a high friction is imposed at the base of models and the volume of eroded material remains equal to the volume of newly accreted material, maintaining a constant surface slope during the shortening. Erosion limits the forward propagation of thrust wedges and favors the underthrusting of basal layers allowing duplex formation. Erosion promotes development of major backthrusts in the thrust wedges without or with one décollement, but no backthrusts was formed in the wedges with two décollements. Slow erosion allows lower extent of basal underthrusting in comparison with regular-rate erosion. Variations in the erosion taper lead to changes in duplex geometry and exhumation rate in thrust wedges with one or two décollements. The 6°erosion taper promotes formation of antiformal stack at the rear part of thrust wedge, high rate of basal underthrusting and high extent of erosional removal. The cover layers are nearly completely eroded above the antiformal stack and form the synformal klippe in frontal part of thrust wedges. The 8°erosion taper allows development of individual ramp-anticlines and active forward thrusting of cover layers above the décollement and low rate of basal underplating below it, with consequent low extent of erosional removal. The results of our experiments support the observations on structural evolution and erosion in the Alberta Foothills of the Canadian Rockies.

A model of magma propagation in the crust is presented using a series of analogue experiments, where dyed water is injected at a constant flux into layers of solidified gelatine. The gelatine layers are transparent and, when intruded, deform in an almost ideal-elastic manner under the experimental conditions (low gelatine concentration: 2.5 or 3 wt%, and low temperature: 5–10◦C). The upper gelatine layer was 1.0 to 1.5 times stiffer than the lower layer, with either a ‘weak’ or ‘strong’ interface strength between the gelatine layers. The gelatine is seeded with 20–50μm-diameter PMMA-RhB neutrally buoyant particles that are fluoresced by a pulsed, vertical laser sheet centred on the injection point. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to calculate incremental strain and finite strain in the deforming host material as it is intruded. This is mapped in 2D for the developing experimental volcanic plumbing system that comprises a feeder dyke and sill. Since the gelatine deforms elastically, strain measurements correlate with stress. Our results indicate that, for constant magma flux, the moment of sill inception is characterised by a significant magmatic pressure decrease of up to ∼60%. This is evidenced by the rapid contraction of the feeder dyke at the moment the sill forms. Sill propagation is then controlled by the fracture properties of the weak interface, with fluid from the feeder dyke extracted to help grow the sill. Pressure drops during sill inception and growth are likely to be important in volcanic systems, where destabilisation of the magmatic plumbing system could trigger an eruption.

wordpress.com/ Scope & Topics Electrical Engineering: An International Journal (EEIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refered open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Electrical Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical Engineering.

To understand the relationship between volcano deformations, magma overpressure and flank instability, the results of analog experiments of slope instability and ground deformations, recorded by the GBInSAR system on the western flank of the Stromboli volcano during the period 2009-2011 have been analyzed. Analog experiments that consider both the external (accumulation on the slope) and the endogenous (intrusion-related bulging) trigger phenomena. The effect of accumulation on the sub-aqueous slope on the initiation of sub-marine mass movements has been analyzed. By combining the monitoring data with analog modeling, the observed deformations from the combined action of overpressure in the volcanic system and gravity have been related. The results suggest that the superficial movements observed by the GBInSAR system represent the response of the Stromboli volcano to overpressure changes in the conduit. The movements observed on the Sciara del Fuoco were slope instability phenomena where the gravitational component produced a constant creep, while changes in the magma overpressure explain why certain periods are characterized by accelerations, which induce instability on the external flanks of the crater area and in the Sciara del Fuoco and eventually promote failure of the volcanic slopes.

""Large volcanoes tend to be structurally unstable and subject to various forms of deformation and mass wasting. Although morphological changes associated with flank deformation and flank instability are similar on many islands, the details of the structural expression, the fault geometry and the size of the mobile flanks vary significantly. Flank instability on ocean island volcanoes is thought to be related to two principal mechanisms: gravitational spreading and intrusions into a rift zone. In this paper, we first summarize typical structures observed in nature, and then experimentally investigate structures characteristic of volcanic spreading and rift zone intrusions, in order to better understand the interplay of these two mechanisms.

We reproduced unstable, intruding and deforming volcanic flanks in a sand-box and systematically studied faults developing during (i) gravitational spreading, (ii) rift zone intrusion, and (iii) combined spreading and intrusion. We recorded the experiments with a digital camera and measured deformation by applying a digital image correlation technique. This enables us to study high resolution strain fields, locate faults and analyze their related activities. The end-member models show that typical spreading structures are listric normal faults, whereas typical rift zone intrusion structures include a graben at the surface and a subhorizontal detachment at depth. Concurrent or alternating simulations of spreading and rift zone intrusions reveal the interplay of the developed faults; some are hindered while others are more encouraged to slip. For instance, while the pure spreading end-member promotes internal faulting within the unstable flank, the occurrence of rift zone intrusions hinders this type of faulting and hence may even stabilize part of the volcanic flank. We apply this understanding to Kilauea (Hawaii) and Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion) in an attempt to better identify the related mechanisms of intrusions, flank instability and sector collapse. Important implications arise for geological and geophysical field data, such as seismicity or geodetic measurements."

—Visible Light Communication (VLC) as one of wireless technology must be able to offer a good capability as mobile communication system. The signal will be faded when the distance and angle of LED to photo-detector become higher at a certain distance. Other problem at VLC system is light interference noise which is caused by flicker effect from other light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, DC-lamp (i.e. flashlight) and the sunlight. Each of lights have specific carried signal characteristics and it can influences the VLC system. In this paper we offer design of mobile VLC system based on analog domain. We use Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) circuit using commercially available IC and it will be placed at analog front-end receiver side. AGC can self-adjust its gain according to the input signal amplitude. We also design ana-log filter to eliminate all interferences noise spectrum which is existed under 50 KHz. We design both circuits, analog filter and AGC in VLC receiver system with low-cost. The test data are obtained through the simulation and achieved good results in ideal condition.

This report examines the subject of sub threshold leakage on carry save adder. When the gate to source voltage reduces to the threshold voltage at that place is yet some amount of current flow in the circuit and that is undesired. As the process technology advancing much rapidly the threshold voltage of MOS devices reduces very drastically, and it must be applied in lower power devices since it contributes to low amount of leakage current which confine increases the power consumption of the devices. Adders are the basic building blocks for any digital circuit design and used in almost all arithmetic's. The CSA proves efficient adders due to its quick and precise computations. Hence this paper performs sub threshold analysis on CSA and the scrutinize results that the total average power is around 4.93µW, the propagation delay for complete operation is 16.3ns and since this design uses GDI cell so there is a reduction in area with 37%. .

Experimentation On Analogues

Susan G.  Sterrett

Carnegie Mellon University



In his 2008 paper "Dumb Holes: Analogues for Black Holes" Unruh writes that "one of the most exciting possibilities for dumb holes is the possibility of experimental observation. Experiments with application to the classical black holes are easy. . . one can easily create classical analogues to black holes." He and his colleagues have carried out experiments on such hydrodynamical (sonic) analogues. One of the reasons these experiments are so striking, from the standpoint of philosophy of science, is that philosophers of science have in the past often taken for granted that one cannot experiment on such cosmological entities; the closest one could come to experimentation, it was often thought, was the use of mathematical models and computer simulations.

The "dumb hole" model of black holes is one of the most striking and fascinating examples of experimentation on analogues, but it is not a singular example even in cosmology. There are other analogues of spacetimes, in fact; Visser has discussed a variety of analogue spacetimes, and remarks that "[Unruh's analogue model] and related analogue models for curved spacetime are useful in many ways; Analogue spacetimes provide general relativists with extremely concrete models to help focus their thinking. . . " (Visser 2011)

Despite their usefulness, experimentation on analogues is a relatively unexplored topic in philosophy of science, probably because of the conjunction of two situations: (i) Philosophers of science have only recently been examining what is involved in scientific experimentation in ways that attend to actual scientific practice, and (ii) Philosophers of science (save for a very few exceptions) have generally only briefly noted the existence of, and then set aside, analogue models; even when their existence has been noted, not much attention has been paid to the details of how they are used in scientific experimentation.

In this talk, I first discuss various methods of experimentation on analogue models that have been used to date. There is the general case of an analogue computer, in which electrical circuits can be set up to serve as models of an unlimited number of different kinds of non-electrical engineering systems (e.g., mechanical systems, fluid systems); here mathematical equations mediate between the analogue model and the system modeled. There are also many special kinds of analogue models that have been used in engineering (soap bubble films, photoelastic materials), the methodologies for which have been developed to a very high level of sophistication. Some of these methodologies are indispensible in certain fields. The method of dynamic similarity, which is the basis for scale models in a wide variety of fields, is another widely used method: it is applicable to experimentation on analogue systems in which the analogue differs in kind from the system modeled as well.

I will then examine the bases of these various kinds of experimentation on analogue models. I will end by looking how the basis for drawing conclusions from experiments on analogues might resemble, and how it might differ from, other kinds of scientific experimentation.
[from "Philosophy of Scientific Experimentation  III (PSX3)" conference website http://phys.colorado.edu/psx ]

Magma transport through dikes is a major component of the development of monogenetic volcanic fields. These volcanic fields are characterized by numerous volcanic centers, each typically resulting from a single eruption. Therefore, magma must be transported from source to surface at different places, which raises the question of the relative importance of (1) the self-propagation of magma through pristine rock and (2) the control exerted by pre-existing fractures. To address this issue, we have carried out a series of analogue experiments to constrain the interaction of a propagating dike through a medium with pre-existing fractures. The experiments involved the injection of air into an elastic gelatin solid, which was previously cut into its upper part to simulate pre-existing fractures. The volume of the dikes, their distance from the fractures, and the ambient stress field were systematically varied to assess their influence on potential dike-fracture interactions. The results show that distance and angle between dikes and fractures influence these interactions and the dike trajectory. Dike geometry and dynamics are also affected by both the presence of the fractures and the dike volume; dikes propagating in between fractures tend to decelerate. In nature, interactions are expected for dikes and fractures separated by less than about 200 m, and dikes with a volume less than about 10−2 km3 would experience a velocity decrease. These results highlight the influence of pre-existing fractures on the mechanics and dynamics of dikes. These heterogeneities must be considered when studying the transport of magmas within the crust.

In this paper, we report on the conceptual design processes of two teams of graduate students that emerged in an educational setting as the teams worked on two different but scope-wise similar problems by utilizing analogue tools and a computational tool for parametric modelling respectively. We describe the similarities and differences that we observed within each of the teams’ respective design processes and the nature of the solutions they generated for the respective problems as well as the similarities and differences that we discerned across the teams’ design processes. We discuss the implications of our findings for integration of digital technologies in architectural curriculum and development of digital technologies for supporting collaborative conceptual design processes in architecture.

We developed a new granular material (MatIV) to study experimentally landscape evolution in active mountain belt piedmonts. Its composition and related physical properties have been determined using empirical criteria derived from the scaling of deformation, erosion-transport and sedimentation natural processes. MatIV is a water-saturated composite material made up with 4 granular components (silica powder, glass microbeads, plastic powder and graphite) whose physical, mechanical and erosion-related properties were measured with different laboratory tests. Mechanical measurements were made on a modified Hubberttype direct shear apparatus. Erosion-related properties were determined using an experimental set-up that allows quantifying the erosion/sedimentation budget from tilted relaxation topographies. For MatIV, we also investigated the evolution of mean erosion rates and stream power erosion law exponents in 1D as a function of slope.

Monogenetic volcanic fields (MVFs) comprise numerous volcanic centers, distributed across large areas. Understanding the relative importance of various tectonic and magmatic controls on field evolution is pivotal to hazard analyses, and is of particular importance in New Zealand, where the highest population density resides on the active Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF). This thesis provides insights into this problem through studies at different scales (from multiple volcanic fields, to a single volcanic field, to propagation of a single dike) and different dimensions (from 2D surficial spatial analysis to 4D spatio-temporal analysis of the chemical composition of erupted products). Tectonic control or the influence of pre-existing faults is often invoked to explain alignments and statistical distributions of volcanic centers in MVFs; however, a global comparison has been lacking. I present a new global analysis of the spatial distribution of volcanic centers within 37 MVFs, and show: 1) a common clustered distribution of volcanic centers, 2) independency of clustering on tectonic environment, 3) dependency of volcanic field shape on tectonic environment, and 4) influence of tectonic environment on the number of preferred orientations of volcanic alignments. Controls on volcanic alignments are explored using analogue models to evaluate the impact of pre-existing faults on dike propagation. These reveal that lateral distance between fault(s) and dikes, and angle of approach, have the greatest control on the tendency of a dike to modify its trajectory to intercept pre-existing faults, thus modifying the distribution of volcanic centers. Pre-existing faults also affect dike geometry and velocity, as did dike volume. The AVF is an outlier in the global comparison, having an apparently random distribution. Taking advantage of newly available geochemical data and geochronological models, I present a new methodology that combines time, location and chemistry of each eruption, to evaluate the evolution of this MVF. The method looks for the spatio-temporal evolution of volcanic centers using the nearest neighbour analysis and statistical correlations between chemical composition of erupted products and time, distance and volume between successive eruptions. In spite of data limitations, the nearest neighbour analysis reveals that the magma source shows a constant spatial behaviour through time and the statistical correlations show that the spatial distribution of volcanic centers, i.e. the release of magma, is controlled by the behaviour of the source. As well as offering insight to the deep workings of the AVF, this method offers considerable potential to understand the behaviour of monogenetic basaltic volcanism elsewhere.

The structure and dynamic evolution of a mountain belt piedmont are controlled by strong interactions between tectonics, surface processes (erosion, sedimentation), and climate. Studying these couplings relies on detailed geometric and kinematic analysis of morphostructural markers (folds, faults, terraces, alluvial surfaces) and analysis of syntectonic sedimentation. To study quantitatively how these markers form, evolve and record deformation, we developed a new analogue modelling approach using a specific composite granular material. The originality stands in the simultaneous modelling of orogenic deformation mechanisms and erosion–transport–sedimentation processes, but also in the use of techniques allowing quantitative measurement of morphostructural evolution. This methodology opens new perspectives in the fields of geomorphology (relief dynamics), seismotectonics (study of active faults), and sedimentology (including sequential stratigraphy).

Interaction between surface processes and deep tectonic processes plays a key role in the structural evolution, kinematics and exhumation of rocks in orogenic wedges. The deformation patterns observed in analogue models applied to natural cases of present active or ancient mountain belts reflect several first order processes that result of these interactions. Internal strain partitioning due to mechanical behaviour of a thrust wedge has a strong impact on the vertical component of displacement of tectonic units that in return favour erosion in domains of important uplift. Such strain partitioning is first controlled by tectonic processes, but surface processes exert a strong feed back on wedge dynamics. Indeed, material transfer in thrust wedges not only depends on its internal dynamics, it is also influenced by climate controlled surface processes involving erosion and sedimentation. Effects of erosion are multiple: they allow long term localization of deformed domains, they favour important exhumation above areas of deep underplating and combined with sedimen tation in the foreland they contribute to maintain the wedge in a critical state for long time periods. The sim ple models illustrate well how mountain belts structure, kinematics of tectonic units and exhumation are determined by these complex interactions.

The essay is a study of phenomenal specificity. By ‘phenomenal’ here we mean conscious awareness, which needs to be cashed out in detail throughout the study. Intuitively, one dimension of phenomenology is along with specificity. For example it seems appropriate to say that one’s conscious awareness in the middle of the visual field is in some sense more specific than the awareness in the periphery under normal circumstances. However, it is difficult to characterise the nature of phenomenal specificity in an accurate way. This essay seeks to do just that. In the introduction, I set up the discussion by invoking a threefold Campbellian framework. Chapter 1 introduces a key notion of the analogue, its roots in sciences, and its applications in philosophy. Chapter 2 focuses on the major case study – the Sperling iconic memory paradigm – and explains how the relevant notion of the analogue can be used to explain phenomenal specificity involved in the Sperling case. Chapter 3 discusses functions of attention, as it is a crucial element in the Sperling case. Chapter 4 extends the project by explaining how visual demonstratives fit into the present picture. Finally chapter 5 discusses several directions for future researches. This essay is not an attempt to discuss all the issues concerning the Sperling case, but to provide a new angle in seeing the issue: most people agree that visual phenomenology is in some sense specific, but there are not enough attempts to model phenomenal specificity explicitly. On this occasion we use a notion of the analogue and related ideas to understand phenomenal specificity and how it applies to certain empirical cases.

This paper aims to show a possible simplified digital implementation of a well known analog distortion guitar pedal. The main distortion method is a diode clipper together with a low-pass filter that follows a non linear differential equation that is computationally expensive in real time. The method used is simplified, comprising of cascaded filters to equalise the sound together with a memoryless nonlinearity that is chosen for its efficiency. The design of such algorithms sometimes involves turning the parameters of the digital model to match the sound and waveform to the analog prototype. In this case, the digital implementation of the pedal was done after analysation of analog prototype circuits. Tests and comparisons between the digital implementation, the analog circuit simulation and the real pedal show an overall good reproduction of the actual pedals.

This systematic mapping study consisted of tracking the scientific literature that addresses the issue of analogies as a didactic strategy in science teaching. An analogy can be understood as comparing an existing knowledge with a new knowledge to achieve a better understanding of the new knowledge as a result of the comparison of similarities; or in other words, use students' own concepts to introduce new concepts using comparisons between the two. The purpose of this study was to identify, analyze, synthesize and evaluate research works that touched on this topic, with this, to have knowledge about the models of uses of analogies, most used didactic strategies, research methodologies in this field and how to evaluate the learning effectiveness of working with analogies. The methodology that was used is the systematic mapping study; Five questions were posed that guided the information tracking process. Later, the electronic documents in English for the last twenty years were traced in five databases related to the educational field. Finally, it is concluded by responding to the purpose of the study where it is evident that, broadly speaking, the research methodologies in this field are quantitative as well as qualitative, to implement analogies, resources such as images, illustrations, textual indications and audiovisual aids are used, it is usually evaluated the effectiveness of using analogies with multiple choice tests, oral tests of creating analogies by students.

In many active margins, severe deformation is observed at the front of the overriding plate where seamounts or aseismic ridges subduct. Such deformation appears to be a main tectonic feature of these areas which influences the morphology and the seismicity of the margin. To better understand the different stages of seamount subduction, we have performed sandbox experiments to study in detail the evolution of deformation both in space and time and thus complement seismic images and bathymetry interpretation. We focus, in this paper, on the surface deformation directly comparable with seafloor morphology. Two types of subducting seamounts were modelled: relatively small conical seamounts, and larger flat-topped seamounts. The indentation of the margin by the seamount inhibits frontal accretion and produces a re-entrant. The margin uplift includes displacement along backthrusts which propagate from the base of the seamount, and out-of-sequence forethrusts which define a shadow zone located on the landward flank of the seamount. When the seamount is totally buried beneath the margin, this landward shielded zone disappears and a larger one is created in the wake of the asperity due to the elevated position of the décollement. As a consequence, a section of the margin front follows behind the seamount to greater depth. A 'slip-line' network develops concurrently above the subducting seamount flanks from the transtension along the boundaries of the shadow zone. In a final stage, normal faults, controlled by the shape of the seamount, develop in the subsiding wake of the asperity. Swath-bathymetric data from the Costa Rica margin reveal detailed surface deformation of the margin above three subducting seamounts. Shaded perspective views highlight the detailed structure of the seafloor and compare well with surface deformation in the sandbox experiments. The good correlation between the marine data and experimental results strengthen a structural interpretation of the Costa Rican seamount subduction. rameters such as the nature of the asperity, the structure and the dip of the oceanic plate, and also the geology and the tectonic regime of the overriding plate.

Hummocks are topographic features of large landslides and rockslide-debris avalanches common in volcanic settings. We use scaled analog models to study hummock formation and explore their importance in understanding landslide kinematics and dynamics. The models are designed to replicate large-scale volcanic collapses but are relevant also to non-volcanic settings. We characterize hummocks in terms of their evolution, spatial distribution, and internal structure from slide initiation to final arrest. Hummocks initially form by extensional faulting as a landslide begins to move. During motion, individual large blocks develop and spread, creating an initial distribution, with small hummocks at the landslide front and larger ones at the back. As the mass spreads, hummocks can get wider but may decrease in height, break up, or merge to form bigger and long anticlinal hummocks when confined. Hummock size depends on their position in the initial mass, modified by subsequent breakup or coalescence. A hummock has normal faults that flatten into low-angle detachments and merge with a basal shear zone. In areas of transverse movement within a landslide, elongate hummocks develop between strike-slip flower structures. All the model structures are consistent with field observations and suggest a general brittleslide emplacement for most landslide avalanches. Absence of hummocks and fault-like features in the deposit may imply a more fluidal flow of emplacement or very low cohesion of lithologies. Hummocks can be used as kinematic indicators to indicate landslide evolution and reconstruct initial failures and provide a framework with which to study emplacement dynamics.

U radu je opisana izrada i modifikacija aparature za analogno modeliranje rasjeda. Aparatura je korištena kako bi se provela četiri pokusa: dva pokusa kompresijske tektonike koja su se razlikovala po granulometriji postavljenog materijala, pokus kompresije na rasjednoj
rampi, te pokus ekstenzijske tektonike. Strukture nastale u pokusima opisane su i prikazane sukcesijski, te detaljno interpretirane i uspoređene sa strukturama iz stvarnog svijeta. U raspravi su dane mogućnosti primjene ovakvih pokusa u interpretaciji geoloških struktura i geološkom kartiranju. Pokusi analognog modeliranja geoloških struktura dali su vrijedan uvid u kinematiku njihovog nastanka.

The paper describes the creation and modification of apparatus for analog fault modeling. The apparatus is used to implement four experiments: two experiments of compression tectonics that had different granulometry of used materials, one experiment of compression on fault ramp, and one experiment of extensional tectonics. The structures created in these experiments are described and shown in succession, thoroughly interpreted and compared with structures of in real world. In discussion are given the possibilities of application of these experiments in interpretation of geological structures and geological mapping. Analog modelling of geological structures provides valuable insight into the kinematics of their origin.