Amplitude shift keying

Smart grid is an energy infrastructure that increases energy efficiency by using communication infrastructure, smart meters, smart appliances, automated control and networking, and more. This paper focuses on the Power Line Communication (PLC) aspect and technologies used in the smart grid. There are various challenges and advancements in the smart grid; this research discusses how PLC can improve smart grid performance. In order to provide applicable results, practical PLC system parameters and other required data was obtained from Florida Power and Light (FPL). Modeling of the PLC system with different types of digital modulations was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software and Python. The benefits and design tradeoffs of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) are discussed. The modulation schemes are compared on the basis of their applicability to a practical PLC network by comparing the results of the simulations

This paper describes a microcontroller-based multichannel telemetry system, suitable for in vivo monitoring of physiological parameters. The device can digitalize and transmit up to three analog signals coming from different sensors. The telemetry transmission is obtained by using a carrier frequency of 433.92 MHz and an amplitude-shift keying modulation. The signal data rate is 13 kb/s per channel. The digital microcontroller provides good flexibility and interesting performance, such as the threshold monitoring, the transmission error detection, and a low power consumption, thanks to the implementation of a sleep mode. The small overall size (less than 1 cm 3 ), the power density compatible with current regulations for the design of implantable devices, and the dedicated packaging make the system suitable for in vivo monitoring in humans. The design, fabrication, operation, packaging, and performance of the system are described in this paper. An in vivo pressure monitoring case study is described as well.

We experimentally demonstrate an innovative Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) Passive Optical Networks (PON) that implements the full λ-to-the-user concept in a filterless distribution network. Key element of the proposed system is a novel class of coherent transceivers, purposely developed with a non-conventional technical approach. Indeed, they are designed and realized to avoid D/A-A/D converter stages and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) in favor of simple analog processing so that they match system, cost and power consumption requirements of the access networks without sacrificing the overall performance. These coherent transceivers target different use case scenarios (residential, business, fixed, wireless) still keeping perfect compatibility and co-existence with legacy infrastructures installed to support gray, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) PON systems. Moreover, the availability of coherent transceivers of different cost/performance ratios allows for deployments of different quality service grades. In this paper, we report the successful field trial of the proposed systems in a testbed where 14 UDWDM channels (and one legacy E-PON system) are transmitted simultaneously in a dark-fiber network deployed in the city of Pisa (Italy), delivering real-time and/or test traffic. The trial demonstrated filterless operations (each remote node selects individually its own UDWDM channel on a fine 6.25 GHz grid), real-time GbE transmissions (by using either fully analog or light digital signal processing), multirate transmission (1.25 and 10 Gb/s/), high Optical Distribution Network loss (18 ÷ 40 dB) as well as a bidirectional channel monitoring system.

In this letter, a novel technique for direct conversion of an optical baseband quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal to a millimeter-wave wireless signal and subsequent signal demodulation is reported. Optical heterodyne mixing of the optical baseband QPSK signal with a free-running unmodulated laser for the wireless signal generation is employed. To correct for the phase and frequency offset originating from the heterodyne mixing of the two free-running lasers, wireless signal demodulation based on optical coherent detection in combination with baseband digital signal processing is implemented. As a proof of concept, 5-Gb/s amplitude-shift keying and up to a 16-Gb/s QPSK wireless signal in the band of 75-110 GHz was generated and successfully demodulated. All-photonic millimeter-wave wireless signal generation and digital coherent detection at baud-rate are employed without complex optical phase-locked loop.

We present a novel, simple and cost effective system for optical millimeter-wave generation and transmission of 3 Gbps data based on gain switching. System performance has been investigated, including wireless transmission and power budget analysis.

In this demonstration, we propose and investigate a long reach passive optical network (PON) using four wavelength-multiplexed signals with both on-off keying modulations for 40 Gb/s downlink traffic in 100 km fiber transmission without dispersion compensation. In the exchange node, we can use four channels with video services broadcasting to each optical network unit (ONU) for the uplink signal remodulation. Hence, four wavelength-multiplexed video signals also can be used to inject into the corresponding reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers in each ONU for uplink signal remodulation to achieve a 4 × 2.5 Gb/s data rate. In addition, under the 32 split ratio PON system, the power penalties of nearly 6.7 and 1 dB could be measured at the bit error rate of 10 − 9 for the downlink and uplink traffic, respectively. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Using a unique Ti:LiNbO, modulator we experimentally identify the value of the modulation chirp parameter that minimizes the transmission power penalty caused by fiber chromatic dispersion. We achieve 5 Gb/s NRZ transmission through distances of 128,192, and 256 km of conventional fiber while incurring dispersion penalties of-0.5, 0.1, and 1.1 dB, respectively, by operating at the optimum chirp value.

We consider a model applicable in many communication systems where the sum of n stochastic sinusoidal signals of the same frequency, but with random amplitudes as well as phase angles is present. The exact probability distribution of the resulting signal's amplitude is of particular interest in many important applications, however the general problem has remained open. We derive new general formulae for the resultant amplitude's distribution, in terms of any given general joint density of the random variables involved. New exact probability densities of cases of interest follow from the general formulae which are applied to the problem of the exact evaluation of the bit error rate performance in narrowband multipath fading channels that consist of a small number of jointly dependent resolvable multipath components. The numerical results are compared with those of the currently popular method of Gaussian approximation. These are consistent with simulations, and show significant increase in accuracy particularly for small number of components.

In this paper, we present a novel approach to analytically study and evaluate the error probability of frequencyhopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) systems with intentional or nonintentional interference over the additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh-fading channels. The new approach is based on the derivation of new formulas for the exact envelope characteristic function (EECF) of the general sum of n stochastic sinusoidal signals, with each of the n signals having different random amplitude and phase angle. The envelope probability density function (pdf) is obtained from the characteristic function (CF), which, in the important cases of interest, is shown to also give simpler formulas in terms of the Fourier transform (FT) of the Bessel functions. Previously, the Ricean envelope density had only been verified for the very special case where n = 1, and the phase is uniform and independent of amplitude. Here, a new formula for the exact density of the envelope of noisy stochastic sinusoids (EDENSS) is presented, which leads to the generalization of the Ricean envelope-density (GRED) formula under the most general conditions, namely, n ≥ 1 signals, dependent amplitudes, and phases having an arbitrary joint pdf. The EDENSS and GRED formulas are applied to compute the pdfs needed in noncoherent detection under noise. The derived formulas also lead to the exact formulas for the error probability of the FHSS networks using M-ary amplitude shift keying (MASK) without setting limits on the number of interferers or the symbol alphabet. The power of our EECF and FT methods is further demonstrated by their ability to give an alternative derivation of the exact general envelope-density (EGED) formula, which has previously been reported by Maghsoodi. The comparative numerical results also support the analytical findings.

A modulation scheme that maps the information onto the antenna indices, such as space shift keying (SSK) and its generalized form (namely, generalized SSK or GSSK), presents an attractive option for the emerging large-scale MIMO system due to the reduced algorithm and hardware cost. In this letter, we present a new modulation scheme in this category, where we propose use of the Hamming code construction technique to systematically design the constellation. An illustrative example and experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed scheme introduces rich design flexibility and achieves better transmission rate, performance, and power tradeoffs with comparable hardware costs as compared with existing schemes.

In the information-oriented society, there are increasing needs to conduct data communication with nearby devices/people. In this light, vibration-based communication method was proposed as one of possible communication means between adjacent devices. This method has been expected to provide an intuitive and safe communication by propagating vibration to a receiver device. This study proposes two types of techniques, which are multi-step ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) with pseudo clock and PPM (Pulse Position Modulation), to achieve a stable vibration-based communication simply using smart device functions. These proposed techniques are then evaluated through some experiments using several types of smart devices. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is discussed based on the experimental results.

In modern communication systems, modulation is a key function that embeds the baseband signal (information) into a carrier wave so that it can be successfully broadcasted through a medium such as air or cables. Here we report a flexible all-graphene modulator circuit with the capability of encoding a carrier signal with quaternary digital information. By exploiting the ambipolarity and the nonlinearity in a graphene transistor, we demonstrate two types of quaternary modulation schemes: quaternary amplitude-shift keying and quadrature phase-shift keying. Remarkably, both modulation schemes can be realized with just 1 and 2 all-graphene transistors, respectively, representing a drastic reduction in circuit complexity when compared with conventional modulators. In addition, the circuit is not only flexible but also highly transparent (~95% transmittance) owing to its all-graphene design with every component (channel, interconnects, load resistor and source/drain/gate electrodes) fabricated from graphene films.

Smart grid is an energy infrastructure that increases energy efficiency by using communication infrastructure, smart meters, smart appliances, automated control and networking, and more. This paper focuses on the Power Line Communication (PLC) aspect and technologies used in the smart grid. There are various challenges and advancements in the smart grid; this research discusses how PLC can improve smart grid performance. In order to provide applicable results, practical PLC system parameters and other required data was obtained from Florida Power and Light (FPL). Modeling of the PLC system with different types of digital modulations was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software and Python. The benefits and design tradeoffs of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) are discussed. The modulation schemes are compared on the basis of their applicability to a practical PLC network by comparing the results of the simulations

The compensation of intra-channel nonlinear effects in a CSRZ 40 Gbit=s 32 Â 100 km system using an LiNbO 3 optical phase conjugator in a re-entrant, recirculating loop architecture, is experimentally demonstrated. Two decades of improvement in the bit error rate at 3200 km with phase conjugation has been achieved. Also, the performance of CSRZ and RZ-DPSK modulation formats at 3200 km with and without optical phase conjugation is compared.

A noncoherent, bandwidth-efficient modulation scheme is proposed for frequency-hopping multiple-access (FH-MA) networks. The proposed scheme is a combination of noncoherent-ary amplitude-shift keying (NMASK) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Using this scheme will minimize the required data bandwidth. The number of frequency slots available to the users will increase significantly for a fixed spread-spectrum bandwidth (BW 55). The effect of the multiple-access interference will be reduced. Simple and accurate bit error rate expressions have been derived for FH-OFDM-MASK in additive white Gaussian noise channels and for FH-OFDM-ASK in Rayleigh fading channels.

A noncoherent, bandwidth-efficient modulation scheme is proposed for frequency-hopping multiple-access (FH-MA) networks. The proposed scheme is a combination of noncoherent-ary amplitude-shift keying (NMASK) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Using this scheme will minimize the required data bandwidth. The number of frequency slots available to the users will increase significantly for a fixed spread-spectrum bandwidth (BW 55). The effect of the multiple-access interference will be reduced. Simple and accurate bit error rate expressions have been derived for FH-OFDM-MASK in additive white Gaussian noise channels and for FH-OFDM-ASK in Rayleigh fading channels.

In this work, a new analysis approach is used to analyze the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-noncoherent amplitude shift keying systems for frequency hopping multiple access networks with additive white Gaussian noise. A simple, yet accurate, expression was derived to describe the system bit error rate (BER). Montecarlo simulations were used to verify the accuracy of the derived expression.

In order to pursue rapid development of the new generation of wireless communication systems and elevate their security and efficiency, this paper proposes a novel scheme for automatic dual determination of modulation types and signal to noise ratios (SNR) for next generations of wireless communication systems, fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. The proposed scheme adopts unique signatures depicted in two-dimensional asynchronously sampled in-phase-quadrature amplitudes' histograms (2D-ASIQHs)-based images and applies the support vector machines (SVMs) tool. Along with the estimation of the instantaneous SNR values over 0-35 dB range, the determination of nine modulation types that belong to different modulation categories i.e., phase-shift keying (Binary-PSK, Quadrature-PSK, and 8-PSK), amplitude-shift keying (2-ASK and 4-ASK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (4-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM) could be achieved by this scheme. The application of this scheme has been simulated using a channel model that is impaired by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading, covering a broad range of SNRs of 0-35 dB. The performance of this dual-determination scheme shows high modulation recognition accuracy and low mean SNR estimation error. Therefore, it can be a better alternative for designers of next generation wireless communication systems.

A subset of a set of terminals that observe correlated signals seek to compute a given function of the signals using public communication. It is required that the value of the function be kept secret from an eavesdropper with access to the communication. We show that the function is securely computable if and only if its entropy is less than the "aided secret key" capacity of an associated secrecy generation model, for which a single-letter characterization is provided.

In this letter, the modulation and demodulation mechanisms of the discrete Fourier transform-based optical fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (F-OFDM) scheme have been examined. Analysis shows that there exists an interference term between even and odd subcarriers in this F-OFDM scheme, which has severe impact on system performance, especially when the subcarrier number is small. We propose a zero-subcarrier-based method and numerically investigate the effectiveness of the method with different number of subcarriers. Simulation results show that the approach can greatly mitigate the interference in DFT-based F-OFDM scheme.

We report the demonstration of an all-optical, bias free and errorfree (bit-error-rate ~10 -12 ), 10Gbit/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) to return-tozero (RZ) data format conversion using a 7.5µm diameter III-V-on-silicon microdisk resonator. The device is completely processed in a 200mm CMOS pilot line. The data format conversion is based on the phenomenon of pulse carving of an NRZ optical data stream by an optical clock. The underlying physical effect for the pulse carving is the change in the refractive index caused by the generation of free-carriers in a pump -probe configuration. We believe it to be the first NRZ-to-RZ format convertor built on a hybrid III-V-on-silicon technology platform.

We present a phase locking scheme that enables the demonstration of a practical dual pump degenerate phase sensitive amplifier for 10 Gbit/s non-return to zero amplitude shift keying signals. The scheme makes use of cascaded Mach Zehnder modulators for creating the pump frequencies as well as of injection locking for extracting the signal carrier and synchronizing the local lasers. An in depth optimization study has been performed, based on measured error rate performance, and the main degradation factors have been identified.

All-optical format conversion from nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) to binary phase-shift keying format is experimentally demonstrated at 8 Gb/s using a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The conversion is based on the gain and phase modulations of the SOA on an input NRZ signal of finite extinction ratio.

We demonstrate the transmission of 108-Gb/s polarizationdivision-multiplexed (PDM) 16-ary amplitude-and differential phase-shiftkeying (16ADPSK) signal by using a non-coherent receiver. We generate the 16ADPSK signal by using a differential 8-ary phase-shift-keying (D8PSK) modulator and a phase-distortion-free amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) modulator. On the other hand, the receiver is implemented by using a delay interferometer based on a 3x3 fiber coupler and the data-aided phasenoise estimation (DAPNE) algorithm. By using these transmitter and receiver, we achieve a nearly quantum-limited receiver sensitivity in the back-to-back condition. In addition, we examine the possibility of transmitting 108-Gb/s signals on a 25-GHz grid without using the coherent detection technology. The results show that we can secure a sufficient optical-signal-to-noise (OSNR) margin after the transmission of 80-km long dispersion managed link. The achieved spectral efficiency is 4.0 bit/s/Hz.

We propose a novel transmitter structure to generate constant-intensity wavelength shift keying signal based on optical phase modulation and demonstrate its application in a wavelengthdivision-multiplexed passive optical network to facilitate upstream data remodulation. The feasibility and system performance are experimentally investigated.

Nonlinear polarization fluctuation (NPF) induced by cross-phase modulation may severely limit the performance of wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems that employ polarization-dependent devices. In this letter, we experimentally investigate and compare the system degradation due to NPF in 10-Gb/s WDM systems among nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)-, return-to-zero (RZ)-ON-OFF keying (OOK) and NRZ-, RZ-differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulation formats. The DPSK format, especially NRZ-DPSK, shows significant enhancement in input power dynamic range over the OOK format.

An expression for the error probability of raised cosine filtered circular 16-ary differential amplitude and phase shift keying (circular 16-DAPSK) in a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel with postdetection diversity reception is obtained. The effect of delay spread, modulation ring ratio and filter roll-off are also considered in the formulation. For a constant bit rate, the average irreducible bit error probability for circular 16-DAPSK is shown to be superior to that of 16-DPSK but slightly worse than Q-DPSK

In this work, we propose a novel visible light communication (VLC) scheme utilizing multiple different red green and blue triplets each with a different emission spectrum of red, green and blue for mitigating the effect of interference due to different colors using spatial multiplexing. On-off keying modulation is considered and its effect on light emission in terms of flickering, dimming and color rendering is discussed so as to demonstrate how metameric properties have been considered. At the receiver, multiple photodiodes with color filter-tuned on each transmit light emitting diode (LED) are employed. Three different detection mechanisms of color zero forcing, minimum mean square error estimation and minimum mean square error equalization are then proposed. The system performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated both with computer simulations and tests with an Arduino board implementation.

This paper describes a CMOS mixed-signal interface with a RF transmitter. This die is assembled in a Multi-Chip-Module (MCM) micro-system together with the micromachined soil moisture sensor to achieve a cost-effective solution with accurate and reliable measurements for soil moisture in agriculture. The soil moisture probe, based on Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse (DPHP) method, is fabricated in bulkmicromachining technology. The DPHP method is based on the measurement of the maximum temperature rise at some distance from the heater, after applying a heat-pulse. The measurement of the temperature rise is obtained by subtracting soil temperature from the probe temperature. The mixed-signal interface is based on a pre-amplification stage and first-order sigma-delta modulator. The bit-stream output of the modulator is then applied to a counter as a first order decimation filter thus providing a 12-bit readout sample. Prior to transmission, data is encoded as a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal and then transmitted by means of an amplitude shift-keying (ASK) modulation. The transmitter features a VCO phase locked to the quartz crystal reference of 13.56 MHz to achieve a carrier frequency of 433.92 MHz. A RF power amplifier based on class E topology was chosen. The CMOS mixed-signal interface with a RF transmitter has been implemented in a single-chip using a standard CMOS process (AMI 0.7 µm, n-well, 2 metals and 1 poly).

In this paper for the first time ever a comprehensive analysis of the sampling-based optimum signal detection in diffusion-based binary concentration-encoded molecular communication (CEMC) system has been presented. A generalized amplitude shift keying (ASK) based CEMC system has been considered in diffusion-based noise and inter-symbol interference (ISI) conditions. We present an optimum receiver architecture of sampling-based signal detection, address the critical issues in signal detection, and evaluate its performance in terms of sampling number, communication range, and transmission data rate. ISI produced by the residual molecules deteriorates the performance of the CEMC system significantly, which is further deteriorated when the communication distance and/or the transmission data rate increase(s). The proposed receiver architecture can also be used to detect multilevel (M-ary) amplitude modulated signals by increasing the alphabet size and changing the modulation format.

This paper describes an ultra-low power (ULP) single chip transceiver for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. It supports on-off keying (OOK) modulation, and it operates in the 2.36-2.4 GHz medical BAN and 2.4-2.485 GHz ISM bands. It is implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology. The direct modulated transmitter transmits OOK signal with 0 dBm peak power, and it consumes 2.59 mW with 50% OOK. The transmitter front-end supports up to 10 Mbps. The transmitter digital baseband enables digital pulse-shaping to improve spectrum efficiency. The super-regenerative receiver front-end supports up to 5 Mbps with 75 dBm sensitivity. Including the digital part, the receiver consumes 715 W at 1 Mbps data rate, oversampled at 3 MHz. At the system level the transceiver achieves PER = 10 2 at 25 meters line of site with 62.5 kbps data rate and 288 bits packet size. The transceiver is integrated in an electrocardiogram (ECG) necklace to monitor the heart's electrical property. Index Terms-Healthcare applications, super-regenerative receiver, ultra-low power transceivers, wireless body area network (WBAN).

Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (RSOAs) are essential devices for the development of new generation networks that rely on the convergence of optical and RF communications. Despite their proven potential for direct modulation, RSOAs’ electro-optic response is limited by their finite bandwidth, which hinders their employment both for signal amplification and modulation at the data rates envisioned by the target applications. In this paper, we elaborate on exploiting a Birefringent Fiber Loop (BFL) to enhance the operation of RSOAs as intensity modulators. We apply a mathematically and computationally reduced model to simulate the RSOA response in the time domain, and correlate it with that of the BFL in the frequency domain. We validate the model’s predictions by an extensive comparison of the simulation against experimental results. The reasonable theoretical findings allow us to establish the employed model as an efficient tool for describing electrically driven RSOA ope...

We present a fully integrated small-size HF-band passive RF identification (RFID) tag chip with authentication and security functions. The design of the RF transceiver and digital control of the tag IC is based on the International Organization for Standardization-14443 type-B protocol. The design of the key analog part of the tag IC is presented, which includes a robust demodulator for 10% amplitude shift keying envelope detection, a high-quality random number generator, and a voltage regulator that can handle a range of output load currents. To implement the secure data transaction with a reader, a 128-b advanced encryption standard (AES) with a new cyclic key generation is used for the data encryption and decryption. An on-chip 4-kb electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) is used to support the AES operation, tag identification, and tag self-destruction. The read and write accesses of the EEPROM are performed using a 128-b wide buffer with self-timed bursts. The tag chip is fabricated in a one-poly six-metal low-power 0.18-μm CMOS process with a CoSi 2 Schottky diode and EEPROM process. Using the scaled-down CMOS technology, the size of the tag chip is only 1.1 × 1 mm 2 , providing a cost-effective solution for everyday RFID applications.

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Research in recent years has demonstrated that intra and inter-chip wireless interconnects are capable of establishing energy-efficient data communications within as well as between multiple chips. This paper presents a circuit level design of an energy-efficient millimeter wave (mm-wave) on-off keying (OOK) transmitter suitable for such wireless interconnects in 45-nm CMOS process. The transmitter consists of an NMOS cross-coupled VCO, an OOK modulator and a power amplifier. The transmitter is able to achieve maximum modulation data rate of 16Gb/s at 60GHz with the output power of-3dBm consuming a total power of 3.9mW, which translates to a bitenergy efficiency of 0.24pJ/bit.

We investigate partial response signaling (PRS) as a way of increasing the transmission length achievable by direct detection optical systems. The performance of the duobinary and PRS modulations is evaluated against that of conventional on-off-keying (OOK). We prove by simulation and experimentally that duobinary increases the link distance by up to 1.5 times and PRS by up to 3 times, when no signal processing is employed. The gain is preserved even when equalization is used. PRS is employed also with 4-level pulseamplitude modulation (PAM-4) and is shown to improve the transmission distance by almost 3 times.

We experimentally demonstrate an innovative Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) Passive Optical Networks (PON) that implements the full λ-to-the-user concept in a filterless distribution network. Key element of the proposed system is a novel class of coherent transceivers, purposely developed with a non-conventional technical approach. Indeed, they are designed and realized to avoid D/A-A/D converter stages and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) in favor of simple analog processing so that they match system, cost and power consumption requirements of the access networks without sacrificing the overall performance. These coherent transceivers target different use case scenarios (residential, business, fixed, wireless) still keeping perfect compatibility and coexistence with legacy infrastructures installed to support gray, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) PON systems. Moreover, the availability of coherent transceivers of different cost/performance ratios allows for deployments of different quality service grades. In this paper, we report the successful field trial of the proposed systems in a testbed where 14 UDWDM channels (and one legacy E-PON system) are transmitted simultaneously in a dark-fiber network deployed in the city of Pisa (Italy), delivering real-time and/or test traffic. The trial demonstrated filterless operations (each remote node selects individually its own UDWDM channel on a fine 6.25 GHz grid), real-time GbE transmissions (by using either fully analog or light digital signal processing), multirate transmission (1.25 and 10 Gb/s/), high Optical Distribution Network loss (18 ÷ 40 dB) as well as a bidirectional channel monitoring system.

We investigate partial response signaling (PRS) as a way of increasing the transmission length achievable by direct detection optical systems. The performance of the duobinary and PRS modulations is evaluated against that of conventional on-off-keying (OOK). We prove by simulation and experimentally that duobinary increases the link distance by up to 1.5 times and PRS by up to 3 times, when no signal processing is employed. The gain is preserved even when equalization is used. PRS is employed also with 4-level pulseamplitude modulation (PAM-4) and is shown to improve the transmission distance by almost 3 times.

Passive RFID tags are traditionally assumed to be downlink limited since typical tag sensitivity is considerably poorer than reader sensitivity, due to stringent power limitations. On the other hand, semi-passive tags are generally uplink limited since tag and reader sensitivity are comparable. In this paper, it is demonstrated that judicious choice and use of IC impedance for backscatter modulation will be needed to simultaneously maximize tag read and write ranges as passive tag designs improve. Optimal backscatter modulation indices for amplitude-shift-keying are derived for range maximization of next generation low-power RFID tags.

A study of the cross-phase modulation (XPM) degradation of differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) signals due to amplitude-shift-keyed signals is performed using pump-probe simulation. Approximate expressions for the contributions of the XPM-induced intensity and phase modulation to the electrical current fluctuations at the differential-phase-exchange-keyed receiver are presented. It is shown that, unlike prior works and similar to intensity-modulated signals, the contribution of XPM-induced intensity modulation is dominant in systems using standard fiber or high residual dispersion.

In Digital modulation the message signal is in the digital form and the carrier wave is in sinusoidal form. In this technique the Amplitude, Frequency or Phase of carrier varies according to message (Baseband) signal. There are various type of digital modulation technique like Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Quadature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) and other digital demodulation technique. Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. The act of simulating something first requires that a model be developed; this model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected physical or abstract system or process. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the system over time. Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance optimization, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. So in this paper we will simulate and verify the waveform of modulating wave, carrier wave and modulated wave of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying FSK, Quadature Phase Shift keying (QPSK).

An Ultra-Wideband Schottky Diode Based Envelope Detector for 2.5 Gbps signals In this paper an ultra-wideband (UWB) Schottky diode based envelope detector is reported. The detector consists of an input matching network, a Schottky diode and wideband output filtering network. The output network is tailored to demodulate ultra-wideband amplitude shift keying (ASK) signals up to 2.5 Gbps at 6-9 GHz carrier frequency. The detector uses microstrip and surface-mount device (SMD) components and it is fabricated on a Rogers 6002 substrate. Experimental results show error free transmissions up to 2.5 Gbps at an input power level of-11 dBm. The highest measured conversion gain of the detector is around-12 dB.

All the sensors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure used in industry provide analog outputs as inputs for their control units. Wireless transmission of the data has advantages on wired transmission such as USB port, parallel port and serial port and therefore has great importance for industrial applications. In this work, a new wireless asynchronous data communications module has been developed to send the earth magnetic field data around a ferromagnetic material detected by a KMZ51 AMR sensor. The transmitter module transmits the analog data obtained from a source to a computer environment where they are stored and then presented in a graphical form. In this design, an amplitude shift keying (ASK) transceiver working at the frequency of 433.92 MHz which is a frequency inside the so called Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM band) used for wireless communications. The analog data first fed into a 10-bit ADC controlled by a PIC microcontroller and then the digital data is sent to the transmitter. A preamble bit string is added in front of the data bits and another bit string for achieving synchronization and determination the start of the data is used. The data arriving at the receiver is taken by the microcontroller and sent to a LCD display as well as the serial port of a computer where it is written in a text file. A Visual Basic based graphics interface is designed to receive, store and present the data in the form of graphical shapes. In the paper, all the work has been explained in detail.

We experimentally demonstrate an innovative Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) Passive Optical Networks (PON) that implements the full λ-to-the-user concept in a filterless distribution network. Key element of the proposed system is a novel class of coherent transceivers, purposely developed with a non-conventional technical approach. Indeed, they are designed and realized to avoid D/A-A/D converter stages and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) in favor of simple analog processing so that they match system, cost and power consumption requirements of the access networks without sacrificing the overall performance. These coherent transceivers target different use case scenarios (residential, business, fixed, wireless) still keeping perfect compatibility and coexistence with legacy infrastructures installed to support gray, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) PON systems. Moreover, the availability of coherent transceivers of different cost/performance ratios allows for deployments of different quality service grades. In this paper, we report the successful field trial of the proposed systems in a testbed where 14 UDWDM channels (and one legacy E-PON system) are transmitted simultaneously in a dark-fiber network deployed in the city of Pisa (Italy), delivering real-time and/or test traffic. The trial demonstrated filterless operations (each remote node selects individually its own UDWDM channel on a fine 6.25 GHz grid), real-time GbE transmissions (by using either fully analog or light digital signal processing), multirate transmission (1.25 and 10 Gb/s/), high Optical Distribution Network loss (18 ÷ 40 dB) as well as a bidirectional channel monitoring system.

A noncoherent diversity reception power line communication (PLC) system employing multi-level amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation in the presence of Middleton Class-A impulsive noise is considered. Hermite numerical integration technique is used iteratively to obtain the statistics of the decision variable of an asymptotically optimal detector which is utilized to derive series expressions for the symbol error probability (SEP). Numerical optimization of the ASK levels is done to achieve the minimum SEP which results in the optimal solution being close to the equally spaced ASK constellation. The asymptotic optimality of the proposed detector is validated by the SEP variation with the impulsive index of the noise. Index Terms-Middleton Class A distribution, multi-level amplitude shift keying (ASK), noncoherent reception, power line communication (PLC), receive diversity, symbol error probability (SEP). I. INTRODUCTION The widespread and pre-existing power line network makes power line communication (PLC) the promising technology for various automotive applications such as entertainment systems in multimedia buses, activating actuators in data buses, data transfers in vehicle trains, installation of new electrical devices in cars, along with reduction in complexity, cost, weight of the wiring harness, and fuel consumption of the vehicles [1]-[3]. However, the adverse nature of the PLC channel owing to the presence of impulsive noise and the limitation on the transmitted power and allowable bandwidth demands a low power, low complexity, and reliable transceiver design for PLC systems. These ends can be met by employing noncoherent communication in PLC systems. Previous works on noncoherent PLC systems employ uncoded and coded frequency-shift keying (FSK) schemes [4], [5] and single channel ASK modulation scheme [6]. In this paper, we consider a receive diversity PLC system transmitting multi-level amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulated symbols which are spectrally more efficient than FSK and are more reliable in switching networks with noise harmonics. The system is corrupted by impulsive noise modeled by the Middleton Class A distribution [5], [6]. Receive diversity can be achieved by sending the same data symbol over several power cables along with combinations of time and frequency multiplexing [2], [7]. These diversity branches can also be increased for a smart grid power network with large number of loads associated with the system. Furthermore, Hermite numerical integration technique is used to obtain the statistics of the decision variable of an asymptotically optimal noncoherent detector with the knowledge of the noise state. The series