Ambivalent Sexism

This study examined the mediating influence of gender-role traditionality (GRT), ambivalent sexism, and victim injury and frequency of assault on domestic violence (DV) perception differences between Japanese and American college students. As predicted, Japanese tended to minimize, blame, and excuse DV more than did Americans, and these national differences were mediated by GRT. Participants viewed the DV incident more seriously when the victim presented injury or when the incident had occurred frequently. Those high in benevolent and hostile sexism were more likely to minimize DV, whereas those high only in benevolent sexism were more likely to blame the victim.

En la actualidad, la violencia entre las parejas es un problema grave por sus altos índices y repercusiones en la salud mental de las personas. La literatura es amplia y diversa, pero hay indicios de que la violencia psicológica no es únicamente una expresión de la violencia, sino el elemento transversal de todas las formas en que concebimos el fenómeno. Un problema en su estudio radica en que se suele medir sólo su recepción y no su ejercicio. Adicionalmente, hay modelos basados en los sistemas de creencias y actitudes que impactan los roles sociales que sugieren que la violencia psicológica tiene que ver con alguna forma de sexismo, ya sea hostil (directo y manifiesto) o benevolente (indirecto y sutil).
La presente investigación relacionó la violencia psicológica en sus dimensiones de ejercicio y recepción, tanto en frecuencia como en daño con los factores del sexismo ambivalente presente en una muestra de 159 parejas de entre los 17 y 56 años de edad de la ciudad de León, Guanajuato, con una relación de noviazgo o de convivencia diaria (matrimonio o unión libre) de por lo menos 6 meses. Se contó con una muestra total de 318 participantes, 50% de hombres y 50% de mujeres. La metodología es cuantitativa, de tipo transversal con un muestreo intencional no probabilístico y un alcance correlacional. Para medir el sexismo ambivalente se utilizó el Cuestionario de Medición del Sexismo Ambivalente creado por Cruz, Zempoaltecatl y Correa (2005); para evaluar la violencia psicológica se utilizó el Cuestionario de Violencia Sufrida y Ejercida de Pareja (cvsep) en la versión de Moral y Ramos (2015). Los resultados indican que el porcentaje de participantes que no han sufrido ninguna forma de violencia va de 20% a 30%. Las personas que más reciben violencia son también quienes más la ejercen. Las mujeres, por su parte, admiten que son más violentas psicológicamente con sus parejas, aunque su violencia encuentra niveles de asociación estadísticamente significativos con el sexismo benevolente, mientras que los hombres presentan asociaciones con el sexismo hostil.

Being in the landscape is the classic instance of the figure/ground dichotomy. The landscape itself may not register us, but we animate it in the language we use to describe 'sheltering' rock, grassy bed, or scratching thorns. The creation of this 'animus' presumes purpose in the landscape, but close analysis of our words reveals what is expressed is actually our purpose and our being. The word 'mountain' contains our act of climbing it, and 'gorge' doubles as part of the human body. These words and phrases index the human mind's interaction with the forms of the earth. It is an overlay imposed because we have to experience with thought and sensation that which is outside us, something for which we are of no consequence but which has great consequence for us 1 . These are the terms of the figure-ground, in which the self becomes the 'third term', as phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty 2 reminds us in his situationist, as opposed to geometric/scientific, mapping of this spatiality.

During the last 30 years, research in language, gender, and sexism have witnessed a considerable boom in sociolinguistics because of its controversial debates. Therefore, our attention was drawn for the reasons behind the endeavour. This paper"s purpose is twofold. First, it seeks to account for the linguistic performance divergences between English speaking men and women through looking at four major theories: the Deficit, the Dominance, the Difference, and the Social Constructionist theory. Subsequently, it will shed light on those sociolinguistic differences by stressing some examples such as hedges, minimal responses, intonation, and interruptions. Second, it will highlight (c)overt sexism issues in language by paying particular attention at some cases such as semantic derogations, use of titles, and syntactic asymmetry. Eventually, the second part aims at putting forward some alternatives to avoid sexism.

Le jeu vidéo est un monde complexe où figure d’innombrables joueurs, installés dans des jeux et dans des pratiques aux orientations diverses qui témoignent d’un engagement précis. Mais c’est grâce à Internet, au jeu vidéo en réseau que les joueurs sont alors capables de se regrouper au sein d’univers virtuels plus grands les uns que les autres. Parmi ces individus avides d’expériences fictionnelles, on y retrouve des femmes soucieuses aussi de vivre des aventures entre passionnés de jeu vidéo. Population spécifique, elle y trouve aussi un monde qui ne se révèle pas des plus égalitaires envers les femmes, et qui peuvent les ramener à des obstacles déjà rencontrés dans la vie quotidienne. Il faut alors s’interroger sur leur position dans la lutte pour la reconnaissance, les stratégies et réponses qu’elles peuvent mettre en place face à un sexisme présent dans le jeu vidéo. Le présent ouvrage vient alors dans une quête de réponses sur les expériences des joueuses régulières de jeu vidéo en ligne, en s’intéressant aux épreuves qu’elles doivent affronter, aux réponses envisagées et envisageables, mais aussi aux représentations vidéoludiques qui sont loin d’être complètement à l’écart des représentations sociétales.

Mots clés : reconnaissance, monde social du jeu vidéo en ligne, joueuses régulières de jeu vidéo en ligne, pratique compétitive, représentations vidéoludiques, sexisme hostile, sexisme bienveillant, groupement, avatar, rôles sexués, représentations stéréotypées, épreuves générales, épreuves sexistes, prise de parole, défection, ressource, masculin, féminin.

Across two studies, we examined the extent to which popular anime series contained sexist content and tested whether anime consumption and genre preference were associated with viewers' ambivalent sexism. In Study 1, we content-coded episodes from nine of the most popular anime series and found that women (vs. men) were underrepresented in anime and were more likely than expected to be sexualized (vs. men), curvaceous (vs. secondary characters), and provocative (vs. secondary characters), while men (vs. women) were more likely to use a weapon but were not typically portrayed as hypermasculine. In Study 2, we measured anime consumption, genre preference, and ambivalent sexism in a group of self-identified anime fans. Anime consumption was positively associated with both benevolent and hostile sexism. Preferences for the drama and hentai drama genres mediated the relationship between consumption and hostile sexism, while preferences for drama, slice of life, mecha, and action mediated the relationship between consumption and benevolent sexism. The results support the notion that anime contains sexist content and that consumption of this content is related to sexist beliefs. The findings also illustrate genre-specific differences, likely driven by genre-specific content, a finding that is consistent with other research on media exposure effects (e.g., violent media and aggression).

Agency attribution is a hallmark of mind perception; thus, diminished attributions of agency may disrupt social–cognition processes typically elicited by human targets. The current studies examine the effect of perceiversʼ sexist attitudes on associations of agency with, and neural responses to, images of sexualized and clothed men and women. In Study 1, male ( but not female) participants with higher hostile sexism scores more quickly associated sexualized women with first-person action verbs (“handle”) and clothed women with third-person action verbs (“handles”) than the inverse, as compared to their less sexist peers. In Study 2, hostile sexism correlated negatively with activation of regions associated with mental state attribution—medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, temporal poles—but only when viewing sexualized women. Heterosexual men best recognized images of sexualized female bodies ( but not faces), as compared with other targetsʼ bodies; however, neither face nor body recognition was related to hostile sexism, suggesting that the fMRI findings are not explained by more or less attention to sexualized female targets. Diminished mental state attribution is not unique to targets that people prefer to avoid, as in dehumanization of stigmatized people. The current studies demonstrate that appetitive social targets may elicit a similar response depending on perceiversʼ attitudes toward them.

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI) en el contexto ecuatoriano, así como analizar su consistencia interna y validez convergente con el Inventario de Ambivalencia hacia Hombres (AMI). Método. Participaron en el presente estudio, cuantitativo e instrumental, hombres (44.1%) y mujeres (55.9%) de la ciudad de Quito (N = 965) entre los 20 y los 60 años. Resultados.
El ASI presenta un ajuste factorial adecuado al modelo original de dos factores; existe además consistencia interna en la escala total (w = .72) y en los dos factores (sexismo hostil: w = .71; sexismo benevolente: w = .53), y una validez convergente estadísticamente significativa con el AMI (r = .652). Se concluye que el instrumento es válido para uso en el contexto ecuatoriano.

This article first reviews the historical rise and the developments of psychological research on sexism which led to the differentiation between biological sex and cultural gender, and highlights commonalities between gender relations and other status-based intergroup relations. Old-fashioned, overt and explicit forms of sexism are then distinguished from contemporary, more subtle, and implicit forms. The latter are characterized by ambivalence of hostility and benevolence towards women. The final section discusses major behavioral consequences of the different forms of sexism, emphasizing the harmful impact of benevolence on women's feelings of self-worth and competence, and actual performances.

Introductory courses dealing with sex, gender and sexuality are usually quite biased, going as far as to deny the reality of biology. Drawing on the Catholic tradition (Aquinas), this article presents an accessible argument aimed at restoring deliberative balance in the classroom.

Engaging men has now become part of established global efforts to prevent violence against women and girls (VAWG), with most interventions focusing on making men’s behaviors and attitudes more gender equitable. While scholarship on male allies has demonstrated the nature of their transformations and motivations, less attention has been paid to their negotiations of masculinity, privilege, the intersection between subjecthood and social contexts, and how these inform their engagements with women activists’ anti-violence work in their communities. We explore questions of men’s engagement in this article, which is based on a pilot ethnographic study with male allies in a VAWG prevention program in the informal settlements of Dharavi in Mumbai, India. We found that while men are able to acquire “knowledge” and “awareness” through the intervention, it produces an individuating effect wherein the structural nature of VAWG is obscured due to an emphasis on men’s individual traits. This further informs participants’ understanding of masculinity, which is marked by ambivalence as men negotiate multiple hegemonic masculinities and socioeconomic anxieties. One reason for this is that interventions with men are unable to destabilize public–private boundaries in informal settlements, which continue to treat VAWG as “private matters.” We discuss the implications for local and global responses to engender accountability among male allies.

Police attitudes towards partner violence against women (PVAW) can play an important role in their evaluation and responses to this type of violence. The present study aims to examine ambivalent sexism and empathy as determinants of male police officers' law enforcement attitudes towards PVAW. The study sample was composed by 404 male police officers. Results suggested that male police officers scoring low in benevolent sexism expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement (i.e. regardless of the victim's willingness to press charges against the offender), whereas those scoring high in benevolent sexism expressed a preference for conditional law enforcement (i.e. depending on the willingness of the victim to press charges against the offender). Results also showed that police officers scoring high in empathy and low in hostile sexism were those who expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement. The presence of sexist attitudes and low levels of empathy among some police officers, and their influence on law enforcement attitudes, highlights not only the importance of specific training, but also the need to pay attention to the selection process of police officers dealing with PVAW.

Abortion as a problem can be construed from different perspectives. Psychological research on abortion attitudes has focused on testing hypotheses consistent with liberal narratives, according to which opposing abortion is explained by religiosity and lack of support for gender egalitarian views. We propose to analyze the issue from an ideologically diverse perspective, introducing hypotheses consistent with the conservative narratives about abortion, according to which opposition to abortion is explained by respect for human life and moral concerns about sexuality. Using data from multiple samples, including nationally representative surveys over 20 years, we found that variables identified by both the liberal (eg, religiosity and ambivalent sexism) and conservative (eg, respect for life and sexual morality) narratives significantly predicted abortion attitudes. Overall, predictors associated with conservative narratives show the strongest association with abortion attitudes. We discuss the value of generating hypotheses from ideologically opposing views to increase our understanding of psychological phenomena.

In an experimental vignette study performed with 92 Portuguese women, we analyzed the relations between exposure to hostile sexism (HS), benevolent sexism (BS) in a workplace context, system justification (SJ), and anxiety, measured after participants were exposed to a HS, a BS, or a neutral communication about the context of the industry they would have worked in, if selected. The results indicated that both HS and BS fostered participants’ anxiety and that SJ moderated the relation between HS and anxiety: Anxiety was highest among participants low in SJ. Main contributions of the study, limitations, and possible future research directions are discussed.

The main goal of this study was to standardize the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. With regard to this goal, the study analyzes differences in sexism as a function of gender, age, and educational level, exploring the correlations among the scales of the inventory and their factor structure. The sample comprises 5313 participants (2581 men and 2795 women), aged 14 to 70 years, from the Basque Country (Spain). The results confirm significantly higher scores in the men in hostile sexism in all age groups, and in benevolent sexism up to 54 years of age. Sexism increases with age but not linearly; a high score was observed between 14 and 18 years of age, which progressively decreased until the age of 54, and it subsequently increased, with the highest scores observed between 64 and 70 years of age. Inverse relations between sexism and educational level were found. The correlations between the two forms of sexism and the factor structure of the test were confirmed. The study contributes normative data to assess sexism in the Basque Country.

According to ambivalent sexism theory (AST; Glick & Fiske, 1996; 2001), sex- ism combines complementary gender ideologies, held by both men and women worldwide, which serve to justify social hierarchy. This chapter reviews how be- nevolent and hostile attitudes toward women operate in concert, ultimately main- taining gender inequity. Research specifically targets the relationship between sexism and system justification, as endorsed and enacted by men and women. Hostile and benevolent beliefs map onto widely held prescriptions and proscrip- tions for men and women; these beliefs shape men’s and women’s interactions in the private sphere (i.e., the home, close relationships). Finally, these system justifying beliefs extend to the workplace and impede women from progressing in the public sphere.

Pregnant women are subjected to popular and official advice to restrict their behaviour in ways that may not always be warranted by medical evidence. The present paper investigates the role of sexism in the proscriptive stance toward pregnancy. Consistent with expectations, both hostile and benevolent sexism were associated with endorsement of proscriptive rules such as ''pregnant women should not take strenuous exercise'' (Study 1, n = 148). Also as predicted, hostile but not benevolent sexism was associated with punitive attitudes to pregnant women who flout proscriptions (Study 2, n = 124). In tandem with recent findings, the present results show that hostile as well as benevolent sexism is associated with proscriptive attitudes surrounding pregnancy.

Agency attribution is a hallmark of mind perception; thus, diminished attributions of agency may disrupt social-cognition processes typically elicited by human targets. The current studies examine the effect of perceivers' sexist attitudes on associations of agency with, and neural responses to, images of sexualized and clothed men and women. In study 1, male (but not female) participants with higher hostile sexism scores more quickly associated sexualized women with first-person action verbs ("handle") and clothed women with third-person action verbs ("handles") than the inverse, as compared to their less sexist peers. In study 2, hostile sexism correlated negatively with activation of regions associated with mental state attribution-mPFC, posterior cingulate, temporal poles-but only when viewing sexualized women. Heterosexual men best recognized images of sexualized female bodies (but not faces), as compared with other targets' bodies; however, neither face nor body recognition were related to hostile sexism, suggesting the fMRI findings are not explained by more or less attention to sexualized female targets. Diminished mental-state attribution is not unique to targets that people prefer to avoid, as in dehumanization of stigmatized people. The current studies demonstrate that appetitive social targets may elicit a similar response depending on perceivers' attitudes toward them.

Benevolent sexism (BS) is a veiled type of sexism that indirectly promotes the idea that men are superior to women. It has been found that benevolent sexism causes women stress, undermines self-confidence, and is hard to be challenged (Barreto & Ellemers, 2005). The above findings build the background of our predictions. In the
present study, females’ responses to experiencing directly benevolent sexist attitudes were investigated (research question 1). Furthermore, it was investigated if and how this was affected by participants’ own endorsement of benevolently sexist views (research question 2).

Resumen Los vínculos generados entre hombres y mujeres se distinguen por tareas y funciones específicas descritas, prescritas y manifestadas por cuestiones de género. Por ello el presente estudio cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal analiza la prevalencia y relación de factores de género a partir de la Escala Roles de género, la Escala de Ambivalencia hacia Hombres, Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente y Escala de mitos sobre el amor romántico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1020 adolescentes mexicanos con edades entre 14 y 19 años. Se halló una mayor aceptación de roles de género y sexismo ambivalente por parte de los hombres, las mujeres puntuaron más alto en sexismo hostil hacia las propias mujeres. En ambos sexos se hallaron numerosas relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables estudiadas. Palabras clave: adolescencia, género, sexismo, amor romántico. Abstract The links between men and women are distinguished by specific tasks whish are described, expressed b...

El sexismo ambivalente propone que la hegemonía masculina se sostiene mediante la devoción hacia las madres, esposas y cuidadoras y mediante la hostilidad hacia mujeres que no cumplen dichos roles. Estos patrones incrementarían la comunicación violenta hacia las mujeres, efecto que se incrementaría por diferencias individuales como el temor a la evaluación social negativa (TESN). Se buscó identificar el impacto del TESN y los seis componentes del sexismo ambivalente sobre estilos de comunicación destructivos en la pareja, analizándose datos de 590 participantes jóvenes. Regresiones y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales confirman efectos del sexismo hostil y el TESN sobre la comunicación destructiva, pero solo para los hombres. Se discuten los efectos de cada componente del sexismo ambivalente sobre la comunicación destructiva

Resumen En el artículo se revisan las contribuciones más relevantes sobre el constructo de sexismo. En particular, se analizan las teorías de Masculinidad y Feminidad y los diferentes modelos contemporáneos que han recibido mayor atención en la literatura psicológica española. Además, se discuten los instrumentos generados a raíz de sus correspondientes teorías y se realiza un análisis crítico de los más utilizados. Finalmente se hace una reflexión sobre los rumbos actuales del constructo de sexismo. Palabras clave: Sexismo; Masculinidad; Feminidad; Escalas Abstract The article reviews the most relevant contributions on the construct of sexism. In particular , the theories of Masculinity and Femininity and the different contemporary models that have received more attention in the Spanish psychological literature are analyzed. In addition , the instruments generated as a result of their corresponding theories are discussed and a critical analysis of the most used instruments is carried out. Finally, a reflection is made on the current courses of the construct of sexism.

T he objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ambivalent sexism and beliefs and attitudes towards menstruation, and, in turn, to study the influence of these variables on menstrual cycle-related symptoms. One hundred and six Mexican women completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Beliefs about and Attitudes toward Menstruation Questionnaire and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. The higher scores on benevolent sexism were associated with the most positive attitudes towards menstruation and also with the belief that a menstruating woman should or should not do some activities and that menstruation keeps women from their daily activities. The higher scores on hostile sexism were associated with rejection of menstruation as well as with feelings of embarrassment about it. Beliefs about and attitudes towards menstruation predicted menstrual cycle-related symptoms related to negative affect, impaired concentration and behavioural changes, but did not predict somatic symptoms. These results will be useful to health professionals and advocates who want to change the negative expectations and stereotypes of premenstrual and menstrual women and reduce the sexism and negative attitudes towards women that are evident in Mexican culture.

Apstrakt: U radu se kroz korpus sačinjen od četiri italijanske cinepanettone komedije ispituju seksističke konotacije vulgarno-opscenih termina koje muškarci koriste prilikom karakterizacije žena u negativnom kontekstu, ali i termina čija pragmatička funkcija nije uvreda već kompliment ili pohvala, te su stoga u seksističkim okvirima percipirani kao pozitivni. Uvredljivi termini biće klasifikovani i posmatrani u skladu sa podjelom na ''seksističke derogativne'' i ''seksističke objektivizirajuće'' termine, koja je predložena u studiji Social acceptability of sexist derogatory and sexist objectifying slurs across contexts iz 2015. godine, čiji su autori Fabio Fazoli (Fabio Fasoli), Andrea Karnagi (Andrea Carnaghi) i Marija Paola Paladino (Maria Paola Paladino). Pored seksističkih termina upućenih ženama kroz korpus će se konfrontirati muški i ženski odnos prema vulgarno-opscenim terminima kojima se označava seksualni čin. Analiza korpusa će, u skladu sa teorijskim osnovama feminističke lingvistike, pokazati da muškarci i žene koriste drugačije termine za opis seksualnog čina, kao i da ova jezička razlika može da se posmatra kao rezultat društveno nametnute podjele rodnih uloga.

Discussing the concept of the gender-sensitive counselor is still very new in Turkey. As a new development gender equality course has been added to the counselor undergraduate curriculum as a selective course since 2018. This research aimed to reveal that if this new development is a really effective step to train gender-sensitive counselors. This mixed-method research aimed to examine the effect of the Gender Equality Course on Turkish Counselor Candidates' gender role attitudes and sexism. Twenty-eight counselor candidates participated in this study. Data were obtained by Gender Role Attitudes Scale, Ambivalent Sexism Scale, Semi-Structured Interview Form. All findings indicated that the gender equality course contributed to counselor candidates to gain awareness of gender equality and how important being a gender-sensitive counselor. Besides, various interventions are still needed to reduce their sexist attitudes and enable them to experience more radical changes in their own life. Results showed that gaining the knowledge, skill and attitude on gender-related issues and training a gender-sensitive counselor require multidimensional intervention and training process.

According to ambivalent sexism theory (AST; , sexism combines complementary gender ideologies, held by both men and women worldwide, which serve to justify social hierarchy. This chapter reviews how benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women operate in concert, ultimately maintaining gender inequity. Research specifi cally targets the relationship between sexism and system justifi cation, as endorsed and enacted by men and women. Hostile and benevolent beliefs map onto widely held prescriptions and proscriptions for men and women; these beliefs shape men's and women's interactions in the private sphere (i.e., the home, close relationships). Finally, these system justifying beliefs extend to the workplace and impede women from progressing in the public sphere.

Araştırmada; pornografiye yönelik tutumlar ile toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik tutumlar ve
erkeklere ilişkin düşmanca tutumlar arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Katılımcılar, internet
üzerinden ulaşılan 400’ü kadın 271’i erkek toplam 671 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Pornografiye ilişkin
tutumların ölçülmesinde Pornografiye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği, toplumsal cinsiyetlere rollerine
ilişkin tutumların ölçümünde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği ve erkeklere ilişkin
düşmanca tutumları ölçmek amacıyla Erkeklere İlişkin Çelişik Duygular Ölçeği’nin Erkeklere
İlişkin Düşmanca Tutumlar alt ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Uygulanan bağımsız örneklemler t-testi
bulgularına göre erkeklerin pornografiye yönelik tutumları kadınlara göre daha olumludur.
Toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik tutumlar ile pornografiye yönelik tutumlar arasında pozitif
yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yapılan biçimlendirici regresyon analizlerinde toplumsal
cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlar ile pornografiye yönelik tutumlar arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyetin
biçimlendirici bir etkisine ulaşılamazken erkeklere yönelik düşmanca tutumların hem kadın hem
erkek katılımcılar için biçimlendirici bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular, içerisinde olduğu
düşünülen cinsiyetçi şiddetin pornografiye yönelik tutumları farklı düzeylerde etkilediği
şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.

This research analyzes attitudes towards pornography on the basis of the perception of
individuals for gender roles and attitudes of hostility towards men. 671 participants, 400 women
and 271 men participated in the study by the web. Attitudes toward Pornography Scale were
used to measure attitudes towards pornography, Gender Roles Attitude Scale was used to
measure attitudes towards gender roles. The Hostility toward Men subscale of Ambivalence
toward Men Inventory were used to measure attitudes hostility toward men. According to
independent samples t-test findings, mens attitudes towards pornography were more positive
than womens. Gender role attitudes and attitudes toward pornography were found to be
significantly correlated. In the moderated regression analyzes, it was found that sex has no
moderate effects on gender role attitudes and attitudes toward pornography. Hostility toward
men has moderate effects on the relation between gender role attitudes and attitudes toward
pornography for both women and men. Findings are interpreted as sexist violence, which is
thought to be involved, affects attitudes towards pornography at different levels.

Following the 1960s dominant paradigm of John Money that gender identity and gender role behaviour resulted from a combination of the genital appearance and parenting, it became a clinical goal to erase all doubts about the sex of children with intersex conditions. The reach of the goal has been international. In uenced by the Money paradigm, from 1986 on a Dutch medical team specializing in the care of intersex children and their parents repeatedly published their  ndings concerning the management of parental doubt about their children’s gender and sexuality. the team stressed the importance of managing carefully medical knowledge regarding the sex of a newborn in order to avoid contradictory messages. For example it reported on delivery room situations in which one doctor said: ‘it’s a boy!’, while another said ‘it’s a girl!’ (slijper et al. 1986: 1556).

Este estudio describe la relación entre el sexismo ambivalente, el autoritarismo de derecha (RWA) y la orientación hacia la dominancia social (SDO) en una muestra de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Lima (N= 117). Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Además, se utilizaron versiones traducidas al Español de dos escalas que evalúan la ideología política (RWA y SDO), y una escala de sexismo ambivalente de Glick y Fiske (1996, 1997) validada para la población mexicana. Resultados: se encontró una relación directa entre el sexismo ambivalente y ambas medidas de ideología política (RWA y SDO). Y puede observar que los hombres presentan una mayor tendencia hacia el paternalismo y el sexismo hostil. Los análisis de regresión lineal muestran que sólo el RWA ejerce una influencia directa sobre los componentes del sexismo ambivalente. No se encontró ninguna relación significativa entre la ideología política conservadora y el sexo. Conclusión: es posible sostener, con base en los resultados, que la ideología política conservadora está asociada al sexismo ambivalente. Esta modalidad de sexismo promueve los roles de género tradicionales, no de manera abiertamente hostil, sino en formas benevolentes a través del paternalismo y la diferenciación complementaria de género. Palabras clave: sexismo, autoritarismo, prejuicio, paternalismo, predominio social.
This study describes the relationship between ambivalent sexism, authoritarianism, right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) in a sample of young adults in the city of Lima (N= 117). Method: A quantitative descriptive correlational study was carried out. Spanish translations were used of two scales which evaluate political ideology (RWA and SDO), together with Glick y Fiske's (1996, 1997) ambivalent sexism scale validated for the Mexican population. Results. A direct relationship was found between ambivalent sexism and both measurements of political ideology (RWA and SDO). It can be seen that men present a greater tendency towards paternalism and hostile sexism. Linear regression analyses show that only RWA exerts direct influence over the components of ambivalent sexism. No significant relationship was found between conservative political ideology and sex. Conclusion. Based on the results, it is possible to verify that the conservative political ideology is associated with ambivalent sexism. This type of sexism promotes the traditional roles of gender, not in an openly hostile way, but in benevolent ways through paternalism and complementary gender differentiation.

Los vinculos generados entre hombres y mujeres se distinguen por tareas y funciones especificas descritas, prescritas y manifestadas por cuestiones de genero. Por ello el presente estudio cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal analiza la prevalencia y relacion de factores de genero a partir de la Escala Roles de genero, la Escala de Ambivalencia hacia Hombres, Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente y Escala de mitos sobre el amor romantico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1020 adolescentes mexicanos con edades entre 14 y 19 anos. Se hallo una mayor aceptacion de roles de genero y sexismo ambivalente por parte de los hombres, las mujeres puntuaron mas alto en sexismo hostil hacia las propias mujeres. En ambos sexos se hallaron numerosas relaciones estadisticamente significativas entre las variables estudiadas.

ABSTRACT
This study explored the relationship between sexism and religiosity for male and female Muslim students studying in Boğaziçi University. 50 male and 50 female university students attended this study and completed Ambivalent Sexism Inventory and Religiosity Scale. In contrast to previous research with Muslim population, there is no correlation between paternalism and religiosity for females and there is weakly correlation between heterosexual intimacy and religiosity for females in present research. Moreover, in contrast to previous research with Christian population, there was no relationship between religiosity and benevolent sexism for females.

We examined which beliefs (chivalry vs. sexism) influenced endorsement of traditional dating scripts. Participants (n=354) completed evaluations of daters within one of twelve vignettes and chivalry and sexism measurements. Participants high in chivalry rated the daters more positively when traditional gender roles were followed. Sexism was not a significant predictor.

Research has suggested that some magazines targeted at young men –lads’ mags– are normalizing extreme sexist views by presenting those views in a mainstream context. Consistent with this view, young men in Study 1 (n= 90) identified more with derogatory quotes about women drawn from recent lads’ mags, and from interviews with convicted rapists, when those quotes were attributed to lads’ mags, than when they were attributed to convicted rapists. In Study 2, 40 young women and men could not reliably judge the source of those same quotes. While these participants sometimes voiced the belief that the content of lads’ mags was ‘normal’ while rapists’ talk was ‘extreme’, they categorized quotes from both sources as derogatory with equal frequency. Jointly, the two studies show an overlap in the content of convicted rapists’ talk and the contents of contemporary lads’ mags, and suggest that the framing of such content within lads’ mags may normalize it for young men.

This chapter examines the tension between interdependence and dominance. First, we briefly review prominent social psychological theories regarding the development and maintenance of status systems. Next we briefly describe how these structures help distribute social power in modern society. We then examine how prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination stem from status systems and interdependence, using the Stereotype Content Model (