Amazonian Rainforest

This research on natural medicine producing SMES in the Amazon used an approach based on Schumpeter's ideas, done mainly by researchers from the Economics Institute of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The first group researched SMES throughout Brazil in collaboration with hundreds of researchers from other developed and emerging countries and constructed an approach used in our case studies. The second group developed an alternative method based upon innovation in emerging spaces, typical for organizations with few resources, weak institutions, and weak governance. With the evident influence of globally famous thinkers and ideas from the Northern Hemisphere, these knowledge networks have articulation among North-South partners. These SMEs have intensive traditional knowledge appropriation. They operate in an adverse context, lack capital, and face technological difficulties, inadequate regulations, and multinational lobby. However, they are making progress and can innovate with singular products based on ingredients from rare ecosystems which need care and preservation.

Keywords: Sciences, Knowledges, Environment, The Amazon, Sustainability, Innovation

È ben conosciuto il Rio delle Amazzoni, imponente fiume che la attraversa la grande foresta pluviale del continente sudamericano e che ad essa dà il nome. Ma di grande interesse risulta anche il suo bacino imbrifero, formato da oltre mille affluenti, che costituiscono un vero punto di forza strategica e commerciale per i vari Paesi che si affacciano sul loro corso (Brasile, Bolivia, Perù, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Francese). L’esigenza di trasportare le materie prime di cui l’ampia regione è ricchissima - in un primo momento caucciù e legname, successivamente idrocarburi e minerali - ha potuto sfruttare l’ampia rete di fiumi del bacino, su alcuni dei quali sono sorte importanti agglomerazioni urbane, tra cui le note Manaus e Belèm. La vasta deforestazione a fini agricoli e di pascolo, unita agli scarichi (soprattutto chimici) delle città, non hanno mancato di generare complessi problemi ecologici, ferendo un’area caratterizzata dalla più ampia biodiversità del mondo. Inoltre, la transnazionalità dei corsi d’acqua amazzonici ha generato articolate questioni giuridiche; queste, a seguito di prolungate negoziazioni diplomatiche, hanno condotto gli Stati rivieraschi alla conclusione di un accordo di libera navigazione sul bacino dei fiumi amazzonici.

This work aims to evaluate the TerraClass mapping for the year 2014, in the municipality of Paragominas, State of Pará. The validation was made by comparing the mapping with the observations found in the field. Images of the Satétile Landsat-8, OLI sensor of the year 2014, path/row 222/062, 222/063, 223/062 and 223/063 were used to aid in the field. Using this data it was possible to analyze the main representative classes in the area, including agriculture, urban area, forest, clean pasture, dirty pasture, reforestation, regeneration with pasture and secondary vegetation. The secondary vegetation presented 2,198.16 km², clean pasture with 3,332.29 km², agriculture with 896.75 km² and the forest occupying 54.21% of the total area of Paragominas. The overall concordance index was 86%, corroborating the reliability of the mapping performed. The average error was 6% and the total value of discordance was of 14%. Concerning the secondary vegetation, pasture, agriculture, urban area and forest classes, they presented concordance higher to 50%, while regeneration with pasture and reforestation presented greater intensity of omission with 40,57% and 76,31% respectively. Inclusion errors were less than 40% for the secondary vegetation, pasture regeneration, clean pasture and dirty pasture classes. The field work was essential to validate and analyze the accuracy of the 2014 TerraClass Project for the studied region, which becomes important for the understanding of the dynamics of land use.

DISSERTATION AS PART OD MSC HOLISTIC SCIENCE - SCHUMACHER COLLEGE - PLYMOUTH UNIVERSITY - BY KARINA MIOTTO


It is time to feel emotionally connected to the Amazon rainforest, to learn how to appreciate it not only because of her environmental services, but for her intrinsic value, as a living being.
May the path of reconnection presented in this work encourage societies to a new way of thinking, feeling, communicating, teaching and learning about the rainforest, as well as other parts of the body of Gaia.

João Meirelles Filho, criador do Instituto Peabiru, voltado para os processos de fortalecimento da organização social e da valorização da sociobiodiversidade, reuniu contribuições das principais organizações não governamentais do Pará, demonstrando o fundamental papel que essas instituições têm na promoção da sustentabilidade, na pesquisa, na saúde e na educação dos povos amazônicos.

Este artigo faz parte do livro Amazônia XXI (ISBN 978-65-86289-16-9), produzido pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV).

---
João Meirelles Filho, creator of the Instituto Peabiru, focused on the processes of strengthening social organization and valuing socio-biodiversity, gathered contributions from the main non-governmental organizations in Pará, demonstrating the fundamental role that these institutions play in promoting sustainability, in research, in the health and education of Amazonian peoples.

This article is part of the Amazon 21 (ISBN 978-65-86289-16-9), by Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV).

Early in life, French anthropologist Emilie Barrucand, 38, found out why she’d come into the world. Inspired by her grandmother, who dedicated herself to caring for needy children, young delinquents, and the elderly, she realized that she, too, could give herself to those in need. At the age 21, with a one-way ticket, she headed for the Amazon.
On her first visit to a Kayapó village, coordinated by indigenous leader Raoni Metuktire, she spent four months in the forest, in intense interaction with its inhabitants. This experience would define her way of seeing the world, her career, and her life.
Among her projects is a collection of audio CDs called Kukradja 1, in which she has recorded much of the Kayapó’s knowledge so it won’t be forgotten. Kukradja 1 is the product of years of interviews with elders, gathering information about the cultural heritage of these peoples,
with the purpose of preserving and protecting it for future generations.

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar la composición y diversidad de la flora arbórea de un área de bosque montano, de manera que proporcione información base para la gestión de la Concesión para la Conservación Puyu Sacha, ubicada en San Ramón, Chanchamayo, Junín. Para ello, durante el año 2013, se estableció una parcela permanente de evaluación de 1 ha a 2771 msnm en un bosque primario ubicado dentro de la concesión. La curva especie-área sugiere que la muestra es representativa del bosque. Se registraron 477 individuos arbóreos con un DAP mayor o igual a 10cm, los cuales fueron marcados, medidos e identificados y cuyas muestras fueron depositadas en el Herbario MOL-UNALM. La diversidad alfa fue de 54 especies (17 identificadas a nivel de género), 25 géneros y 19 familias; resultando un cociente de mezcla de 0,11, un un alfa de Fisher de 15,7 y un índice de equidad de Pielou de 0,77; reflejando un bosque de menor diversidad, pero con una distribución más equitativa de las especies, en relación a otras parcelas permanentes evaluadas. La composición del bosque es propia de los bosques montanos altos de los andes, con Cunoniaceae y Melastomataceae como familias con mayor IVIF y Weinmannia microphylla y Podocarpus oleifolius como especies con mayor IVI. Destaca la abundancia y frecuencia de helechos arbóreos de la especie Cyatheae aff. frígida. Se identificaron 9 especies endémicas, reflejando un alto grado de endemismos; así como 18 nuevos registros para el departamento de Junín. El DAP promedio fue de 20,9 cm y la altura promedio de 13,1. El área basal total fue de 28,6 m2, indicando condiciones de sitio favorables. La estructura y composición florística evaluada representa un bosque primario en buen estado de conservación.

"A catastrophic draught event was reported across much of the north of South America during August - December 2005. This resulted in extensive and irreversible damage in parts of the
Amazon river network. The 2005 Amazon draught followed very unusual changes in the Atlantic Ocean’s circulatory system that altered typical wind and rain patterns. Many climatic models predict the future desiccation of the Amazon region. This paper discusses dangers of sudden swings in the Amazon’s climate and how these risks can be reduced and securing the future of the river system.

The Amazon river systems’ inability to adapt to the new seasonal climate patterns in 2005, which led to a complete destruction of some river ecosystems, suggested us to look at water engineering solutions to prevent the risks of more tributaries of such dying. We made a case study to oxygenate the Amazon river to raise its draught-stress threshold during the likely future draughts that may be even worse than today if the Atlantic weather system generates more storms as the world’s temperature rises.

We studied a 100 kilometre wide section near the Amazon’s mouth. We assumed temperature +30C (when 100% oxygenated water contains 7,6 mg O2 / litre). The addition of 2,5 mg O2 / l represents 1/3 of the total, i.e. raising from 70% to 100%. This large water body oxygenation project requires 4 million kg O2 / day. 2,000 MIXOX units consume 80 MW / 100 km of river. 1,000 km demand is at 800 MW (1 power station), costing ~500 million euros p.a." http://www.vesieko.fi/yhteystiedot

Resumen: En este artículo se presenta un estado de la cuestión de la arqueología amazónica. Este cam-po de investigación relativamente nuevo intenta comprender una zona enorme que abarca el bosque húmedo tropical y el rio más grandes del mundo, por lo que la tarea es un desafío constante. Aparte de los pioneros de principios del siglo XX, la arqueología amazónica gira entorno a los enfoques opuestos y por ello fecundos de Betty J. Meggers y Donald W. Lathrap, que desembocan sobre todo desde los años setenta en adelante en una serie de investigaciones con las que, junto con comprender con más hallaz-gos el origen, la antigüedad, y la dispersión del hombre y la mujer amazónicos, se intenta responder a la cuestión de hasta qué punto las sociedades y culturas indígenas amazónicas son iguales a las de antes de la conquista europea. Este debate tiene dos líneas relacionadas: (i) la población que puede sostener el medio amazónico; y (ii) el nivel de complejidad de las sociedades de la zona. Con los nuevos datos apa-recen interrogantes clave como los cambios en el patrón de asentamiento y el incremento de conflictos y guerras en los albores de nuestra Era.

Abstract: In this paper a short assessment of the Amazonian archaeology is presented. This relatively new field of research attempts to understand a huge area covering both the largest rainforest and river in the world, so the task is a constant challenge. Aside from the pioneers of the early twentieth century, Amazonian archaeology revolves around the opposite approaches of Betty J. Meggers and Donald W. Lathrap. With new findings, this debate continues from the seventies onwards trying to better understand the origin, antiquity, and dispersion of Amazonian men and women, in addition of trying to answer the question whether Amazonian indigenous societies and cultures are equal or not to those before the European conquest. This debate has two related lines: (i) the population Amazonian environment can sustain; and (ii) the level of complexity of societies in the area. New data rise key questions such as changes in the settlement pattern and increased conflicts and wars in the beginning of our Era.

The cover picture was taken in 2005 in a tourism site some miles away from Manaus, Brazil. The little boy belongs to a riverbank village. He was on the spoltlight because of holding a small cayman and sometimes a domesticated mammoth as seen.

This paper investigates the role of community participation in the development of ecotourism in Ecuador from social, political and conservation perspectives.  Ecuador is a living laboratory of ecotourism and community development issues that provides an excellent base to tstudy and learn about communities in tropical zones working to adapt ecotourism to their needs.  It is an important testing ground for incorporating community business and human development needs in to national tourism laws and regulations and to find lessons learned about how directly ecotourism can be linked to the conservation of biodiversity.

Entre 1927 y 1982 tres grandes emprendimientos de tipo forestal y agropecuario fueron desarrollados en la Amazonia por importantes empresarios estadunidenses. Se trata de los proyectos de Henry Ford y Daniel Ludwig en el Brasil y de Robert G. LeTourneau en el Perú. Ninguno de esos proyectos duró siquiera 20 años y los tres fracasaron rotundamente. Pero fueron causantes directos e indirectos de una deforestación significativa. La falta de planeamiento y de conocimiento de la realidad local explican gran parte de esos resultados. Se mencionan las consecuencias de esas iniciativas y se hace notar que, contrariamente a lo que generalmente se cree, los planes de desarrollo gubernamentales de Brasil y Perú, en el mismo periodo de tiempo, tuvieron implicaciones ambientales incomparablemente más graves.

This volume brings together archaeologists working in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to construct a new prehistory of the Upper Amazon, outlining cultural developments from the late third millennium B.C. to the Inca Empire of the sixteenth century A.D. Encompassing the forested tropical slopes of the eastern Andes as well as Andean drainage systems that connect to the Amazon River basin, this vast region has been unevenly studied due to the restrictions of national borders, remote site locations, and limited interpretive models.

The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon unites and builds on recent field investigations that have found evidence of extensive interaction networks along the major rivers—Santiago, Marañon, Huallaga, and Ucayali. Chapters detail how these rivers facilitated the movement of people, resources, and ideas between the Andean highlands and the Amazonian lowlands. Contributors demonstrate that the Upper Amazon was not a peripheral zone but a locus for complex societal developments. Reaching across geographical, cultural, and political boundaries, this volume shows that the trajectory of Andean civilization cannot be fully understood without a nuanced perspective on the region’s diverse patterns of interaction with the Upper Amazon.

This document presents basic information on the geography, biology, and history of the Los Amigos watershed in southeastern Peru. It is intended as a background for research in and around the Los Amigos field stations. I have tried to include enough specialized information to make it a useful source of facts on the region without entering into great detail on any one topic. Earlier descriptions of the Los Amigos landscape are given by ACCA (2001b) and Forsyth et al. (2002). Valuable descriptions of other sites in Madre de Dios are given by Terborgh (1983) for Cocha Cashu, Pitman (2000) for Manu, Erwin (1985) and Napravnik Pesce (2004) for Tambopata, and ONERN (1965; 1972; 1977; 1982) for a variety of other sites around Madre de Dios. A broader overview of the Madre de Dios watershed is given by Goulding et al. (2003) and a survey of Amazonian Peru has been published by Kalliola et al. (1993); both are highly recommended. Appendix 1 of this document lists especially helpful documents for understanding the landscape, history, and flora and fauna of Madre de Dios.
This survey draws on published and unpublished reports from the region, conversations with long-time residents of the Los Amigos area, and research to date at Los Amigos. Since that research remains in the early stages, some of the text here has been adapted from a preliminary survey of Manu National Park (Pitman 2000).

Repeat blocks, microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can produce good co-dominant molecular markers for genetic diversity analysis and the determination of self-pollination rates in progenies originating from open pollination of selected genotypes. The enrichment of guarana genomic libraries was underway when it was confirmed that we are working with a complex polyploid species with 210 chromosomes. The probes (CA) 12 , (CT) 12 and (TC) 14 were used to finish the enrichment of four libraries for repeat blocks and the screening of a databank of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from guarana seeded-fruits was accomplished as well. Fifteen clonal cultivars were genotyped with three replicas at 10 out of 27 identified loci using the 59 alleles that passed the reproducibility criterion. A large number of short repeat blocks were identified and this was considered to be a consequence of the recent polyploidization event. However, blocks with eight or more repeats ideal for genotyping were scarce. Annealing of most probes to short blocks by partial complementarity could explain the scarcity of longer blocks in genomic libraries but cannot explain why they were rare in the ESTs. Due to the complexity of the genotypes, alleles were treated as dominant traits. ESTs harboring repeat blocks had the functional annotation renewed. Locus GRN07 is inserted in a homologue of the MOTHER OF FLOWERING LOCUS T AND TFL1 (MFT), in which 3'-UTR displays clear post-transcriptional regulatory features. MFT and its variants are probably involved in the determination of seed germination and embryo growth characteristics. Other accessed loci can be involved in plant architecture and defense reactions. It was concluded that the alleles described in the present work can be used to distinguish guarana culti-* Corresponding author. P. C. S. Angelo et al. 191 vars and possibly to analyze segregation using the progenies of controlled pollinations between divergent genitors. Also, the fingerprints obtained can be added to the morphological and agronomic descriptors of the cultivars.

The Secoya nation (Siekopai) of the Ecuadorian Upper Amazon, in its request for recognition of indigenous territories in a protected area, has submitted to the Republic of Ecuador's conservation regime arguments based on an administrative and physical concept of territory. The Secoya worldview and culture, however, supposes an ontology of territory in which the geographic space, updated rituals, and their relationship with nature converge. In this article we analyze this important ontological difference in detail. We compare the territorial subjectivation processes produced by both ontologies: a Cartesian conceptual framework in the case of the State's political geography, and the Secoya's phenomenological ecology. Since the Secoya include a management plan for the protected area in their petition, it would seem they have internalized the State's rule regarding the principle of sustainability within conservation. We argue that sustainability is incompatible with the presence of a phenomenological ecology that makes them political subjects, and therefore it is a strategic inclusion that does not respond to their socio-ecological reality.

Resumé La nation Secoya (Siekopai), située dans la haute Amazonie équatorienne, a formulé une demande légale à la République de l'Equateur, dans un processus de reconnaissance des territoires indiens, dans une aire protégée, fondée sur un concept administratif et physique du territoire. Or, la cosmovision et la culture Secoya se fondent au contraire sur une ontologie du territoire, dans laquelle convergent l'espace géographique, son actualisation rituelle ainsi que sa relation avec la Nature. Dans ce travail, nous analysons en détails cette divergence ontologique fondamentale, en établissant une comparaison entre les processus de subjectivations territoriales qu'elle produit. Nous mettons au jour le cadre conceptuel cartésien dans lequel se meut la géographie politique l'Etat là où les Secoya habitent une écologie phénoménologique. Puisque les Secoya incluent dans leur demande un plan de gestion pour l'aire protégée, nous nous demandons s'ils ont internalisé la règle de l'État concernant le principe de durabilité du régime de conservation. Nous répondons en indiquant que la durabilité est incompatible avec la présence d'une écologie phénoménologique qui les constitue en tant que sujets politiques et et qu'il s'agit donc plutôt d'une inclusion stratégique qui ne répond pas à leur réalité socio-écologique.

Resumen La nacionalidad Secoya (Siekopai) de la Alta Amazonía ecuatoriana, en su solicitud de reconocimiento de territorios indígenas en un área protegida, ha presentado ante el régimen de conservación de la República del Ecuador argumentos basados en un concepto administrativo y físico del territorio. Mientras tanto, la cosmovisión y cultura Secoya supone una ontología del territorio en el que convergen el espacio 497 los rituales actualizados y su relación con la naturaleza. En este artículo analizamos en detalle esta importante diferencia ontológica. Comparamos los procesos de subjetivación territorial producidos por ambas ontologías: un marco conceptual cartesiano en el caso de la geografía política del Estado y una ecología fenomenológica en el caso de Secoya. Dado que Secoya incluye un plan de manejo para el área protegida en su queja, nos preguntamos si han internalizado la regla del Estado con respecto al principio de sostenibilidad del régimen de conservación. Respondemos indicando que la sostenibilidad es incompatible con la presencia de una ecología fenomenológica, que los convierte en sujetos políticos y que, por lo tanto, es una inclusión estratégica que no responde a su realidad socio-ecológica.

Resumen: El presente trabajo constituye un diagnóstico aproximado sobre el riesgo de inundación de la ciudad de Iquitos. La finalidad del estudio fue identificar las áreas que presentan riesgos de inundación, en referencia al registro histórico del caudal del río Amazonas en el 2012, para establecer propuestas de gestión y ordenación territorial. La metodología empleada para la elaboración de la cartografía de riesgo se basó en el trabajo de Camarasa y Soriano (2008, 2012), como referencia para la identificación de las unidades de peligro de inundación y vulnerabilidad, a partir de las cartografías de geomorfología, uso actual del suelo, valoración económica del suelo y exposición humana. Los resultados manifiestan que en la cartografía de riesgo de inundación, la unidad predominante fue el de riesgo " alto " que representó el 65,36% del área de estudio; en contraste, las unidades con riesgo " bajo y medio " constituyeron el 25,21%. Se propone el crecimiento urbano de la ciudad para los próximos veinte años hacia el área de influencia de la carretera Iquitos-Nauta, por tener condiciones de relieve alto, tales como las terrazas medias, altas, y colinas bajas.

Abstract: This work is an approximate diagnosis of the risk of flooding in Iquitos city. The areas with flood risk were identified, taking in consideration the historical record of the Amazon River flow in 2012, and proposals for land management and zoning were established. The risk mapping was elaborated based on the work of Camarasa and Soriano (2008, 2012) identifying units of flood hazard and vulnerability using maps of geomorphology, current land use, economic valuation of land and human exposure. The results show that in the mapping of flood risk, the predominant unit at "high" risk accounted for 65.36% of the study area; whereas, the units at "low to medium" risk accounted for 25.21%. The urban growth of the city for the next twenty years needs to be directed to the area of influence of the Iquitos-Nauta road, where conditions of high relief such as mid and high terraces and low hills can be found.

Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3
Em 1927, o escritor brasileiro Mário de Andrade empreendeu uma viagem à Amazônia que iria
registrar em relatos diversos, com o objetivo de publicá-los posteriormente. A partir deste
material, iniciou a escrita de um livro, para o qual chegou a escrever um prefácio e uma proposta
de título: "O turista aprendiz: viagens pelo Amazonas até o Peru pelo Madeira até a Bolívia e
por Marajó até dizer chega!", que permaneceu inacabado. Estes relatos só seriam publicados
postumamente em 1976, em um livro intitulado simplesmente O turista aprendiz, organizado
por Telê Porto Ancona Lopez, juntamente com diversas fotografias que o autor realizou durante
o período em que visitou a região.
Contudo, a viagem sentimental de Mário de Andrade começara muito antes de o autor chegar
à Amazônia. Em 1925, ele havia escrito “Dois Poemas Acreanos”, em que afirmava o desejo
de conhecer melhor “a escureza desse mato-virgem do Acre”. Além destes poemas, das
narrativas O turista aprendiz e Balança, Trombeta e Battleship ou o descobrimento da alma, o
autor também deixou diversas cartas que escreveu no período, artigos de jornais e,
principalmente, a narrativa ficcional Macunaíma, referencial do Modernismo brasileiro.
Embora Macunaíma tenha sido publicado em 1928, Mário de Andrade havia iniciado a sua
escrita um ano antes da viagem à Amazônia, logo após adquirir os quatro volumes da obra do
etnólogo alemão Theodor Koch-Grünberg, Vom Roraima zum Orinoco. O objetivo desta
comunicação é o de averiguar em que medida estes textos amazônicos participam do projeto
artístico e intelectual do escritor que foi um dos principais artífices do modernismo brasileiro.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Relatos de viagem, Amazônia; Mário de Andrade

An hitherto unknow species of Dichaea Lindley was found in the Brazilian Amazon forest. Dichaea fusca Valsko, Holland & Krahl is similar to Dichaea rendlei Gleason, but differs in its vegetative and floral morphology, particularly in the lip.

The study was carried out in two forest fragments located at East-Amazonian, in the town of Paragominas, State of Pará, Brazil (located at latitude 3o24’S to 3o38’S, longitude 47o12’W to 47o40’W), in October 2007 and March 2008. The main objective of the study was to analyze the groups of birds that were affected by the forest fragmentation and the isolation degree of these areas, using birds as ecological indicator. The method used to register the avifauna specimens were the technique of observations per fixed points and were calculated the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’=3,7795) and Equitability (E=0,7854) and for each species was calculated the Index of Point Abundance (IPA). Taking into account 48 hours of observations, it was possible to register a total of 123 species of birds, distributed over a range of 36 families, 15 orders and grouped in nine trophic guilds. Insectivores and omnivores were the more significantly abundant.

A floresta amazônica é essencial para manter a nossa qualidade de vida e a regulação do clima da América do Sul. O ponto é comprovado e enfatizado pelo pesquisador Antonio Nobre, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) no relatório "O Futuro Climático da Amazônia", resultado de mais de 200 estudos científicos sobre a floresta e sua influência sobre o clima e as chuvas.

The Amazon is renowned to hold an unprecedented, yet poorly­known or unexplored plant diversity. This study aimed to report new collections on five rare or little­known and phylogenetically enigmatic trees, Aguiaria excelsa (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae), Hylocarpa heterocarpa (Humiriaceae), and the papilionoid legumes Monopteryx uaucu, Petaladenium urceoliferum, and Uleanthus erythrinoides, that became available after recent fieldwork in the western and central Brazilian Amazon region. All five genera, except for Monopteryx, are monospecific and represented in herbaria by only the type or at most few collections made more than 30 years ago. Comments on morphological affinities, never­seen­before photographs, and a distribution map of all species are given. A lectotype for U. erythrinoides is here designated. We also provide a complete taxonomic description for P. urceoliferum, whose pods until presently were unknown. Since these genera are missing branches in the molecular phylogenetic trees of Leguminosae, Humiriaceae, and Malvaceae, the opportunity to include them in future phylogenetic studies will certainly clarify the evolutionary history and taxonomy of their respective families.

The Amazon region has intense clouds coverage and the use of radar images becomes an option for land use and land cover mapping to better characterize the deforestation areas already mapped by PRODES Project. This work analyses the potential of COSMO-SkyMed image to discriminate four classes of land use. It has used the original and filtered (Frost and Lee filters) data and the higher confusion occurred between woody vegetation and undergrowth classes. Among the 20 classifications, the results with the filtered image by Lee filter with window of 7x7 pixels presented a better performance, but other techniques should be evaluated.

Thearticle aims to propose a project that could save and protect the Amazon rainforest. This goal would be obtained through the protection of the edges of the rainforest. The project focuses on the problem of the civil exploitation and on finding a possible solution to it. The Amazon rainforest is one of the most important things we have in this world to fight climate change: that's why we need to protect it. The only way to do it is through the best means that our time can give us: technology and economy.

El 2019 un grupo de investigadores de Colombia, Perú y Estados Unidos, liderados por el Field Museum, llevaron a cabo un inventario rápido biológico y social en la zona de los ríos Putumayo (cuenca baja), Yaguas y Cotuhé. Donde el equipo de flora y vegetación registró más de 1000 especies y tomo más 3000 fotografías con el objetivo de enriquecer la lista de flora conocida tanto para Perú como para Colombia, logrando reportar cuatro especies potencialmente nuevas para la ciencia y 25 nuevos registros nacionales para Perú y Colombia.
De las mas de 3000 fotos tomadas, hemos seleccionado y editado más de 500 con la finalidad de poder mostrarles de forma visual la inmensa diversidad florística que alberga la cuenca baja del rio Putumayo y sus afluentes Yaguas y Cotuhé.

Après avoir publié Os Sertões (1902), Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909) a dirigé en 1904 la Commission Mixte de Reconnaissance du Haut Purus pour le gouvernement brésilien. L'écrivain avait l'intention d'écrire un livre sur l'Amazonie et son peuple. Cependant, le livre est resté à l'état de projet, avec la mort de l'écrivain en 1909. Pour écrire sur l'Amazonie, l'auteur s'est inspiré des connaissances de naturalistes et scientifiques, comme Humboldt, Agassiz, Bates, ainsi que des représentations des poètes, tel que John Milton et Victor Hugo, mêlant discours scientifique, journalisme et littérature. Imprégné par ces lectures, l'écrivain cherche dans la région amazonienne la matière première pour conclure son oeuvre, le livre jamais abouti, mais qui arrive à nous par des indices textuels, les lectures que l'auteur a faites pour le réaliser. Le but de cet article est de réexaminer la question de la mimésis dans les écrits amazoniens d'Euclides da Cunha.

Vegetation is one of the most important characteristics of the environment because it supports animal life. Any interfering with the vegetation produces direct effects on the fauna through the increase, decrease, or alternation of two key attributes: food and shelter. So, the composition of life in the forest is altered as changes occur in vegetation that directly interferes with the population structure of the fauna, be those changes natural or anthropic. This fact can be realized by the alterations in the diversity and density of animal species, principally among specialist species.

A manifestação do complexo processo de midiatização potencializou-se nas últimas décadas. Nesse cenário, os campos sociais se apropriaram de mecanismos discursivos do campo midiático, o que possibilitou a emergência de um espaço para a reflexão, vigilância e monitoramento de questões globais como os problemas ambientais. O objetivo desse artigo é mostrar como ocorrem imbricações entre os campos midiático e ambiental a partir da intensificação do processo de midiatização através do qual distintos cidadãos constroem o InfoAmazonia, banco de dados sobre as problemáticas da Amazônia. Para tanto, o trabalho se assenta metodologicamente na perspectiva da análise semiológica para identificar o contrato de leitura (VERÓN, 2004) construído pela plataforma. A investigação aponta que este enunciador se caracteriza pela legitimação de um sujeito protagonista, cogestor na vigilância colaborativa da Amazônia.

Uma informação divulgada em abril deste ano tem grandes chances de chamar muita atenção da comunidade científica, de ambientalistas e órgãos públicos. Os geólogos Milton Matta, Francisco Matos de Abreu, o engenheiro civil André Montenegro Duarte e o economista Mário Ramos Ribeiro, pesquisadores da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e o também geólogo Itabaraci Cavalcante, da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), afirmam que o Aquífero Alter do Chão, que se estende pelo Amazonas, Pará e Amapá, é dono da maior reserva de água doce subterrânea do planeta. Vale lembrar que aquíferos não são rios existentes no subsolo, como muita gente pensa, mas um conjunto de rochas saturado de água. De acordo com levantamentos científicos, o Aquífero Alter do Chão supera o volume de água do Aquífero Guarani, até então considerado o maior da América do Sul, localizado sob os solos do Brasil, Paraguai, Argentina e Uruguai. O Guarani tem 45 mil quilômetros cúbicos de água, cobre uma superfície de quase 1,2 milhões de quilômetros quadrados e 70,2% de sua área está localizada no Brasil -sua extensão espalha-se pelo subsolo de oito estados: Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Enquanto isso, o aquífero situado na Amazônia ocupa três estados, tem uma reserva de água potável de 86.400 quilômetros cúbicos (aproximadamente 86 quatrilhões de litros) e espessura média de 575 metros. Como as informações disponíveis até o momento são preliminares, ele pode ser bem mais espesso, maior e volumoso do que isso.

Ancient built landscapes including roads, earthworks, and patches of fertile anthrosols have been documented in several areas of the South American lowlands representing landscape capital that is often utilized by succeeding generations. Recent research is uncovering substantial human modified landscapes in the vicinity of ancient settlements in the Middle and Lower Amazon. Anthropogenic landscape features indicate routes of human movement within settlements and between settlements and local resources. Formation of anthrosols known as terra preta is patterned around habitation areas, public areas, and routes of movement. This research investigates topographic features and anthrosols to learn how their patterning on the landscape indicates the structure, use of space, and resource use in ancient settlements. Archaeological excavations and mapping show the relationship of settlements, anthrosols, routes of movement, and natural resources. Results demonstrate substantially modified human landscapes with features that have permanently transformed what is too often considered pristine nature in Amazonia.

Abstract: This article analyzes human orientations related to current environmental issues and proposes positive creative responses, in dialogue especially with Martin Buber, Nick Black Elk, Pope Francis, and Lynn White Jr. It illustrates the problems in relation to Indigenous peoples and coloniality  contexts, highlighting both distorted and reverential approaches to trees through consideration of a concrete historical case—the radical depletion and degradation of the white pine forest ecosystem of Ontario and other areas of eastern North America, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The article (i) compares this Canadian/USA context with current conditions in the Amazon rainforest of South America; (ii) analyzes core traditional distorted human attitudes that contribute to such environmental destruction and sociocultural repression, in which trees are solely objectified, hypercommodified, and radically exploited; (iii) points to supportive and personally transforming attitudes toward trees—especially through Jewish philosophical and Indigenous models—that highlight their intrinsic value and our potential relationship with them, in respectful, appreciative, nonintentional, and deeply spiritual ways; and (iv) relates the dialogue to contemporary socioeconomic concerns and interests.

Chiribiquete National Natural Park is the largest national park in Colombia and the largest tropical rainforest national park in the world. It was established on 21 September 1989 and has been expanded twice, first in August 2013 and then in July 2018.
The park occupies about 43,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) and includes the Serranía de Chiribiquete mountains and the surrounding lowlands, which are covered by tropical moist forests, savannas and rivers.

Chiribiquete National Park is located in the northwest of the Colombian Amazon in the departments of Caquetá and Guaviare. It is in the jurisdictions of the municipalities of Solano, Cartagena del Chairá and San Vicente del Caguán in Caquetá, and Calamar and San José del Guaviare in Guaviare. It is bordered by the Tunia River (Macaya River) in the northeast, which forms the Apaporís River after its confluence with the Ajaju River at a point called Dos Ríos. The park's boundaries are formed by the Apaporís, Gunaré and Amú Rivers in the east, the Mesay and Yari Rivers in the south, and the Hiutoto, Tajisa, Ajaju and Ayaya Rivers in the west.

Chiribiquete National Park is situated in the western region of the Guiana Shield, east of the Eastern Cordillera, north of the Amazonian plains, west of the Upper Río Negro, and south of the savannas of the Orinoquía. Elevations in the park range from about 200 to 1,000 metres above sea level. It contains geological formations that are made up of plateaus and steep rocky structures. The formations are divided into three different sections: the Northern Massif, the Central Massif and Iguaje Messas.
The park is well known for its tepuis, table-top mountains that abruptly rise from the forest.
The mountain ridge of Chiribiquete is an important remnant of the rocky chain belonging to the Precambrian and Paleozoic formations that make up the Guiana Shield.

Biogeographically, Chiribiquete is located in the Guyanas. It contains many different biomes, including flooded savannas and forests, tropical savannas, shrublands and tropical moist forests.

RESUMEN EJECUTIVO: Después de una primera etapa donde prevalecieron relatos conservadores en cuanto a la capacidad de sustentación del medio amazónico, desde finales de los años ochenta y sobre todo desde los noventa en adelante se dan nuevas investigaciones arqueológicas que muestran mayor antigüedad, población, y complejidad social en la zona. En Ecuador, estas características se encuentran sobretodo en la Alta Amazonia, donde se ha descubierto estructuras monumentales, el origen de  la domesticación de cultivos como el cacao, objetos de distinción como los “tumis”, y evidencias de redes tempranas de intercambio de bienes físicos y simbólicos con la Sierra y la Costa. Sin embargo, subsisten interrogantes y problemáticas como la difusión de la cerámica panzaleo/Cosanga-Píllaro, del estilo Corrugado, y la variedad de la Fase Pastaza, sin obviar la expansión de la Tradición Polícroma Amazónica, y el cambio radical en el patrón de asentamiento en tierra firme desde aproximadamente el año 1000 d.C. En este artículo se hace una revisión bibliográfica y síntesis crítica de la arqueología amazónica en Ecuador desde su eclosión hasta la actualidad. Como principales conclusiones, para tener una imagen más clara del pasado amazónico del país se precisa más investigación, enlazar los dilemas nacionales con los regionales, como el de los cacicazgos amazónicos, y profundizar en la explicación del cambio social; lo que en gran parte remite a las debilidades estructurales de la arqueología en el país.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Arqueología amazónica, arqueología ecuatoriana, cerámica Panzaleo/Cosanga-Píllaro, Fase Pastaza, estilo Corrugado.

This paper is one of five submitted by Conectas Human Rights (Conectas), OECD Watch, and the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) to the OECD assessing the extent to which Brazil’s laws, policies and practices in these areas meet OECD expectations. It focuses on environmental degradation in the context of business activity and its impact on human rights.5 It is likely of particular interest to OECD committees and divisions focused on Environment Policy, Agriculture, Chemicals, Corporate Governance Health, Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Investment, Public Governance, and Steel.

The objective of this study was accomplishes a knowledge survey of the Apiaká indigenous on the mammals of natural occurrence in their territory, who is located in the Mato Grosso State, Southern Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. As method for collect the data were used open and semi-structured interviews. Twelve indigenous were interviewed, with both genres and different ages. The interviewees mentioned 36 different species of mammals and they showed wide ecological knowledge regarding these animals. The oral transmission of knowledge occurs across generations.

Fieldwork that focused on archaeology of the landscape was carried out during a total of 4 ½ months between June 2006 and November 2007.  Fieldwork was carried out at 3 sites in the study area of the Trombetas project, directed by Vera Guapindaia of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.  The large site of Terra Preta (PA-OR-92) is located on Lake Batata, a permanent floodplain lake beside the lower Trombetas River.  The other two sites (Greig I, PA-OR-124 and Greig II, PA-OR-125) are in the area of the plateaus, lying inside the area exploited by the mining company Mineracão Rio do Norte for bauxite (Figure 1).