Air Traffic Management

We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algo-rithms for solving these problems efficiently. For con-flict resolution, we propose a simple method that can route ...

Abstract Airlines explain the purchase of oversized aircraft by flexibility within flight operations despite potentially higher fuel consumption and operating costs. In this paper assessment and attributes of flexibility as a criterion is presented and evaluated. A survey was sent to airlines worldwide to explore the motivation for flexibility and desired aircraft characteristics, fleet structure, and flexibility parameters. The results show that flexibility is considered a vital feature and almost as important as direct operating costs. It is also shown that an aircraft's range capacity and commonality in particular facilitate many flexible applications. Overall, higher flexibility is accompanied by higher operating costs.

Since the STS-114 mission in August of 2005, the FAA has partnered with NASA to protect aircraft flying in the National Airspace System from the potential hazards associated with a catastrophic failure of a reentering Space Shuttle orbiter, similar to that which occurred during ...

The last few years have brought unprecedented change to the air k~Ric management industry. Air transporf has benefited from sustained growth as a result of the favouruble economic climate, helped by the liberdisafion of aviation af European and at global level. Contrary to other parts of the air hansport community, however, the ATM indusfry has perceived this us a threat rather than as an opportunity t has been difficult to accommodate the increased demand for safe separation of aircraft, and as a result delays have become endemic, sometimes testing the patience and tolerance of airlines, the travelling public and political authorities.

In the present article the author demonstrates the basic elements related to remote towers, such as the remote control, its developement, types and logic. The concept and content of remote sensing is being determined and also its relation to the core topic will be demonstrated. The possible services of the remote tower and the area of responsibility will be identified. In the last chapter a review of atypical air traffic control tower solutions is presented also mentioning the remote, virtual air traffic control.

A szerző a publikációban bemutatja a távoli repülőtéri toronyirányításhoz kötődő alapfogalmakat úgy, mint a távirányítást, ennek fejlődését, fajtáit és logikáját. Meghatározásra kerül a távérzékelés fogalma és tartalma, illetve kapcsolódása a fő témához. Megtörténik a lehetséges távoli repülőtéri irányító torony szolgáltatások és felelősségi terület beazonosítása. Utolsó fejezetként az atipikus repülőtéri irányítótorony megoldások ismertetése történik, benne a távoli, virtuális repülőtéri irányítótoronnyal. Kulcsszavak: távirányítás, távoli érzékelés, repülőtéri irányítótorony, távoli repülő-téri irányítótorony, irányító, irányított

"Formal methods aim to apply mathematically-based techniques to the development of computer-based systems, especially at the specification level, but also down to the implementation level. This aids early detection and avoidance of errors through increased understanding. It is also beneficial for more rigorous testing coverage. This talk presents the use of formal methods on a real project. The Z notation has been used to specify a large-scale high integrity system to aid in air traffic control. The system has been implemented directly from the Z specification using SPARK Ada, an annotated subset of the Ada programming language that includes assertions and tool support for proofs. The Z specification has been used to direct the testing of the software through additional test design documents using tables and fragments of Z. In addition, Mathematica has been used as a test oracle for algorithmic aspects of the system. In summary, formal methods can be used successfully in all phases of the lifecycle for a large software project with suitably trained engineers, despite limited tool support.
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On Friday 15 March 2013, Clean Sky organized two workshops on Clean Sky 2. The morning session was dedicated to Academia and the afternoon session to Clusters. The purpose of these workshops was to discuss the present experience in Clean Sky and the expectations for the future Clean Sky 2. During each workshop, participants were invited to share their Clean SKy experience and to participate in an open discussion. The Greener Aircraft Trajectories under ATM Constraints (GATAC) framework is developed as part of the Systems for Green Operations (SGO) - Integrated Technology Demonstrators (ITD) of the Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative for Aeronautics and Air Transport programme based on the requirements set by the Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE). European Union websites: http://www.cleansky.eu/sites/default/files/documents/events/cs2-20130315/A4%20-Presentation%20for%20CS2%20Workshops%20-%20Academia%20%26%20Clusters%20(Dr%20R%20Sabatini%20-%2015%20March%202013).pdf http://www.cleansky.eu/content/event/workshops-clean-sky-2-dedicated-academia-and-clusters

Driven by anticipated increase in satellite deployments and corresponding increase on spacelaunch demand, numerous domestic and international government programs as well as several "start-up" private ventures have been formed to develop launch vehicles that will provide less expensive alternatives to the current fleet, including numerous reusable launch vehicle concepts. The different launch-vehicle concepts are expected to have different operational characteristics, and thus different impact and requirements on the National Airspace System (NAS). This paper describes a set of computer analysis capabilities being developed for the study of air traffic management issues related to the space operations. NASA already has the Future ATM Concepts Evaluation Tool (FACET) for evaluation of advanced technologies on the air traffic over the continental U.S. The computer tool described in this paper builds on FACET to include the capability to model and analyze space-flight operations within the NAS. Specifically, it includes an extensible model database for inclusion of future launch and return vehicle models for simulation and analysis; modeling of new reserved airspace definitions; functionality for analyzing launch/return operations and potential debris fallout; and more powerful visualization capabilities. The computer tool will be instrumental for studying the interaction of air and space traffic with regard to such issues as air traffic control, spaceport operations, airspace environments, automation and decision-support tools, and communication, navigation, and surveillance.

The current review addresses emerging issues that arise from the creation of safe, beneficial, and trusted artificial intelligence–air traffic controller (AI-ATCO) systems for air traffic management (ATM). These issues concern trust between the human user and automated or AI tools of interest, resilience, safety, and transparency. To tackle these issues, we advocate the development of practical AI-ATCO teaming frameworks by bringing together concepts and theories from neuroscience and explainable AI (XAI). By pooling together knowledge from both ATCO and AI perspectives, we seek to establish confidence in AI-enabled technologies for ATCOs. In this review, we present an overview of the extant studies that shed light on the research and development of trusted human-AI systems, and discuss the prospects of extending such works to building better trusted ATCO-AI systems. This paper contains three sections elucidating trust-related human performance, AI and explainable AI (XAI), and human-AI teaming. [COPYRIGHT CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, J. Y. ZHONG 2021, NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY]

CITATION: Zhong, J. Y., Goh, S. K., & Woo, C. J. (2021, Aug). Heading toward trusted ATCO-AI systems: A literature review (Technical Report No. ATMRI-P1-ATP3_AI-NEURO), engrXiv, 1-31. Air Traffic Management Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/t769b

Space Traffic Management (STM) is being developed to deal mainly with the problems of satellite operations and space debris. Therefore, it is currently being examined separately from air traffic management (ATM). However, the advent of reusable space vehicles (RLVs) and the increase of private spaceflight operations calls for a joined examination of the STM with ATM. Among others, airspace will be shared by both aircraft and RLVs, while outer space traffic in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) will increase and begin resembling air traffic. At the same time, modernization of ATM worldwide focuses also on satellite-based navigation. Therefore, developing a comprehensive AeroSpace Traffic Management (ASTM), to include both aviation and LEO space flights, could be useful.
In this regard, some core concepts and technologies already developed or under development for ATM could set a useful example. The Automatic Depended Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) technology uses satellite navigation to locate the position of a given aircraft and the aircraft flying nearby, and transmit it to other aircraft and the Air Traffic Control (ATC). The 4d-trajectory management is based on the integration of time into the 3D aircraft trajectory, to ensure flight on a practically unrestricted, optimum trajectory for as long as possible, provided that the aircraft meets accurately an arrival time over a designated point. The System Wide Information Management (SWIM) concept envisages prompt and efficient data sharing among airspace users and Air Navigation Services Providers (ANSPs) through a wide-array network or a centralized flight data processing system. Such concepts and technologies could prove useful to regulate spaceflight traffic to and from LEO, as well as coordinate such traffic effectively with air traffic.
Moreover, developing an efficient ASTM system requires designating competent authorities, which will supervise the service providers. The nature of outer space as res nullius is similar to international airspace, which falls under the jurisdiction of no State. Air traffic in such airspace is controlled through air navigation regional agreements, which designate a specific national or transnational authority as responsible to control the airspace and ensure flight safety, without affecting the international status of the airspace. Similarly, LEO could be divided into zones, for each of which a competent authority can be designated through special international agreements. Such authorities could be linked to a SWIM, which would include both air traffic and space traffic data available to all affected authorities, service providers and aerospace users.

Due to the inherent complexity of nowadays Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, standard methods looking at an event as a linear sequence of failures might become inappropriate. For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) originally developed by Hollnagel, helps in identifying nonlinear combinations of events and interrelationships. This paper aims to enhance the strength of FRAM-based accident analyses, discussing the Resilience Analysis Matrix (RAM), a user-friendly tool that supports the analyst during the analysis, in order to reduce the complexity of representation of FRAM. The RAM offers a two-dimensional representation which systematically highlights the connections among couplings, and thus even the highly connected group of couplings. As an illustrative case study, this paper develops a systemic accident analysis for the runway incursion happened in February 1991 at LAX airport, involving SkyWest Flight 5569 and USAir F...

The Contract of Objectives (CoO), which is based on Target Windows (TWs), constitutes a new concept of operations for Air Traffic Management. TWs are represented by 4-D windows to be respected during the flight execution. They are negotiated and formally agreed by all the different actors involved in the execution of a flight and are located at the transfer of responsibility areas between them. This paper focuses on the TW modelling process which is at the base of the operational assessment carried on in the framework of the CATS project to investigate the impact of this concept on Air Traffic Controllers and pilots' working methods. In particular in this paper we focus on the TW model which has been developed for the first Human In the Loop (HIL) experiment, a real time simulation carried on to assess the impact of the concept on air traffic controllers working methods. A different work by CATS project elaborates instead on the specific indicators measured during this experiment, regarding both system performances and human performances observed during the HIL.

Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyze the evolution of fuel consumption efficiency of the domestic flights in Brazil along the period 2000-2015 in order understand the overall efficiency of the aeronautical infrastructure in this country.Design/methodology: This article proposes a method for high level assessments of the aeronautical infrastructure efficiency (either on ground or airspace) in a fast and easy to grasp manner, using the key performance indicator of useful distance per flight hour. The method estimates the average flight time spent by the national carriers to accomplish the average stage lengths in each year of the period 2000-2015 and compare these results with the flight time baseline included in the flight planning data of the aircrafts composing the Brazilian commercial aircraft fleet.Findings: This approach leads to huge differences between the referred results and the fuel consumption shown by flight operations manuals and were attributed to the ineffici...

This paper describes the results of the FP6 project SWIM-SUIT (System Wide Information Management -Supported by Innovative Technologies) that currently integrates a number of existing ATM (Air Traffic Management) systems on top of a newly build prototype. As SWIM-SUIT has been identified to provide relevant inputs to SESAR, the authors give an overview on the prototype architecture and major software components. The relevant data domains for the prototype are Flight Data, Surveillance Data and Aeronautical Information. The paper provides insights and lessons learned derived from the design decisions of the prototype implementation as guidance for future work to take place within SESAR. The last part of the paper presents a view on the ongoing validation activities that connect ATM systems throughout Europe to the SWIM-SUIT prototype.

„Gdy już posmakowałeś lotu, zawsze będziesz chodzić po ziemi z oczami utkwionymi w niebo, bo tam właśnie byłeś i tam zawsze będziesz pragnął powrócić” - te słowa Leonarda da Vinci towarzyszą autorom niniejszej publikacji przez cały czas . Chcąc zachęcić Czytelnika do „posmakowania” tego niezwykłego podniebnego świata, postanowiliśmy oddać w jego ręce książkę na temat podstaw funkcjonowania lotnictwa cywilnego – prawa i procedur. Zdaniem autorów, istotnym walorem publikacji jest właśnie szczegółowy opis procedur lotniczych stanowiący doskonałe źródło wiedzy dla osób przygotowujących się do uzyskania lotniczych licencji i świadectw, jak również dla prawników czy pracowników przedsiębiorstw lotniczych.
W rozdziale 1 zaprezentowano genezę i krótki rys historyczny międzynarodowego prawa lotniczego. Uwzględniono jego podstawowe źródła oraz poszczególne reżimy i systemy prawne. Przedstawiono rozwój prawa lotniczego Unii Europejskiej, będącego w istocie jednym z najistotniejszych dla funkcjonowania polskiego transportu lotniczego. Opisano zarówno kompetencje unijnych organów, jak i jeden z efektów ich działalności, czyli rodzaje wydawanych aktów prawnych.
Rozdział 2 zawiera charakterystyki najważniejszych konwencji lotniczych, zaś rozdział 3 – międzynarodowych rządowych i pozarządowych organizacji lotniczych. Część 4 poświęcono polskiemu prawu lotniczemu: ustawie oraz stosownym rozporządzeniom. W kolejnych rozdziałach przedstawiono niezbędne w procesie przygotowania do lotu, podstawowe dokumenty lotnicze, takie jak m.in.: Zbiór Informacji Lotniczej, Biuletyn Informacji Lotniczych, plan lotu, mapy, wiele depeszy meteorologicznych czy książkę pilota. Służby ruchu lotniczego, ich podział, strukturę, a także związane z nimi procedury opisano w rozdziale 7. Rozdział 8 z kolei poświęcono dokumentom normującym tworzenie linii lotniczych i świadczenie usług przewozów lotniczych. Ostatnie rozdziały obejmują swym zakresem nieprawidłowości w ruchu lotniczym oraz podstawy funkcjonowania służb SAR. Całość wieńczy krótkie podsumowanie. Uzupełnieniem opracowania jest zestaw załączników bazujący na dokumentach Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego (International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO) stan ratyfikacji międzynarodowych konwencji lotniczych w wybranych państwach i organizacjach (stan na 31.10.2014 r.), wybrane konwencje lotnicze oraz tzw. marsz lotników będący hymnem polskiego lotnictwa.
Reasumując, publikacja zawiera przegląd najważniejszych międzynarodowych dokumentów prawa lotniczego i ich modyfikacji, krajowych aktów prawnych regulujących funkcjonowanie lotnictwa cywilnego oraz dokumentów operacyjnych międzynarodowych organizacji lotniczych. Uwzględnia ponadto kolejne nowelizacje ustawy Prawo lotnicze oraz jej tekst jednolity z 2014 r., co czyni ją najbardziej aktualną pozycją wydawniczą poświęconą tematyce prawno-lotniczej na rynku. Autorzy nie ukrywają, że ze względu na szczegółowe omówienie w literaturze naukowej problematyki świadczenia przez porty lotnicze usług, inwestycji w infrastrukturę czy uwarunkowań antymonopolowo-prawnych , powyższe kwestie zostały pominięte w niniejszym opracowaniu. Niektóre aspekty prawa lotniczego i wynikające z niego procedury zostały natomiast omówione skrótowo, by zachęcić czytelnika do samodzielnego studiowania materiałów źródłowych – ustaw, rozporządzeń i konwencji.

Air Traffic Management (ATM) of the future allows for the possibility of free flight, in which aircraft choose their own optimal routes, altitudes, and velocities. The safe resolution of trajectory conflicts between aircraft is necessary to the success of such a distributed control system. In this paper, we present a method to synthesize provably safe conflict resolution maneuvers. The method models the aircraft and the maneuver as a hybrid control system and calculates the maximal set of safe initial conditions for each aircraft so that separation is assured in the presence of uncertainties in the actions of the other aircraft. Examples of maneuvers using both speed and heading changes are worked out in detail.

We present a model to describe the inbound air traffic over a congested hub and we show that this model gives a very accurate description of the traffic by comparing our theoretical distribution of the queue with the actual distribution observed at Heathrow airport. We also discuss the robustness of our model.

With the proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in low-altitude airspace and a growing interest in new Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, the Air Traffic Controller (ATCo)'s responsibility to ensure safety and efficiency of operations can no longer be fulfilled with the conventional air traffic control paradigm. Hence, a new increasingly autonomous Decision Support System (DSS) specifically designed for integrated manned/UAS Traffic Management (UTM) is of paramount importance. This DSS makes use of advanced traffic flow and airspace management concepts, but to ensure effective teaming between the human and the system in challenging situations, the nature of their roles and responsibilities is to be analysed in depth and reflected in the design of suitable Human-Machine Interfaces and Interactions (HMI 2). The task analysis presented in this paper assessed the interdependencies between the human and the machine following the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) framework. The paper focuses on the management of urban airspace, which is partitioned based on navigation performance. The human-machine workflow is presented and discussed, highlighting the proposed interactions in each subtask. To support closed-loop interactions and enhance system integrity, the UTM DSS makes use of the Cognitive HMI 2 concept, which is also briefly outlined in this paper.

This paper is a part of my summer internship program with the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed overview and analysis of working of the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) and its real-time applications by airports around the world.

Keywords — ASMGCS, fusion processor, L band radar, multi lateration, primary radar, principle of radar, radar, S band radar, secondary radar, surface movement radar, triangulation method, X band radar

Copyright © 2016 by Siddharth Saxena.

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Air controlled Traffic is a facility provided by controllers in ground who direct an aircraft in ground and in air. The main purpose of ATC is to avoid aircrafts from being collided and provide info to the pilot. In Brazil ATC is mainly used in defence purpose where as in United states of America ATC is used in both security and defence.

The aviation and aerospace industry has been one that has grown exponentially in terms of traffic and technology over the last six decades. With the onset of more aircraft, better flight instruments and systems, and intricate traffic networks in order to govern the flow of this traffic across the North American continent, the air traffic management of all aviation and aerospace vehicles has become relatively complex. While growing air traffic is a major situation, the only way to ensure that the National Airspace System (NAS) is still effective in its mission of maintaining safer skies, is to implement the next generation of navigation operations, procedures and equipment to all major and airports across the United States. With ground-based navigational systems still in use, but somewhat inundated with the air traffic it presently needs to support, Satellite-Based Navigation systems have been used more frequently in order to create tighter 'air corridors' which reduce separation margins, while still allowing safer en-route, and inbound & outbound terminal operations (Nakamura & Royce, 2008). With more accurate guidance aids as well as streamlined procedures, the implementation of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) has been revolutionary, not only for pilots, but primarily for Air Traffic Control Facilities, in creating a network of routes which can be flown precisely, accurately and repeatedly, thus improving flight operation, as well as air management operational efficiency (Timar, Hunter & Post, 2016). Throughout the course of this paper, the effectiveness of PBN methods, including RNP and RNAV, will be evaluated in order to highlight their operational compatibility and standards, in maintaining a safe and efficient NAS, while also lowering air traffic congestion and improving airspace management (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016). Examples from various major airports across the United States will be highlighted in order to corroborate with the effectiveness of PBN methods, along with a discussion about the future development of PBN and how it plans on creating a NAS inclusive of all entities capable of flight.

The paradigm change towards Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) has led to the deployment or planned deployment of many Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision support tools, across the US and Europe and improvements in airborne Flight Management Systems. Trajectory prediction is fundamental to automation, and the validation and improvement of trajectory predictors lie on the critical paths to success of TBO.

Unless extensive improvements are made, most air service providers view the future of air transport as increasing in demand faster than capacity, making it increasingly difficult to maintain yet alone improve the current levels of safety and efficiency. Decision Support Tools (DSTs) provide support to flight data processing, metering, or conflict prediction functions. The common thread to all these tools is the Trajectory Predictor (TP) that is responsible for predicting the anticipated future path of the aircraft.  As a result, the performance of the TP is critical to the success of these DST functions.

The primary purpose of Eurocontrol/FAA Action Plan 16 is to minimize duplication of effort in the many organizations involved in tool and predictor development, thereby reducing costs, reducing time to deployment, and enhancing the quality of the validation and improvement process.

Recent developments in SESAR and NextGen revealed that there is a good deal of confusion between the researchers, developers and organizations when, in many cases, the same term was used with different meanings. Therefore, a common set of terms and definitions is crucial for the specification of architecture, requirements and performance characteristics, as well as the structure for TPs and the communications of this information between related parties.
   
The objective of this white paper is to address common TP structure and terminology issues, applicable to both airborne and ground based applications, in order to be aligned with the evolution and developments in the SESAR and NextGen systems and to disseminate the proposed terminology and structure to the community, which includes TP developers, DST designers, Flight Data Processing and Flight Data Management system developers and users, Flight Object community, etc.

Ryzyko w ruchu lotniczym jest tradycyjnie utożsamiane z wypadkami lotniczymi, które przynoszą dużą liczbę ofiar śmiertelnych i wielkie straty finansowe. Powaga skutków jest przyczyną, dla której bezpieczeństwo jest kluczową wartością w tej gałęzi transportu W artykule dokonano przeglądu metod analizy ryzyka, z podziałem na metody bazujące na modelach przyczynowych, na modelach ryzyka kolizji, modelach błędów ludzkich oraz modelach ryzyka naziemnego. Przedstawione metody mogą być zastosowane przy ocenie i projektowaniu systemów sterowania ruchem lotniczym.

Air Traffic Controller is one of the world's most risky job. Air traffic controllers working in the TRNC attends the course with a period 1 year or more in DHMI, Turkey depending on the number of controllers. This article describes the tasks that relate to Ercan Air Traffic Control Unit controllers. The success rate of controllers who had attended the DHMI course in the past have been compared mutually in this article.Again, this article interviews with the participants as the methodology, SWOT Analysis and the factors that affect the article as a result of the failure in DHMI course is determined and a solution at the end of the article, has been revealed.

Team performance has been studied in many safety-critical organizations including aviation, nuclear power plant, offshore oil platforms and health organizations. This study looks into teamwork strategies that air traffic controllers employ to manage emergencies and abnormal situations. Two field studies were carried out in the form of observations of simulator training in emergency and unusual scenarios of novices and experienced controllers. Teamwork strategies covered aspects of team orientation and coordination, information exchange, change management and error handling. Several performance metrics were used to rate the efficiency of teamwork and test the construct validity of a prototype model of teamwork. This is a companion study to an earlier investigation of taskwork strategies in the same field (part I) and contributes to the development of a generic model for Taskwork and Teamwork strategies in Emergencies in Air traffic Management (T 2 EAM). Suggestions are made on how to use T 2 EAM to develop training programs, assess team performance and improve mishap investigations.

Air traffic is doubling every 15 years and aviation systems must modernize to address sustainability challenges. The need to balance capacity, efficiency, safety and environmental requirements is reflected by the several Air Traffic Management (ATM) and avionics modernization initiatives currently underway. The major collaborative research programs today are the European Union’s Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the United States’ Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Other modernization initiatives include the Collaborative Action for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems (CARATS) in Japan, SIRIUS in Brazil, OneSky in Australia and similar programs in Canada, China, India and Russia. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has authorized a globally coordinated plan published as the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP), to guide the harmonized implementation of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Avionics (CNS+A) enhancements across regions and States. In the CNS+A context, aircraft safety is a shared responsibility between airborne and ground-based resources. Hence this is a safety challenge requiring changes to the current regulatory framework to properly capture the nature of this shared responsibility and the concept of “integrated” CNS+A systems. Certification of aircraft and ground equipment (hardware and software) together with organizational approvals are essential elements to ensure continued and enhanced safety. Certification also facilitates harmonization and interoperability of CNS+A systems across regions, sub-regions and States. Furthermore, while new ATM and avionics technologies bring with them an increased level of automation, certification would be the instrument to ensure the safe and effective introduction of these technologies to achieve their full potential benefits. The aviation regulatory framework enforces and drives the certification process, while industry standards provide a vital link by offering methods of compliance for certification. The current certification framework for CNS+A is evolving and it is required to keep pace with the global modernization efforts to ensure safety and sustainability of future aviation.

Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego. rozprawa doktorska Promotor: prof. dr hab. inż. Mirosława Dąbrowa-Bajon _____________________________________________________ Warszawa, 1997 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 2 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 3 6. Przykład zastosowania metody -wyznaczenie pojemności lotniska Warszawa-Okęcie __________ 78 6.1 Identyfikacja systemu ________________________________________________________________ 78 6.2 Założenia i postać danych wejściowych. _________________________________________________ 84 6.3 Eksperymenty symulacyjne. ___________________________________________________________ 97 7. System wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska w czasie rzeczywistym. ____________________ 106 7.1 Koncepcja systemu _________________________________________________________________ 106 7.2 Program do wyznaczania pojemności lotniska ___________________________________________ 107 7.3 Wpływ czynników zewnętrznych na parametry modelowania. ______________________________ 108 7.4 Program modyfikacji parametrów _____________________________________________________ 110 7.5 Zastosowanie systemu do prognozowania pojemności lotniska ______________________________ 112 8. Podsumowanie ____________________________________________________________________ 122 8.1 Ocena zrealizowanych zadań _________________________________________________________ 123 8.2 Kierunki dalszych badań _____________________________________________________________ 125 8.3 Wnioski końcowe ___________________________________________________________________ 126 9. Literatura ________________________________________________________________________ 128 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 4 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 5 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 6

In the civil aviation context, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are gaining an increasingly important role. Although the aviation business has relied on ICT for many decades, the continuing growth in passenger numbers, short and long-haul flights, demands for advanced services and the ever-increasing pressure on available radio spectrum are all creating a need for innovative cyber-physical system applications (including avionics, air traffic management and unmanned aircraft systems), whose development must properly address safety, security and interoperability issues. In addition, within Europe and US, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the Next Generation Air Transportation Systems (NextGen) initiatives have added legislative pressure to replace the traditional, highly-fragmented air traffic control structures by means of greater harmonisation (including civil-military coordination) and assured levels of safety, security and interoperability through standardisation. This paper addresses the following aspects of aviation cyber-physical systems security: • ICT/ITS and Aviation • Aviation CNS+A Systems • Cyber Security Framework • Cyber Security Attacks • Avionics Cyber Threats • CNS/ATM Cyber Threats • Unmanned Aircraft System Cyber Threats • Cyber-Physical Integrity Monitoring and Augmentation Research • Recommendations and Future Research Directions.

The research presented in this paper focuses on the conceptual design of an innovative Air Traffic Management (ATM) system featuring automated 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) functionalities to enable Intent Based Operations (IBO). In order to meet the demanding requirements set by national and
international organisations for the efficiency and environmental sustainability of air transport operations, a multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm is introduced that represents the core element of the 4DT planning functionality. The 4-PNV system interacts with airborne avionics also developed for 4DT-IBO such as the Next Generation Flight Management System (NG-FMS) on-board manned aircraft and Next Generation Mission Management System (NG-MMS) for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this article we focus on the 4-PNV algorithms, and specifically on the multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm for strategic and tactical online operations. Simulation case studies are carried out to test the key system performance metrics such as 4DT computational time in online tactical Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) operations.

Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, aircraft operations in Russia relied primarily on air traffic control services provided by antiquated equipment developed and managed by both the Soviet military and the national airline, Aeroflot. Since then, the air traffic control system in Russia has experienced significant modifications and upgrades. Recent changes to the management of air traffic in the Russian airspace system have opened the doors to more use by civil aviation operations. This paper will give readers a glimpse into air traffic control operations prior to the fall of the Soviet Union and will analyze the current trends towards the optimization of the Russian air traffic control system.

Advances in aerospace Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are accelerating the introduction of automated decision making functionalities and the progressive transition to trusted autonomous operations both in civil and military applications. Major benefits of these capabilities include de-crewing of flight decks and ground control centers, as well as the safe and efficient operations of air and space platforms in a shared, unsegregated environment. This Virtual Distinguished Lecture addresses key contemporary challenges in aerospace and electronic systems research for trusted autonomous air and space operations. The focus is on avionics and CNS/ATM solutions for robotic/autonomous vehicles and cognitive human-machine systems for civil and military applications.

Innovative air traffic management concepts can be effectively evaluated using fast-time computer simulations, which require air traffic control models. This paper presents a literature survey of the state-of-the-art in air traffic controller modeling, with an emphasis on the application of these models for investigating the implementation of continuous descent approaches in traffic simulations, with brief attention to various modeling approaches for conflict detection and resolution decision-making.

The technological developments in next generation avionics and air traffic management systems triggered through various regional and international research initiatives and modernization programs introduces greater interdependency and interconnectivity between airborne systems, ground systems and various stakeholders in the supply chain. The communication infrastructure would be the backbone of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management Systems (CNS/ATM). Furthermore the introduction of the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) which is an integral part of the Global Air Navigational Plan (GANP) of International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) will become the global platform for information exchange. Security considerations against the threat of intentional unauthorised electronic interactions, commonly known as cyber security are a growing concern in Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems. In this regard, this paper reviews the existing fra...

In the present article the author demonstrates the process of the formulation of remote tower as a concept and technology and interprets the general layout of the system. The advantageous attributes and added values are summarized and compared with the ordinary tower control. The manufacturers and international experiences and instances are shown as well as the utilization and the research and development activity in Hungary regarding the remote tower control.

The use of ICT in civil aviation has increased exponentially in the last years. Digitalisation and the technological tools and systems often connected to the internet constitute serious risks for aviation cyber security. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has recently stated that air traffic management and control (ATM/ATC) vulnerabilities could be used to undermine national security. Against this backdrop, several related questions arise: what technologies do air traffic management and control systems rely on? Are these systems vulnerable? Which actors could pose a threat to these systems? Do they have the technological skills to conduct attacks that could compromise them? The low technical skills of the non-state actors analysed in this research, the cyber security countermeasures adopted by ENAV and the preventive activities conducted by Italian authorities make the risk for Italian ATM/ATC systems low. However, it is necessary to keep a high level of attention and awareness on possible future developments of the cyber threat. keywords DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 23E -DECEMBER 2015 2