Air Defence

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During the fourth quarter of 2024 Latvia’s security along with that
of Europe has become increasingly frail.
The incoming Trump administration’s positions on European and
wider security, NATO, economic protectionism (tariffs) and possible
territorial ambitions are not yet clear. The weakness of the French
and German governments together with a shaky start for the newly
governing Labour Party in the United Kingdom makes Europe vulner-
able. At the same time, Russia continued various hybrid operations,
including damaging critical infrastructure in the Baltic Sea and at-
tempting to pull Georgia and Moldova closer to its orbit.

In May 1978 he was awarded a bachelor's degree in business administration with a concentration in management and was commissioned through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps. In September of 1978 he was sent to undergraduate navigator training at Mather Air Force Base (AFB), California. After earning his wings he was assigned to the Strategic Air Command's 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and trained on RC-, EC-, and KC-135 aircraft. While at Offutt Major Gant was selected to attend undergraduate pilot training (UPT) at Laughlin AFB, Texas. After graduation from UPT in November 1984, he volunteered to return to the 135 weapon system. After initial training on the KC-135A model, Major Gant was stationed at McConnell AFB, Kansas, and was qualified in the newly modified KC-135R model. In the fall of 1988 he was assigned to Altus AFB, Oklahoma, where he served as flight commander, assistant operations officer, instructor pilot, and flight examiner. In the summer of 1990, Major Gant was chosen to participate in the Airpower Research Institute's (ARI) command-sponsored research fellow program held annually at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Concurrent with this assignment, he also attended Air Command and Staff College. He completed this study during the 1990-91 academic year. Major Gant and his wife, Kristie, have two children, Amy and Craig. vii

This paper examines the prospects for a European Air Defence Shield, focusing on the technological, political and industrial challenges in creating an Integrated Air Defence (IADS). The urgency for a unified system is underscored by Russia’s war of aggression and the growing threats from hypersonic missiles, drones and electronic warfare. The European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) marks an important step towards addressing these vulnerabilities but faces significant obstacles, including fragmented procurement and national priorities. The paper explores the potential of ESSI, its limitations and the broader need for an integrated European approach to air defence.

The study covers key principles of building aerial robots, including those related to construction, aerodynamics, navigation and data acquisition systems. The focus is on integration of modern technologies, such as sensors, GPS modules, and specialized software, which ensure efficient task performance in challenging environments. The paper analyzes benefits of implementing intelligent control systems, including algorithms for automatic route planning, flight correction, and obstacle detection. Particular attention is paid to the aerodynamic design of the body and choice of materials that ensure lightness, durability, and resistance to external factors such as wind, rain, and high temperatures. The study offers practical examples of implementation of design principles on example of modern agricultural aerial robots used for monitoring and data collection. A critical analysis of design and operational challenges provides deep understanding of potential of these technologies. Visual elements of work contribute to better understanding of complex technical solutions.

Latvia’s Security Barometer is a brief, quarterly review of key international and local defense and security developments from a Latvian perspective which may have a bearing on Latvia’s security. It is produced by the Center for Geopolitical Studies Riga in English and Latvian with some general com- ments in italics.

RADAR is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of target objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people, and the natural environment which can refl ect a signal back. It uses electromagnetic radio waves to determine the angle, range, or velocity of objects. RADAR was developed by various nations before and during Second World War. RADAR is a classic example of an electronic engineering system that utilizes many of the specialized elements of technology practiced by electrical engineers, including signal processing, data processing, waveform design, electromagnetic scattering, detection, parameter estimation, information extraction, antennas, propagation transmitters, and receivers. This paper gives an outline of RADAR principle and some of the RADAR applications, which range from air traffi c control, forest and climate monitoring and the monitoring of natural disasters, to name just a few.
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This research explores the concept of military force posture adjustments in response to heightened geopolitical tensions, emphasizing the significance of adaptability in modern military strategy. The study defines military force posture and examines various types of adjustments, including reinforcement, realignment, rotation, and integration. It analyzes the strategic importance of these adjustments in supporting national security objectives and influencing adversary behavior. Factors influencing force posture changes are discussed, including geopolitical tensions, operational requirements, and strategic partnerships. Through historical case studies, including U.S. military presence in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and the Asia-Pacific, the research identifies patterns and lessons learned from past adjustments. The role of intelligence and surveillance in informing force posture decisions is highlighted, along with emerging trends and technological impacts shaping future military operations. The research concludes by emphasizing the necessity of flexibility and adaptability in military strategy to effectively navigate evolving security challenges.

There’s a general sense that the integration of CEMA into SIGINT is a game-changer, offering enhanced situational awareness and decision-making capabilities on the battlefield. Learn more in Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare for Engineers, Managers, and Analysts by Tonex.

Η εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει επιφέρει σημαντικές αλλαγές σε πολλούς τομείς, με την αεράμυνα να αποτελεί έναν από αυτούς. Η χρήση της Ρομποτικής και της Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης (ΤΝ) στην αεράμυνα αναδύεται ως μια από τις πλέον καινοτόμες εφαρμογές, προσφέροντας δυνατότητες που μέχρι πρότινος φάνταζαν αδιανόητες. Σκοπός του παρόντος άρθρου είναι να διερευνήσει τις προκλήσεις και τις ευκαιρίες που προκύπτουν από την ενσωμάτωση αυτών των τεχνολογιών στα συστήματα αεράμυνας.

This article investigates how the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 22, 2024, has influenced the perception of the Baltic States’ security and their interest and engagement in supporting and aiding Ukraine. Divided into four sections, the article presents the importance of military aid of the Baltic States to Ukraine as it helps to repel Russian attacks and strengthen Ukraine’s defence capabilities.

The overt military phase of the lengthy conflict over Ukraine is now three weeks old.
Shortly before the start of the armed hostilities that began on 24 February 2022, Pentagon sources suggested that Kiev would fall in just three days. This forecast did not materialize. Therefore, this policy brief focuses primarily on the military-strategic aspects of the war, leaving aside political and other aspects for another time.

, the world saw another EW conflict in the Falklands War. On 4 May 1982, a British Type-42 destroyer, HMS Sheffield, was destroyed by a a sea-skimming Frenchbuilt Exocet missile. The entire military world was shocked, for this type of warship was supposed to constitute the main fleet defence against air attack in cooperation with airborne early warning aircraft to detect low flying enemy aircraft. Unfortunately for Sheffield, there were no airborne early warning radars on board in operation on 4 May when the Exocet missiles were sighted close in. The Sea-Dart missile system on board Sheffield, designed to engage aerial platforms at a distance, was simply unable to get on target in time because of its slower reaction time. Assessing the war from the point of view of EW, several innovations were employed in ground combat. Skeffield lacked the latest EW equipment capable of countering technologically advanced western missiles like the Exocet. Argentinian forces made very little use of EW systems, except passive EW, like ELINT and ESM. Excellent organisation of command, control, communications and intelligence (C 3 1) on the part of British forces contributed significantly to its success in the Falklands War. In June 1982, another fierce EW battle, known as the Lebanon War, was fought between Israel and Lebanon in the Bekka Valley. By mid-june, Israeli forces reported the destruction of 86 Syrian aircraft, including Soviet-built 'Makoyan' MIG-23 fighters and five French-built ' Aero Spatiale Gazelle' attack helicopters. The Israelis reported that they, in turn, had lost only two helicopters and the Bekka Valley area had been destroyed by the Israeli Air Force without much losses. In this war, the Israelis made use of a special type of deception technique, called decoys (drones and RPVs, remotely piloted vehicles) to know the location and characteristics of enemy operating systems and weapons. Israelis had employed their 'Mastiff RPV (as well as drones) to ascertain the microwave radio frequencies used by the Syrian SAM-65. Two Israeli Grumman, E-2C Hawkeye aircraft obtained electronic bearings of the Syrian missile radar system, allowing them to plot their exact location. Israeli aircraft then destroyed the sites with rockets riding a microwave beam to the SAM-6 sites. This led to a stunning defeat of Lebanese forces and an incredible victory of Israeli forces. Israeli Air Force played a dominant and decisive role In this war. What was the decisive factor? Electronic warfare. The outstanding results achieved by the Israelis show that the new concept of real-time warfare, supported by accurate planning of EW actions, was the real key to their success. Another element which contributed greatly to the Israeli success in Lebanon was the coordinated use of AWACS (Airborne Early Warning and Control System) and ECM against enemy command, control and communications systems, called C 3 CM. The classic struggle between the lance and shield, the gun and armour, the missile and electronic systems, the countermeasures and counter-countermeasures will no doubt continue in the form of fight between radiation weapons and radiation countermeasures and between these counteremeasures and relative counter-countermeasures and so on. Electronic warfare today is an utterly deadly battlefield, where victory or defeat may come in a matter of seconds, even microseconds. Thus, in this situation inadequate EW means certain defeat.

Radar system is one of the most complex systems that is made up of subsystems from various specialization fields.  The associated courses are difficult to conduct for effective learning outcomes from the students or participants.  Radar courses in commercial or military institutions are largely conducted using simulation methods with theoretical analysis.  Some practical components have also been used in some institutions.  Students, hence, are not exposed as much as the training objectives required, to the practical aspects of the complex radar system.  Real systems are used merely in system-specific courses for the training of technicians or engineers to maintain or service the system.

In this paper, the use of real training system is compared against conventional teaching methodology in radar courses.  It will also discuss the pros and cons of using real systems in radar system and technology  courses.  The paper will then present a typical radar training system that provides real signals and realistic phenomenon.  The experience and use of radar training system with course details that has been deployed in some training institutions will then be presented and discussed.

Standard marine navigation radars are sometimes used in VTS and Coastal Surveillance.  Commercial marine radars are only capable of detecting vessel and navigation buoys under most sea conditions
The current challenge is the detection of small, low profile targets under adverse weather conditions.  The paper discusses the techniques to improve the performance of marine radars for small target detection.

Radar design developments has resulted to a huge increase of Low Probability of Interception (LPI) radars, which are further integrated into defense and surveillance systems as well as platforms and guided weapons such as anti-sup missiles, littoral weapon systems and combat systems.  LPI radars has led to the new developments of new techniques, strategies and equipment to support, attack and protect.  Most LPI radar use Frequency-Modulate Continuous Wave pulse compression techniques because it is the most simplest and easiest technique to use with the simple solid-state transceiver.  FMCW technique gives high time-bandwidth product which makes it difficult to intercept while large modulation bandwidth gives good range resolution.  With matched filtering, the return signal from FMCW radar transmitter is easily predicted by the receiver.  Due to the effectiveness of FMCW radars, jamming FMCW radars is now a highly discussed interest among the radar and electronic warfare communities.  This paper attempts to discuss various jamming techniques used against FMCW radars in terms of detecting and electronic protection (EP) of FMCW radars.

Does personal contact between allied service members and local citizens result in greater public acceptance of foreign military presence? To what extent do members of the host nation's domestic society assess favorably the forward deployment of allied military personnel on their own national territory? Substantial scholarly literature has probed these types of questions in the context of US globe-spanning military deployments. This study, however, departs from the US-centric approach and focuses on the deployment of a middle power. In the presented analysis, we examine the Canadian approach to "winning hearts and minds" in Latvia. Today, upwards of 800 Canadian troops are stationed in Latvia. Using original survey data, we measure local citizens' attitudes towards the Canadian-led battlegroup. Our results speak to the fact that Canadian and other foreign armed forces' presence in Latvia is generally accepted by the wider society. Despite Moscow's active attempts to cultivate anti-NATO sentiments, the Latvian public welcomes the stationing of Canadian troops on the country's soil.

The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.

The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.

This paper studies the performance of modern guided systems in presence of a proposed deception jamming technique. The proposed jammer uses the intercepted signal of the guided system to deceive the instantaneous amplitude comparison (IAC) monopulse radar, which is used in the most modern guided system. The performance of the modern guided systems in the presence of jamming for a typical case of radar guided missile is discussed for the following guidance methods: proportional navigation, pure pursuit, and constant bearing. It is found that, the guided system that uses pure pursuit guidance method is the most affected by the proposed jamming technique (largest miss tracking distance). Constant bearing guidance method is the lowest method affected by the proposed jamming technique (lowest miss tracking distance). Proportional navigation, that is the most used guidance method, is moderate affected by the proposed jamming technique. This effect is enough to confuse the guided system and miss track the target.

Dağlarda veya soğuk hava koşullarında askeri operasyonlar icra eden komutanlar ve askerlerin çevre ve karşılarındaki düşman unsurları olmak üzere iki düşmanı vardır ve askerî harekât planları iki düşmanı da hesaba katmalıdır. Dağ ve soğuk havanın yarattığı bütün zorluklara rağmen, geçmişte ve günümüzde, dağlarda ve soğuk ortamlarda büyük çaplı ve uzun süreli operasyonları başarıyla yürüten ordular mevcuttur.

In recent years, NATO has made good progress in strengthening deterrence and defence postures on its eastern flank, including establishing a rotational Allied land component presence in the Baltic states and Poland. For quite some time, territorial defence seemed to be an obsolete need, a leftover from the Cold War era. However, Russia’s overt and covert uses of military force—against Georgia in 2008 and against Ukraine since 2014—have profoundly altered the security environment and threat perceptions in the region and, indeed, across the entire Alliance.1 Has this new situation also provided opportunities for the Baltic states and Poland to enhance their cooperation in their defence policies? What are the factors that enable and facilitate the advancement of cooperation in this format—and are there any obstacles to be removed? Ultimately, if these four countries on NATO’s northeast flank are functioning smoothly as a quartet, what are the political and military steps they could tak...

The present research sought to extract a model from the knowledge dimension of the
innovation system by examining the models and scientific literature about the role of
knowledge in the innovation system to be presented in a defense organization and to discover
the interactions between the components of the model. This research has been formed in the
framework of the interpretative paradigm, with an applied and developmental approach, with a
deductive-inductive strategy and a mixed method. The research data was collected in library
and field and the sampling method was theoretical. The statistical population of this research
was the scientific articles available in the research databases and were reviewed in full. In the
quantitative part, the statistical population included experts in the field of innovation and
university graduates. In this research, data collection tools, including the review of documents
and documents, as well as the input matrix of the DEMATEL method were used in the form of
a questionnaire. The research community was reviewed in the qualitative section, including
specific scientific documents, using the theoretical sampling method. Also, in the quantitative
part of the research community, the experts in this field were considered with the purposeful
sampling method. In this research, using the meta-composite approach based on Barroso and
Sandlovsky's approach, which includes seven basic steps, and the exploration of past
researches, which according to the input criteria include scientific articles with a certain
grade and after the year 2000, concepts are extracted and finally The components of the
knowledge dimension of the innovation system were identified. These components, which
were collected from 48 sources after screening the sources, were extracted in the form of 84
codes, which were placed in ten basic themes. These themes formed the knowledge
dimension of the innovation system in the form of three categories of research, learning and
knowledge management. In the following, by using the Dimetal method, the method of
connecting the components and the interaction between them was investigated among the
experts of a military organization. The validity of the research was confirmed in the
qualitative part with the critical method and Cohen's kappa, and in the quantitative part by
referring to experts. The results showed that the two variables "Preliminaries of learning"
and "Protection of knowledge" are known as important players in the set of factors as factors
that have the highest total effect and effectiveness (with values of 2.0841 and 1.5240,
respectively). Also, two variables "Learning Introduction" and "Training" had the highest
net impact value (deduction of impact from effectiveness) in the set of these factors, with
values of 0.9726 and 0.2763, respectively. Therefore, these two factors are considered as the
most stimulating factors and they need to be taken into consideration in the plans.

According to the U.S. Department of Defense, space electronic warfare support information can be correlated with other intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance information to provide a more accurate picture of the EM operational environment and therefore a better understanding of the battlespace. Learn more in Space Electronic Warfare Certificate (SEWC) Training by Tonex.

The classical weapon target allocation (WTA) problem has been evaluated within the scope of electronic warfare (EW) threat assessment with an electromagnetic effect-based jammer-tactical radio engagement approach. As different from the literature, optimum allocation of non-directional jammers operating at different operating UHF frequencies under constraints to RF emitters is aimed in this study. The values of the targets are modelled using an original threat assessment algorithm developed that takes into account operating frequencies, jamming distance, and weather conditions. The computed jammer-target effect matrix has been solved under different scenarios according to the efficiency and cost constraints. It is seen at the end of the simulations that the allocation results for EW applications largely depend on the effect ratio used. The better results are taken in the case of under 0.5 effect ratio. Finally, jammer-radio allocation problem specified at the suggested model is solved successfully and effectively.

Modern-day train operations rely on wireless communications. Unlike other mobile systems, the train vehicle operations are tightly interwound with and remain physically close to the railway and the trackside infrastructure, providing a suitable platform to deploy leaky-waveguide-based communication. Due to the train system's safety-critical application and its exposure to the public, it is critical to address security in train communications. To investigate the availability of leaky waveguide communications, we first study prior leaky waveguide implementations in train systems and, based on those studies, construct a model to characterize the path loss of inside-waveguide propagation and the repeater implementations. Using our model, we analyze the jamming impact and contrast with jamming in free space without a waveguide. As a result, we establish that jamming the waveguide takes advantage of the waveguide infrastructure to extend its impact beyond the traditional jamming range and breaks the spatial dependence on the jamming source.

Modern anti-armor missiles represent enormous threat for any military vehicle. Simple hand-held missiles are able to penetrate 300 mm, more sophisticated missiles up to 1000 mm of the best steel armors. Active defense methods seem to be promising ways how to face this problem. Systems of active defense are based on sensors able to detect and measure approaching threat missile and generate signals that activate a suitable countermeasure. The paper describes several different designed radar sensors tested in active defense configurations. This concerns narrowband sector sensor, "microwave curtain" and a new wideband sensor with a distance measurement capability. All practical tests were performed using real missiles at army shooting ranges.

Modern anti-armor missiles represent enormous threat for any military vehicle. Simple hand-held missiles are able to penetrate 300 mm, more sophisticated missiles up to 1000 mm of the best steel armors. Active defense methods seem to be promising ways how to face this problem. Systems of active defense are based on sensors able to detect and measure approaching threat missile

In this article, a machine learning aided electronic warfare (EW) system is presented and the simulation results are discussed. The developed EW system uses an automatic decision tree generator to create engagement protocol and a fuzzy logic model to quantify threat levels. A long-short term memory (LSTM) neural network was also trained to predict the next signal set of multifunction radars. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed EW system's ability to engage multiple multifunction radars.

This paper studies the performance of modern guided systems in presence of a proposed deception jamming technique. The proposed jammer uses the intercepted signal of the guided system to deceive the instantaneous amplitude comparison (IAC) monopulse radar, which is used in the most modern guided system. The performance of the modern guided systems in the presence of jamming for a typical case of radar guided missile is discussed for the following guidance methods: proportional navigation, pure pursuit, and constant bearing. It is found that, the guided system that uses pure pursuit guidance method is the most affected by the proposed jamming technique (largest miss tracking distance). Constant bearing guidance method is the lowest method affected by the proposed jamming technique (lowest miss tracking distance). Proportional navigation, that is the most used guidance method, is moderate affected by the proposed jamming technique. This effect is enough to confuse the guided system and miss track the target.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely involved in military reconnaissance and detection of moving targets. SAR active decoy can generate deceptive jamming signal and it can severely affect the content of SAR focused image. SAR range Doppler algorithm (RDA) is considered as one of the most common algorithms utilized in the image formation processor (IFP) in SAR sensors. In this paper, the inverse RDA (IRDA) deception jamming technique and its evaluation criteria on SAR are demonstrated. Mathematical formulations for SAR RDA with and without deception jamming are presented. Matlab simulation and results of SAR RDA under the proposed deception scenario are discussed. SAR point target simulation of the proposed deceptive jamming and false target insertion into real large scene are also introduced. Comparison of the proposed deceptive jamming to signal power ratio (JSR) required to counter SAR with other SAR jamming techniques is analyzed.

The article deals with air defence, focusing on the use of Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) systems. GABDs are complex systems consists of different types of radars, sensors, launchers, command, control, communication, intelligence information subsystems. GBADs parameters and subsystems features can influence overall GBAD systems characteristics and range of GBADs usage. In this article are described modern GBADs solutions, main advantages, and disadvantages of their composition.

The invention of the laser can rightfully be considered one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. At the very beginning of the development of this technology, they already predicted a completely universal applicability, from the very beginning the prospect of solving various problems was visible, even though some tasks were not even visible on the horizon at that time. Monochromatic laser radiation can be obtained in principle at any wavelength, both in the form of a continuous wave with a certain frequency and in the form of short pulses lasting up to fractions of a femtosecond. Focusing on the studied sample, the laser beam is subjected to nonlinear optical effects, which allows researchers to perform spectroscopy by changing the frequency of light, as well as to perform coherent analysis of processes by controlling the polarization of the laser beam. Lasers were initially limited more to scientific research and military applications. The report examines the use...

Cumhuriyetimizin 100. yılına girerken Türk savunma sanayiinin oldukça hareketli ve coşkulu zamanlardan geçiyor. Sektör Bayraktar TB2'den ANKA'ya, AKINCI'dan AKSUNGUR'a yüksek teknoloji çözümleriyle dünyada adından söz ettirirken jet motorlu platformlar büyük yankı uyandırdı. Otuzdan fazla ülkeye yapılan milyonlarca dolarlık ihracat ile dünya SİHA pazarını domine etme yolunda ilerleyen Türk firmalar yeni çözümler geliştiriyor. T.C. Savunma Sanayii Başkanı Prof. Dr. İsmail Demir yakın zaman önce Baykar'ın yanı sıra TUSAŞ'ın da jet motorlu platform üzerinde çalıştığını açıklamıştı. TUSAŞ'ın jet motorlu insansız uçak projesinin adının ANKA-3 MİUS olduğu yakın zaman önce açıklandı.

Recently, the Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) has become vital for the defense system as the military defense system is vital for national security. Placing Integrated Air Defense System batteries among locations to protect locations assets is a crucial problem because optimal solutions are needed for interceptor missiles to intercept attacker missiles for maximizing protection of assets across locations or places. In this research, the procedures of using network algorithms along with developing several network algorithms are going to be demonstrated to develop a model for sequential development of seven network securing strategies of placing Surface to Air Missile (SAM) batteries to maximize the protection of assets across locations (based on given asset values) by generating optimal solutions through computation to destroy maximum attacker missiles by using minimum interceptor missiles with given intercept probability. This network securing strategies can be implemented not ...

Modern Air and Missile Defense (AMD) systems use radar paired with a gun or missile weapon system to detect and destroy an array of threat types that includes theater ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial systems. The radar and other sensors are used to detect and track incoming threats, while the weapons are used to intercept and destroy them. The commandand-control system coordinates the activities of the various components of the air defense system, ensuring that they can operate effectively together.

At NATO’s Madrid Summit in June 2022, the Allies agreed to bolster enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) by deploying “additional robust in-place combat-ready forces on our eastern flank, to be scaled up from the existing battlegroups to brigade-size units where and when required, underpinned by credible rapidly available reinforcements, prepositioned equipment, and enhanced command and control”. The Baltic states had fought hard for a more robust NATO military presence to deter Russia and to provide a realistic chance of defending every square inch of NATO territory against a Russian attack. It has turned out, however, that moving from battlegroups to brigades—and thus towards forward defence— has been more difficult than the Baltic states anticipated.

The article deals with air defence, focusing on the use of Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) systems. GABDs are complex systems consists of different types of radars, sensors, launchers, command, control, communication, intelligence information subsystems. GBADs parameters and subsystems features can influence overall GBAD systems characteristics and range of GBADs usage. In this article are described modern GBADs solutions, main advantages, and disadvantages of their composition.

This paper studies the performance of modern guided systems in presence of a proposed deception jamming technique. The proposed jammer uses the intercepted signal of the guided system to deceive the instantaneous amplitude comparison (IAC) monopulse radar, which is used in the most modern guided system. The performance of the modern guided systems in the presence of jamming for a typical case of radar guided missile is discussed for the following guidance methods: proportional navigation, pure pursuit, and constant bearing. It is found that, the guided system that uses pure pursuit guidance method is the most affected by the proposed jamming technique (largest miss tracking distance). Constant bearing guidance method is the lowest method affected by the proposed jamming technique (lowest miss tracking distance). Proportional navigation, that is the most used guidance method, is moderate affected by the proposed jamming technique. This effect is enough to confuse the guided system and miss track the target.