African American Psychology

Phrasal verbs represent a typical feature of English. Multiword expressions, and especially phrasal verbs, can assess the level of English language proficiency. However, learners of English tend to adopt a strategy of avoidance. Unpredictable, phrasal verbs can be difficult to both understand and remember for non-English speakers, which prompted to call them 'the scourge of the learner'. The role of multiword constructions has also been emphasized in theories of first language acquisition . They are indeed a rich and productive source of predication that children must master, doing so at very young ages. There is, nevertheless, a huge gap in the study of child language acquisition that has largely left unaddressed questions about how the child learns and acquires verb-particle constructions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the gradual development of verb-particle constructions in child language by examining longitudinal data from the spontaneous oral speech of Naima, an English-speaking girl from the Providence Corpus of the CHILDES database , between ages 0;11 and 3;10. My findings also support the claim that input and interaction play a major role in the language acquisition process. Indeed, by analyzing the emergence and usage of phrasal verbs by Naima, I will thus compare the top ten verb-particle construction types used by the child and the adult. Ultimately, I will show the correlation between the most frequently used phrasal verbs in adult speech and the earliest constructions acquired by Naima.

This survey article explores the parameters of the Palestinian national identity as represented in the fictional world of a number of Palestinian narratives written in Arabic and other languages over the past hundred years. More specifically, the article traces the dramatic transition of identity formation from personal discomfiture with the breakdown of self-interested enterprises to mass awareness of the existential threat posed by the Zionist Movement Project 1 against the national aspiration of the Palestinian people in Palestine as their only homeland. The threat in question was the consequence of the militant immigrant Jewish settlers who infiltrated into Palestine in successive waves of European Jewish immigrants in the wake of Sykes-Picot Agreement 2 and Balfour Declaration. 3 Ever since the coming out of the first Arab Palestinian novel, al-Wareth, 4 the issue of identity has been steadily gaining a central place in the Palestinian narrative art, irrespective of the stance and angle of vision from which the story is told. As a form of art of fiction, the Palestinian novel says something about the loss or distortion of the Palestinian national identity through a deliberate, programmed erosion of individual and collective memories, including history and popular culture. This purposeful erosion has been consistently the target of the single-handed historical narrative provided by the official annals of Israel 5 as an immigrant settlers' colonial project replacing the state of Palestine on the world map. The Palestinian narratives under study bring out into the open the long-denied version of the truth by unfolding the hidden narrative account of the Palestinian national identity for the fullness of history.

Purpose: The massive spread of the new coronavirus, starting from China, continues to threaten the lives of populations worldwide. With no available treatment or vaccine, precautionary behaviors remain the principle preventive measure against the disease. The current study aimed at exploring the factors predicting adherence and adoption of individuals to the recommended precautionary practice in Saudi Arabia.Methodology: Through a cross-sectional design, using a predesigned questionnaire distributed through social media and targeting general adult Saudi population, 1860 individuals responded in almost two weeks. The used questionnaire included, in addition to demographic characteristics, perception of the respondents to the seriousness of the disease, and their compliance with the recommended protective measures of Covid-19.Findings:  The total respondents were 1860, among which 1680 individuals responded within the first week of the study (March 2020).  The majority of responders w...

With the benefit of almost 20 years of hindsight, in this article we evaluate the legacy of state-building in Timor-Leste. We find that much of the academic critique of the state-building mission has proven to be largely accurate: political and economic development has indeed been challenged by the legacy of key decisions made during the early state-building process. First, the focus on centralised state institutions has led to the underdevelopment of administrative, political, and economic decentralization. Second, the partisan nature of the constitution-making process has facilitated the continued concentration of political and economic power in the hands of certain elites. Third, the ambiguous-and at times conflictual-division of powers between state institutions has facilitated the emergence of political clientelism and undermined broad-based economic diversification and development.

The mid-20th century heralded a critical epistemological rupture, foregrounding the contestation of Eurocentric paradigms and the emergence of decolonial frameworks in African intellectual discourse. This article interrogates the formative contributions of early Pan-African thought, spanning the 1910s to the 1950s, which constituted the intellectual scaffolding for epistemological decoloniality. Through an incisive critique of colonial knowledge systems, Pan-African thinkers transitioned from passive engagement to an assertive reclamation of epistemic agency. Central to this ideological shift was the reconfiguration of educational paradigms. Visionaries such as Edward Blyden and James Africanus Horton repudiated the erasure of African historical and cultural legacies within colonial pedagogical structures, advocating instead for educational models anchored in African epistemologies. Their endeavors sought to cultivate intellectual self-determination and socio-cultural justice. Simultaneously, scholars like W.E.B. Du Bois and Cheikh Anta Diop interrogated Eurocentric historiographical distortions, rigorously documenting Africa's pre-colonial civilizations to subvert hegemonic narratives and restore historical subjectivity. The intellectual ferment of the Négritude movement further amplified these critiques by valorizing African identity, aesthetics, and heritage, while the deliberative platforms provided by Pan-African congresses facilitated transcontinental solidarity and strategic epistemic resistance. Collectively, early Pan-African thought catalyzed a profound challenge to Eurocentric epistemic dominance, inaugurating a transformative trajectory toward Africacentered paradigms of knowledge production and equitable global intellectual engagement.

In 1957 Irvin Rock published an article in the American Journal of Psychology igniting a controversy that dominated the field of verbal learning for the next 8 years before mostly burning out. Rock published 2 paired-associate learning experiments in which he compared performance of a control group that learned a constant list of pairs to the criterion of one perfect trial with an experimental group in which forgotten pairs on each trial were dropped and replaced on the next trial with new pairs. That is, on each trial for experimental subjects, pairs that were correctly recalled were maintained in the next trial, whereas pairs that were not recalled were dropped and replaced randomly with new pairs from a large pool. Surprisingly, Rock found that the 2 groups took the same number of trials to reach criterion. He concluded that learning occurred not with a gradual, incremental increase in strength of memory traces but rather in an all-or-none fashion. Rock's conclusions rocked the world of verbal learning, because all theories followed a gradualist assumption. However, Estes (1960) published research that led him to the same conclusion shortly thereafter. We recount these developments and discuss how the verbal learning establishment rose up to smite down these new ideas, with particular ferocity directed at Rock. Echoing G. A. Miller (1963), we conclude with a note of sympathy for Rock's and Estes's positions and muse about why their work was so summarily dismissed. The important question they raised-the nature of how associations are learned-remains unanswered. In 1957, Ghana obtained its independence, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 2, the Wham-0 Company produced the first Frisbee, and the Ford Motor Company produced the Edsel (on what the company proclaimed was E-Day a takeoff on D-Day 13 years earlier). The Edsel was going to make a splash, the Ford marketing people thought, and it did-just not the kind desired. Meanwhile, in the world of experimental psychology, the American Journal of Psychology launched a rocket of its own, an article by Irvin Rock titled "The Role of Repetition in Associative Learning" in that same year. Rock declared independence from old ways of thinking about learning as a function of repetition, and his article received a warm reaction. Depending on one's point of view, it soared like Sputnik, fluttered like a Frisbee, or flopped like the Edsel (a car whose production became synonymous with failure for the next 30

The study was conducted to determine the use think-pair-share technique is effective in teaching descriptive reading that improved students' achievement in reading comprehension. This objective is supported by Frank Lyman's theory, "Think-pair-share is a learner centered and highly effective collaborative teaching strategy that is widely used in higher education". That statement was proven and can be seen from the students activities during the implementation of think-pair-share in teaching learning activities. This study used quantitative method, and experimental with one group pre-test-post-test as the design. There were thirty five students from the seventh grade of SMPN 1 Palimanan Kabupaten Cirebon were used as the sample. In the experimental class, the writer used think-pair-share as the treatment, it has been done in three meetings. Pre-test and post-test was used to gain the data. There were ten question of essay students' sheet was used as intruments of the test. The experiment class showed a significant reading comprehension, it shows that t account is higher than t table (18.13 t account > 2.032 t table). Based on the reasult the writer concludes that use of think-pair-share technique in teaching descriptive reading is effective in improving students' reading comprehension.

To what extent are existing post-conflict mechanisms promoting sustainable peace? Supplementary Research Questions • What is sustainable peace and what are the strategies for sustainable peace in post-conflict areas? • How do community development strategies enhance peacebuilding capacities within post-conflict development projects? Community Development Theory Kretzmann & McKnight-Needs-based vs. Asset-based

Over the past decades, reductive materialism has made a recipe for philosophy of mind to explore the subtle nature of the human mind. By and large, many identity theorists were likely to argue that mental states can be found in cognitive faculties of the brain so that the mind, if not most, associates with discoverable phenomena with no burden of proof. To put this bluntly, reductive materialism is typically defined by its very nature: all mental states are neurological states of the brain; ergo, it is implausible to make room for the substance dualism thereto. In response to this naturalist stance, aka reductive materialism, this article, thereby, contends that reductive materialism cannot be placed in a defensible position in philosophy of mind vis-àvis the Kripkean modality; accordingly, this brief survey has identified several barnstorming findings in support of the thesis: the necessity and contingency, the core plank of possibility, rigid and non-rigid designators, and conceivability and possibility. In spite of its limitations, the study certainly adds to our understanding of the so-called reductive materialism in philosophy of mind. Nevertheless, a full discussion of naturalism lies beyond the scope of this study. Further work is, therefore, needed to fully digest the implications of reductive materialism and Kripke's modal argument.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of learner autonomy; however, the roles of teachers and language materials in fostering in have not received due attention. This mixed methods study investigated the association between what Iranian teachers perceived of LA and what they thought about the role of textbooks in fostering EFL learners' LA, and to what extent they believed the principles of LA in their classrooms. The participating teachers were 200 male and female teachers that taught Iranian tenth-grade EFL textbook in senior high schools of Qom, Arak, and Karaj. The first instrument was a questionnaire developed by Borg and Al-Busaidi (2012), which primarily focused on the teachers' perspectives and opinions about LA. The second questionnaire was used to investigate how Iranian EFL teachers think the EFL textbook Vision 1 helps foster LA. The questionnaire was developed based on the LA principles (Fenner & Newby, 2000). The last instrument was an interview protocol that was developed by the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of teachers' promoting LA in their teaching. The interview protocol also was based on Fenner and Newbys' (2000) principles. For this study, the questionnaire data were collected through two questionnaires. Moreover, an interview protocol was used to gather qualitative data from 12 teachers, who participated in the interviews (i.e., 2 face-to-face and 10 online interviews). The result of the bivariate correlation test showed that there was a significant relationship between teachers' perception of learner autonomy and their opinions about the LA-fostering role of the Iranian 10th-grade EFL textbook. The results of the interview analysis showed that the principles of learner autonomy were largely approved of by the interviewees. The study has some implications for textbook developers, teachers trainers, and teachers.

There is no comprehensive handbook of psycholinguistics. Mcrtcn and Marshall's L.qqJ*tiCrtt tirn iS it3 rectif!, this situation with their 'Psycholinguistics series', in &1Cl-\ IkILL' inlend wentually "to cow the whok range of psycholinguistilx and 3550C;3kd ;qk:g witf1 Lei,surely oWWJiews". As it is in the nature of academic: disciplines to develop ever mare sub-areas and to expand their contacts with other C&k it ir cksr xhat the series ;uu.ld go orz for a very long time indeed. This volume

There is no comprehensive handbook of psycholinguistics. Mcrtcn and Marshall's L.qqJ*tiCrtt tirn iS it3 rectif!, this situation with their 'Psycholinguistics series', in &1Cl-\ IkILL' inlend wentually "to cow the whok range of psycholinguistilx and 3550C;3kd ;qk:g witf1 Lei,surely oWWJiews". As it is in the nature of academic: disciplines to develop ever mare sub-areas and to expand their contacts with other C&k it ir cksr xhat the series ;uu.ld go orz for a very long time indeed. This volume

Neglect patients do not respond to stimuli presented on the side of space contralateral to the side of their brain lesions, indicating deficits to attentional or representational mechanisms. We describe a patient who shows a left neglect in normal reading and line bisection but an intact ability to locate the left end of the stimulus. Further tests showed that his seemingly intact ability to search into the "neglected side was due to his ability to use local elements of the stimulus as cues in his serial search for the left end. The patient's left neglect was significantly reduced after he located the left end of the stimulus. In contrast, his neglect was not reduced by making the stimulus on the neglected side physically more salient. These results suggest that his neglect is due largely to an impairment of the mechanism mediating automatic, stimulus-driven orienting of attention. In contrast, the controlled goal-directed attentional search is largely preserved and can be used to alleviate neglect. Unilateral o r hemispatial visual neglect is a neuropsychological-behavioral deficit in which patients d o not respond to stimuli presented o n the side of space contralateral to the side of their brain lesions. Neglect patients exhibit a wide range of behavioral problems. For example, they may eat food only on one side of the plate, draw only one half of a picture, or read only one half of a word. Neglect patients are often unaware of and may deny the existence of these behavioral problems. These patients may also neglect auditory o r tactile information presented o n one side of space. It appears that left neglect with right brain damage is much more common and severe than right neglect with left brain damage (Caramazza

Purpose: The study aimed at assessing barriers in accessing Community-Based Trauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) management in post-conflict Acholi sub-region with interest in providing solutions to those barriers. Methodology: The study adopted a survey approach which was qualitative. This was done through interviews. This was supplemented by the pragmatic paradigm that concerned assessing effectiveness of community-based TF-CBT. The research design used to assess barriers and facilitators of TF-CBT was cross sectional. The use of cross-sectional survey design involved the elements of comparative, exploratory and descriptive approaches.  Sample selection of participants involved organizational staff comprising of, social workers, clinical psychologists, Village Health Team (VHTs). Beneficiaries who included 120 men and 299 women. The 419 beneficiaries were interrogated using a questionnaire, 36 participants for Focused Group...

Several studies over the years have employed the rhetorical question "What is in a name?" to uncover the semantic-pragmatic imports of names. This paper examines church names (ecclesionyms) which constitute part of the religio-onomastic landscape of Ghana to discover the various languages embedded in them. To achieve this task, we gathered names of churches from ‘online’ (websites of associations of Christian churches) and ‘offline’ sources (posters, signages and billboards). We manually searched the data and identified all languages embedded in the church names. Guided by Akoto’s (2018) global-local model of language choice, the analysis showed that churches in Ghana generally adopt three global languages (Hebrew, Greek and Latin), a glocal language (English) and three local languages (Akan, Ewe and Ga). It is argued that the status of the global, glocal and local languages as canonical/biblical languages, an ‘ethnically neutral’ language and ‘Ghanaian majority’ languages...

The current study investigated whether a multidimensional model could underlie impulsivity and its associations with various disorders in a forensic sample. Data were available from self-report and behavioral impulsivity instruments of 87 forensic patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive a dimensional impulsivity model, and the relationship between and possible predictive validity of impulsivity dimensions for psychopathology was investigated using product moment correlations and regression analysis. A 3-dimensional model of impulsivity was derived, with factors labeled impulsive decision making, sensation seeking, and response inhibition. Impulsive decision making was a predictor for a history of drug dependence, the impulsive lifestyle facet of psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. Sensation seeking was not related to any psychopathology. Inadequate response inhibition was a predictor for drug dependence, psychopathy, and antisocial personality d...

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In recent years, scholars have discovered that the American public responds to foreign policy issues on the basis of fairly stable broad orientations toward international affairs, influenced by a number of demographic, ideological, and partisan factors. Although there has been much recent speculation about the role that religion plays in shaping such orientations, there are very few empirical analyses of that influence. In this article, I use the 2012 Chicago Council on Global Affairs survey to classify American religious groups on Wittkopf 's (1990) classic dimensions of foreign policy attitudes: militant internationalism and cooperative internationalism. I find rather different religious constituencies for each perspective, with Evangelical Protestants and religious traditionalists from other faiths most supportive of militant internationalism, while ethnoreligious minorities and religious modernists are most likely to back cooperative internationalism.

A comparative study of literary texts by Greek Australian writers who borrow Greek oral traditional tropes and symbols can illuminate the heterogeneous nature of the diasporic identity. When writers borrow and use traditional symbols and motifs it may appear to signify Hellenistic continuity, or alternatively (if used in an untraditional way) it can challenge the idea of an imagined "Greek" homogeneous, cultural identity. The transgressive texts Dead Europe and The Mule's Foal by Greek Australian writers Christos Tsiolkas and Fotini Epanomitis merge a paramythic voice with the apocalyptic tale, the anti-Bildungsroman, the travelogue, dirty or grunge realism, burlesque and satire. Epanomitis exploits ethnography and renders it strange even as she dares to articulate the unsaid of civil society by using playful satire. Her parody of oral women's tales subverts the male dominance of Greek rural society. Tsiolkas merges violent urban realist themes together with an epic ghost tale to expose the dark side of Europe's and Greece's recent history. When we contrast these texts with Antigone Kefala's Alexia: A Tale for Advanced Children and various poems by Styllianos Charkianakis and Dean Kalimnios then various questions arise; the first has to do with the problem of genre categorisation when antithetical types are merged, and the second has to do with identity when the diasporic subject occupies an ambivalent space in which there is a constant negotiation of contradictory cultural beliefs and ideologies. Are these diverse texts emblematic of Greek Australian postcolonial transformations that link the global and the local while challenging readers to recognize that ethnicity, in a postmodern world, is as Ien Ang states, "a provisional and partial "identity" which must be constantly (re) invented and (re) negotiated" (Ang : 29, 1992-93)-93).

This study attempts to uncover what the recurring patterns of interaction in informal conversations are. It is also interested in finding out which recurring patterns of interaction dominate in informal conversations and how these recurring patterns of interaction play out in informal conversations. Data used in the study includes only recordings of naturally occurring conversations of close friends in informal settings. The researcher meticulously transcribed the data using the conventions proposed in the Jefferson Notation System. In Conversation Analysis (CA), transcription is part of data analysis. The transcription/analysis reveals that four main recurring patterns characterize informal conversations among friends: Adjacency Pairs, Topic Change, Figurative Language and Dysfluency. The study further reveals the fact that Adjacency pairs is a very dominant recurring pattern in friendly informal conversations. As a form of turn-taking, Adjacency pairs largely characterized the con...

Black psychologists have been major contributors to the systematic study of people of African descent (Anderson & Stewart, 2007; Karenga, 1991). As social scientists/activists engaged in the process of constructing a cultural science representative of and relevant to Black people, Black psychologists "have attempted to deconstruct and reconstruct traditional psychological thought as well as construct new definitions, theories, measurements and conceptual frameworks for understanding and interpreting the psychological experiences of people of African descent" (Jamison, 2008, p. 96). However, Black Psychology has often been marginalized and put on the periphery of contemporary discussions of Africana Studies (Jamison, 2008; Kambon, 1998). This study attempts to examine Black psychological discourse by providing Black psychologists the intellectual space to speak for themselves and give voice to their own articulation about the major issues, concepts and themes in Black Psychology from 1974-1999. The critical approaches within Black Psychology and the manner in which they are applied within Black Psychology are examined in this study. Banks (1982, 1999) identified the critical approaches or methods in Black Psychology as deconstructive, reconstructive, and

This research aims at finding out the use of Barron's TOEIC strategy to improve the reading skill of the eleventh grade students at SMK Negeri Tinambung academic year 2010/2011.The objectives of the research were to find out whether or not the use of Barron's TOEIC preparation course package significantly improves the reading ability of the eleventh grade students at SMK Negeri Tinambung academic year 2010/2011.The research used quasi experimental research design. The samples consisted of 50 students which belonged to two groups; experimental group and control group. The research data were collected using the reading test which was given to the both groups. The research results indicated that the use of Barron's TOEIC strategy did not significantly improve the reading ability of the eleventh grade students at SMK Negeri Tinambung academic year 2010/2011. The results of posttest of both groups were improved, but the use of Barron's TOEICstrategy gave better progress than handbook of vocational school namely English in Progress Business & Management for SMK Year XI: TOEIC based Activities, By Munash F. Anwar. It was proved by the mean score of posttest of the experimental group was higher than the control group in reading (85.40 > 79.20).

C. Bell did not attempt to follow out his views as far as thev might have been carried. He does not try to explain why different muscles are brought into action under different emotions; why, for instance, the inner ends of the eyebrows are raised, and the corners of the mouth depressed, by a person suffering from grief or anxiety. In 1807 M. Moreau edited an edition of Lavater on Physiognomy, 6 in which he incorporated several of his own essays, containing excellent descriptions of the movements of the facial muscles, together with many valuable remarks. He throws, however, very little light on the philosophy of the subject. For instance, M. Moreau, in speaking of the act of frowning, that is, of the contraction of the muscle called by French writers the sourcilier (comigator sujjercilii), remarks with truth :-" Cette action cles sourciliers est un des symp-6 ' L'Art de connaitre les Homines,' &c, par G. Lavater. The earliest edition of this work, referred to in the preface to the edition of 1820 in ten volumes, as containing-the observations of M. Moreau, is said to have been published in 1807; and I have no doubt that this is correct, because the ' Notice sur Lavater ' at the commencement of volume i. is dated April 13, 1806. In some bibliographical works, however, the date of 1S05-1S09 is given, but it seems impossible that 1805 can be correct. Dr. Duchenne remarks (' Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' 8vo edit. 1862, p. 5, and ' Archives Generates de Medecine,' Jan. et Fev. 1862) that M. Moreau " a compose pour son ouvrage un article important," &c, in the year 1805; and I find in volume i. of the edition of 1820 passages bearing the dates of December 12, 1S05, and another January 5, 1S06, besides that of April 13, 1806, above referred to. In consequence of some of these passages having thus been composed in 1805, Dr. Duchenne assigns to M. Moreau the priority over Sir C. Bell, whose work, as we have seen, was published in 1806. This is a very unusual manner of determining the priority of scientific works; but such questions are of extremely little importance in comparison with their relative merits. The passages above quoted from M. Moreau and from Le Brun are taken in this and all other cases from the edition of 1820 of Lavater, torn. iv. p. 228, and torn. ix. p. 279.

His research interests are African American culture and gender identity, community activism among Black psychologists, the psychological aspects of oppression and liberation, and the intellectual history and diasporic connections of Africana Psychology. He has published articles in The Journal of African American Studies, The Griot, and The Journal of Pan African Studies. This special edition of The Journal of Pan African Studies, a peer-reviewed journal, focuses on how scholars in the field of Africana Psychology have critically investigated and interrogated the life-worlds of people of African descent from an African-centered perspective. The authors examine definitions and conceptual models in African-centered Psychology, the historical development of African-centered Psychology, the relationship between African spirituality and African-centered Psychology, the relevance of culturally-specific psychological interventions and treatments with Black patients, the impact of media images on Africana identity, and the social viability of African-centered Psychology. From some of the pioneers in Africana Psychology that have laid the theoretical foundations, to emerging scholars in Africana Psychology, the contributors illustrate and exemplify the intergenerational transmission of knowledge that has occurred within Africana Psychological discourse.

Educating African-centered psychologists who are committed and dedicated to the liberation of the African mind is not a task that should be taken lightly. For years, Black psychologists were taught psychology from a Eurocentric perspective. Early Black psychologists who received PhDs in psychology obtained their degrees from institutions deeply embedded in racist ideology. For example, Francis Sumner, was the first Black person to receive a PhD in Psychology, obtained his doctoral degree from Clark University in Massachusetts. Inez Prosser, an early pioneer whose studies were used to challenge the idea that segregated schools had a negative effect on Black students obtained her doctoral degree from the University of Cincinnati

His research interests are African-American cultural and gender identity, community activism among Black psychologists, the psychological aspects of oppression and liberation, and the intellectual history and diasporic connections of Africana Psychology. He has taught courses such as: The

Scholars engaged in the history of ideas have given very little attention, if any, to the intellectual history of African-centered psychological thought. Yet, there are pertinent issues addressed in the literature and the various discourses emanating from the literature produced by African-centered psychologists. Intellectual histories allow us to uncover the intellectual antecedents and trace the theoretical steps of the great thinkers that set the foundation for the road contemporary scholars travel. This brief intellectual portrait uses the pioneering work of Kobi Kambon as a representative model of important ideas discussed in African-centered psychology. Kobi Kambon is an internationally renowned scholar in African-centered psychology, Black personality, mental health, and cultural oppression. While this is not an exhaustive treatment of all of Kambon's major works, it is an attempt to provide a theoretical and conceptual sketch of the intellectual influences, the intellectual contributions, and the intellectual spaces in which his scholarly activity took place. Kambon's laborious work in developing and defining the parameters of African-centered psychology provides a blueprint and conceptual road map that future African-centered psychologists can consult

An impressive body of psychological literature exists that attests to the amount of intellectual labor put forth by Black psychologists in developing and implementing unique approaches to understanding people of African descent. Yet the impact of these contributions made by Black psychologists have often been marginalized and rendered invisible within the overall context of Black intellectual thought. The absence leaves a void in the literature for those seeking an accurate account of the ideas that shape contemporary Black thought. This cursory review of the psychological literature attempts to fill that void by examining some of the major issues, concepts, and themes addressed in African/Black psychology, as well as identifying a few neglected areas and offering suggestions for future research directions in the discipline.

Healers and priests were archetypes of intellectuals in West Africa that were maintained in the cultural memory of Africans in the diaspora in spite of enslavement. The presence of these intellectuals/healers countered the perpetuation of Eurocentric thought because they were guardians of African culture and possessed the ability to transfer and transmit collective cultural and historical memory. Wade Nobles positions his intellectual work and activism in the tradition of healers that countered European cultural hegemony while affirming the humanity of African people. Nobles defines the Sakhu as the process of illuminating the human spirit and utilizes the various manifestations and functions of the Sakhu to demonstrate the intricate connections between spirituality, science, and culture. Through seeking, defining, unlocking, and applying the Sakhu, Nobles articulates a worldview grounded in African spirituality that attempts to heal the minds and spirits of African people.

Her research examines the effects of the intersectionality of race, gender, class, and culture on the health, mental health, and relationships of women of Afrikan ancestry and explores the use of cultural strategies, such as proverbs and rites of passage, as tools of socialization for Afrikan American youth. She has developed measures focusing on the evaluation of engendered racial myths of Black women, The Engendered Racial Myths Scale (ERMS), and a measure that examines the quality of Black female relationships from an Africentric perspective, Totem Self Scale-II. Presently, she is editing a textbook on the psychology of Black women, entitled Afrikan American Women:

An intellectual history of ideas produced by Linda James Myers assists in adding to the voices representing women in African-centered psychology. A focus on Myers' scholarship also contributes to expanding the literature and knowledge base about theory, research, and practice pertaining to African-centered psychology and Africana/African American/Black Studies. Myers' work provides creative and thoughtprovoking ways of articulating and understanding African-centered concepts that are in conversation with other African-centered psychologists and cultural scientists. This examination will focus primarily, but not exclusively, on Myers intellectual contributions in the following areas: (1) becoming a Sakhu Sheti; (2) engaging in epistemological disruption; and (3) applying components of Optimal psychology as a tool for recovering, restoring, and applying African cultural consciousness. It is intended to provide background and context to Myers' scholarship. Major themes and concepts will be gleamed from her scholarship to pull together various elements of Myers' contributions to African-centered psychology.

His research interests are Africana intellectual history and social/political thought, the intellectual history and diasporic connections of Africana social science, the social/psychological aspects of oppression in the African diaspora and the social/political dynamics of race and racism. He has published articles in

Volume 4a Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language: Language Development and Mother-Child Interaction Edited by Robin N. Campbell and Philip T. Smith Volume 4b Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language: Formal and Experimental Approaches Edited by Robin N. Campbell and Philip T. Smith

Several studies over the years have employed the rhetorical question "What is in a name?" to uncover the semantic-pragmatic imports of names. This paper examines church names (ecclesionyms) which constitute part of the religio-onomastic landscape of Ghana to discover the various languages embedded in them. To achieve this task, we gathered names of churches from ‘online’ (websites of associations of Christian churches) and ‘offline’ sources (posters, signages and billboards). We manually searched the data and identified all languages embedded in the church names. Guided by Akoto’s (2018) global-local model of language choice, the analysis showed that churches in Ghana generally adopt three global languages (Hebrew, Greek and Latin), a glocal language (English) and three local languages (Akan, Ewe and Ga). It is argued that the status of the global, glocal and local languages as canonical/biblical languages, an ‘ethnically neutral’ language and ‘Ghanaian majority’ languages...

Peter Dodwell's analysis of what's wrong with cognitive science suggests that the standard information processing model of the mind characterises its computational functioning, but fails to capture much of human life, and has for that reason been largely ignored in popular culture. Folk psychology is more useful for organising everyday life, and what a dramatist, a novelist, or an adventurous and imaginative journalist has to say about life, about society and its follies, is simply more arresting, more insightful, more telling than what the cognitive scientist has to offer. Dodwell argues that we need a kind of mathematics of biological forms and mental life similar in power to that used to describe the physical world. This would be a formalisation of the mind's "deep structure" in the manner of the deep grammatical structures formulated by Chomsky to describe language. In this review I assess both Dodwell's critique of cognitive science and the prospects for his alternative program. How can one understand the nature of mind? Psychology's answer has been to develop cognitive science, in which "mind" is thought of as a form of human information processing embodied in the computational functioning of the brain. Following this "standard model," brains have evolved according to Darwinian principles and how a given brain functions is determined by the way a particular environmental history moulds that brain's biological substrate. According to Dodwell, this view is thoroughly reductionist. Mental processing can be studied at various levels of complexity-psychological, biological, chemical, and so on. But, ultimately, every event can be understood as a physical process-and once the brain's physical functioning is fully understood, there is nothing about "mind" that is left to explain. Dodwell's book gives an insightful, thoughtful overview of the historical roots, theoretical underpinnings and value of cognitive science, informed by his many years of practice as a vision researcher. But his primary aim is to question the sufficiency of this approach for a complete understanding of mind. We use folk psychology, not cognitive science to organise our everyday lives. So in what sense could scientific psychology supplant folk psychology? What about mental phenomena that do not seem to be just algorithmic computations such as the mysteries of consciousness, or the creativity and passion of scientific and artistic exploration? And why is the cognitive science view of ourselves largely ignored in contemporary culture? "What a dramatist, a novelist, a culturally oriented explorer, or an adventurous and imaginative journalist has to say about life, about society and its follies, is simply

Basic Processes in Reading: Visual Word Recognition The chapters in this new book span the range of reading processes from early visual analysis to semantic influences on word identification, thus providing a state-of-the-art summary of current work and offering important contributions to prospective reading research. Basic Processes in Reading examines both future plans and past accomplishments in the world of word identification research. Three chapters provide a futuristic view taking a parallel distributed processing approach to semantic priming, phonology, and the identification of old words and the learning of new words. Reviews on eye movements in reading and semantic priming on word identification provide a retrospective summary of work on these issues as well as solid pointers for future investigations. Other chapters provide new demonstrations of the importance of phonological contributions to word identification, of interactive processes in the identification of handwritten words, and a re-evaluation of the processes involved in the neuropsychological syndrome described as "letter-by-letter" reading.

This study introduces the concept of felt love as the monadic experience of love, a parallel of dyadic love, and presents a study examining the relationships between daily felt love and sleep quality across 28 days. Before beginning the daily protocol, participants answered 60 questions assessing common situations that may make people feel loved. These questions were used to establish a consensus on the meaning of felt love for the specific participants under study. During the daily life study, participants (N = 52) provided self-reports via smartphone surveys for 28 days. Each morning upon waking, participants assessed their subjective sleep quality, and each evening positive affect was assessed with a set of 5 questions. Participants also rated how much they felt loved at 6 semirandom times throughout the day. Felt love measures were aggregated to obtain daily means and individual means across the study. Variability in felt love was quantified by calculating within-day and between...

For longer than a decade kindergarten teachers have been reporting that children are coming to them with bad habits that seem to be impossible to change. It is a real and widespread problem. Modern research has provided information that points to a solution. Literally hundreds of scientific studies have provided relevant information but two are particularly important for preschool consideration.

It has been increasingly acknowledged that regional languages and dialects bear similarities with heritage languages, and that some heritage speakers are bilectal with two closely related minority languages or dialects. However, assessing the knowledge of non-standard varieties proves difficult due to the lack of assessment materials. Our contribution documents the creation and validation of LexSIC, a yes/no vocabulary task, a placement test for speakers with receptive and/or productive skills in Sicilian. The materials are freely available. The vocabulary items were validated in a survey with 100 speakers of Italian, who had varying levels of proficiency in Sicilian, including bilectal heritage speakers in Germany. We have relied on Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) in validating test items and we demonstrate and discuss correlations with self-reported measures of proficiency, language use, age and education. A comparison of vocabulary proficiency in bilect...