Advanced Manufacturing

‘As industry practitioners know well from experience, generalization is hard to come by. Whether it's manufacturing, services, or something in between, it's the details that seem to matter most when it comes to determining outcomes. The value in this book is enormous because details tell the stories across a diverse set of industries. I applaud the editors and authors on their substantial achievement. Manufacturing and related supply chains are dynamic, and this book is rich with information that offers deeper understanding about the processes involved.’
– Professor Frank Giarratani, Center for Industry Studies, University of Pittsburgh, US

‘This book represents a major contribution to our thinking about modern manufacturing industries and is not just timely it is long overdue! The authors have done an outstanding job in bringing to bear a range of multi-disciplinary perspectives on a domain which all too often suffers from rather narrow disciplinary analyses. Ranging from engineering to social science and drawing on examples from the US, Europe and Asia, the book provides not only a wealth of fact and illustration but a rich landscape to inform those charged with industrial policy and manufacturing strategies.’
– From the foreword by Sir Mike Gregory, University of Cambridge, UK

The Handbook of Manufacturing Industries in the World Economy

The Handbook of Manufacturing Industries in the World Economy provides a critical and multi-disciplinary state-of-the-art review and analysis of current manufacturing processes, practices and policies. Expanding our knowledge and understanding of production and innovation, this collection demonstrates that manufacturing continues to matter in the world economy.

The contributors, including scholars ranging from engineering to policy to economic geography, cover manufacturing policy and the revival of the industrial base in the US, UK and Canada and engage national and regional strategies for implementing advanced manufacturing policies. Questions of economic resilience in the wake of the recent recession are asked, and industry and firm case studies are utilised in an international comparative context. Applying a wide range of international cases from the US, EU, Australia and Asia, this approach allows readers to view transformations in production systems and processes across sectors, technologies and industries.

Students, scholars and policymakers in the fields of public policy, economic geography, city and regional planning, and business and management will find this collection invaluable in understanding how firms and industries adapt, through dynamic and design-driven strategies, to produce for established and emerging markets.

Contents:

PART I: INTRODUCTION

PART II:(PROCESSES) BUILDING BLOCKS: FACTOR INPUTS AND PRODUCTION ORGANIZATION
1. Manufacturing Management in Theory and Practice
Paul L Forrester

2. Manufacturing and Labor
Sally Weller

3. How Does Financialization Affect Manufacturing Investment? Preliminary Evidence from the US and UK
Susan Christopherson

4. Manufacturing Logistics
Peter V. Hall

5. Reshoring and the ‘Manufacturing Moment’
Margaret Cowell and John Provo

6. Relocation of Production Activities and Underlying Social Dynamics: An Analytical Framework based on a Canadian Perspective
Patrice Jalette

7. Tool-less Manufacture: Digital Fabrication, 3D Printing and the Third Industrial Revolution
Michael Ward

8. Engineering and Manufacturing: Concurrent Maturation of xRL
Ben Wang, William C. Kessler and Andrew Dugenske

9. Energy and Manufacturing: Technology and Policy Transformations and Challenges
Marilyn A. Brown and Gyungwon Kim

10. Design and Manufacturing: The Competitiveness of American, European and Chinese Industrial Design Companies
Vida Vanchan and John Bryson

11. Intellectual Property and Patents: Knowledge Creation and Diffusion
Dieter Kogler

PART III: INDUSTRY AND FIRM CASE STUDIES
12. Manufacturing Textile Futures: Innovation, Adaptation and the UK Textiles Industry
Megan Ronayne

13. Finding a Future for the U.S. Furniture Industry
Susan Walcott

14. New Geographies of Advanced Manufacturing: The Case of Machine Tools
Ron Kalafsky

15. Farm Machinery: A Changing Path to Feed the World
Dawn M. Drake

16. Hidden in Plain Sight: The North American Optics and Photonics Industry
Jennifer Clark

17. Traditional and Emerging Markets in the Global Steel Supply Chain
Carey Durkin Treado

18. Intermediate Manufacturing: Profit, Dependency and Value Attainment in Supply Chains
Rachel Mulhall

19. Aerospace Manufacturing: Past, Present and Future
Colin G. Drury

20. Manufacturing Stoke: Emergence, Transformation and Consolidation in the Surfboard Industry
Andrew Warren and Chris Gibson

21. Migrant Manufacturing: Translocal Production and the Establishment of a Polish Bakery in Birmingham, UK
Catherine Harris

22. Škoda Auto: The transformation from a domestic to a Tier Two lead firm
Petr Pavlínek

23. Samsung: Restructuring, Innovation, and Global Networks
Sam Ock Park

PART IV: POLICY NARRATIVES IN MANUFACTURING
24. Stability Amid Industrial Change: The Geography of U.S. Deindustrialization since 1980
Marc Doussard and Greg Schrock

25. Searching for Advanced Manufacturing in the United Kingdom and United States: Definitions, Measurement and Public Policy
Finbarr Livesey

26. National Manufacturing Policy, Local Real Estate Markets, and the Missing Region: Prospects for Urban Industrial Development in the U.S.
Laura Wolf-Powers

27. The City and Industry: Deurbanizing Manufacturing in New York City?
Lynn McCormick

28. Manufacturing in the Knowledge Economy: Innovation in Low-tech Industries
Teis Hansen and Lars Winther

29. Crafting a Comeback: Cultivating an Innovative Ecosystem in Mature Regions
Maryann Feldman and Lauren Lanahan

30. From Skill Mismatch to Reinterpretation: Challenges and Solutions for Manufacturing Worker Retention and Recruitment
Nichola J. Lowe

PART V: CONCLUSION

Low-power laser scanning techniques provide a powerful tool for a diverse range of automatic inspection tasks. They are more suitable for high component feed rates, less sensitive to changes in ambient lighting and their output requires less processing power than CCD vision systems. In earlier papers, the authors have described typical automotive-related areas of application for laser scanning. The current paper describes recent work concerned with data capture and signal
processing techniques necessary for fully automatic inspection systems with particular reference metal cutting machine tools.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is the fastest evolving joining technology and the principal
prospective technique for implementing integral fuselage structure in aircraft manufacturing.
The viability of FS welds is dependent upon mechanical properties and production turnovers,
which are dependent on welding rates and tool design. This dissertation is about the multiobjective
characterisation of aeronautical alloys (AA5083-H111, AA6056-T4, AA6082-
H111) friction stir welded using the standard FSW tools, scrolled shoulder Triflat tool, and
the Bobbin tool respectively.
The effects of defects and microstructure on the mechanical behaviour of AA5083-H111
welds made from the standard tool were examined. SEM analysis showed that tunnel defects
resulted from partial consolidation at the root of the weld, and the microstructure of the weld
zones determined the failure mechanisms along the weld.
The effect of welding and rotational speeds on the integrity of AA6056-T4 FS welds
produced with scrolled shoulder Triflat tool was studied. Increased welding speeds and
advance per revolution led to improvements in mechanical properties and reduction in
residual stresses maxima. The retreating side TMAZ, which was the microhardness minimum
and tensile residual stress maximum, was also the failure location in most of the welds, hence
the microstructure and properties in this region were critical to the integrity of the weld. Bend
properties of the welds from the Triflat tool were good, because of the absence of root flaws.
The influence of two different tool designs (standard tool and standard Bobbin tool) on
mechanical behaviour and microstructure of AA6082-T6 was also studied. The standard tool
produced welds with better static properties than the bobbin tool, but most of the specimens
failed prematurely, and root bending resulted in cracks, because of alumina rich layers in the
weld nugget and root flaws. Bobbin tool welds had lower mechanical properties (70% weld
efficiency), the bend strength was better, with no flaws.
In the welds, the microstructure and microhardness which were influenced by the welding
rates which determined static properties, failure locations and residual stress minima and
maxima. The study also supported previous findings that the nature and distribution of
precipitates in the 6XXX series aluminium FS welds was important for determining
mechanical properties, unlike the 5083-H111 FS welds where the Hall-Petch effect was more
influential.

This paper offers a critical perspective on the changing organizational structure of the Western commercial aircraft industry. The role of systems integration based on risksharing partnerships for new aircraft programs is explored. We find that build-to-print subcontracting relationships are being replaced by internationally devolved design and engineering tasks for airframe development, signaling a profound change in the structure and geography of commercial aircraft production. While sensible from a financial standpoint, the international outsourcing of design-intensive component production entails substantial amounts of technology transfer and the delivery of proprietary knowledge to risk-sharing partners. For several of the advanced market economies, including Canada, France, Germany, the UK, and the US, the long-range strategic downside is that foreign risk-sharing partners could eventually become competitors. Systems integration on a risk-sharing basis also implies home-country job-losses among skilled workers with expertise in design, engineering, and R&D.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining increasing interests in modern industries, with its unparalleled capability for direct manufacture of high-value geometrically complex products. With continued technology advancements, plastic AM enables consumer goods to be economically produced in a low to medium production scale. Due to unique AM process characteristics, current design methods that are established based on traditional manufacturing processes are unable to effectively capitalize AM advantages. The traditional designer's mind-set in product design needs changing, which requires new design methods and guidance to be established. However, the majority of the design rules for AM developed so far is primarily on ''feature-level,'' namely, they can only ensure the manufacturability of the designed features in the final design stage. This fails to guide designers throughout the entire design process to exploit full potentials of AM processes. Therefore, this study proposes a design for AM (DfAM) framework to guide industrial/product designers to create an effective design for end-use plastic consumer products for series production. The framework is developed based on a practically proven design practice that is obtained from a series of interviews with professional designers and practitioners with significant experience in DfAM. It summarizes the DfAM principles and addresses major considerations in process selection, design process, and production. This article focuses on illustrating the framework using two detailed case studies showing the real design process for designing two products that are currently being sold on the market. The DfAM principles and considerations in manufacturing process selection, design, and production stages are presented, together with the advantages and disadvantages of the products being designed for AM. It demonstrates the importance of DfAM principles for creating a successful product design.

This paper aims to develop and validate performance measures for world class manufacturing (WCM) in Indian context that could be used by managers/ practitioners in assessing and improving their manufacturing performance. Using a thorough synthesis of the world class manufacturing literature, sixteen performance measures -top management commitment, knowledge management, employee training, innovation and technology, employee empowerment, environmental health and safety, supplier management, production planning and control, quality, flexibility, speed, cost, customer involvement, customer satisfaction, customer services and company growth -of world class manufacturing and their 89 variables have been developed. Using the data obtained from a survey of manufacturing industries in India, the identified performance measures were subjected to appropriate statistical tests to establish reliability and validity. Statistical computing package SPSS 11.5 for Windows was used for reliability and validity analysis. The validated instrument of world class manufacturing measures developed here may be used by manufacturing organizations to prioritise their management efforts to assess and implement WCM. The validated results are in Indian context, however, the instrument developed can be used in global context.

The applications of advanced engineering materials such as glass, quartz, ceramics, and composites are escalating in the field of Micro-electro Mechanical system owing to their wide scope of utilization in product miniaturization. Electro-Chemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is a proven technology for machining these materials with micro-features by combining the machining features of Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM) and Electro-chemical Machining (ECM) processes simultaneously. This machining process has drawn significant interests as it enacts a platform for new opportunities and applications owing to the potential of machining materials in a more efficacious and productive way. In this present paper, an overview of the ECDM process and influence of the process parameters such as Electrolyte parameters, Electrical parameters, Tool electrode parameters, etc. have been carried out on the response parameters such as Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Finish and Tool Wear. The experimental study has been performed to evaluate the influence of process parameters on MRR using one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. Results revealed that MRR increases with the increase in applied voltage and electrolyte concentration due to an increase in the spark intensity. It has been concluded that process parameters have a significant impact on the efficacy of the machining process and selection of its optimum range is very crucial for attaining high-quality characteristics especially during machining repeatability. Moreover, areas of future research in electrochemical discharge machining are highlighted.

Artificial intelligence, blockchain and other potentially disruptive technologies form the crucial innovation, structural and institutional foundation for not only economic development, but also moral development and practical ethics. The integration of blockchain and AI [artificial intelligence] into a decentralized intelligence system has profound possibilities to employ data in innovative ways. An effective amalgamation of both technologies with IoT [internet of things] devices will enable faster and seamless data management, validation of transactions and detection of illegal activities, among others.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a modification of the traditional friction welding. It is a mechanical process whereby solid-state welding is performed using heat generated from the friction of a rotating tool.
This process is invented and patented by The Welding Institute (TWI) in the United Kingdom in 1991 for butt and lap welding of metals and plastics.
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be considered as a “greentechnology”. because no gases are evolved during the process.Also, there are no toxic fumes or smoke produced during or after the welding process.
The process is energy efficient and environmentally friendly. Compared to other conventional fusion welding methods, FSW offers a number of advantages.

The measurement of the cutting force is important from the theoretical and practical point of view. An investigation of cutting forces and torque in milling with a rotating dynamometer is described. Rotating dynamometer is more practical for milling, drilling and taping than the plate dynamometer, since it is mounted on the spindle of the machine tool independently of the size of the workpiece. The experimental results have been compared to estimated instantaneous forces computed by using Kronenberg's approach. The measurement system has been tested. Also, the dynamic and static characteristics of the rotating dynamometer are presented.

Increasing use of hydroforming in automotive applications requires intensive research and development on all aspects of this relatively
new technology to satisfy an ever-increasing demand by the industry. This paper summarizes a technological review of hydroforming
process from its early years to very recent dates on various topics such as material, tribology, equipment, tooling, etc., so that other
researcher at different parts of the world can use it for further investigations in this area.

Multi-axial incremental forging and shearing (MAIFS), as a new severe plastic deformation technique, was successfully applied up to eight passes on the workpieces of commercially pure Al (AA1100). The microstructure evolutions and mechanisms of the grain refinement in the billets deformed through various passes of process were studied using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Microhardness measurements and tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the material after successive passes of the MAIFS process. Measured microhardness evolution indicated that while the distribution of hardness was non-uniform after odd-numbered passes up to four passes, but thereafter outstanding deformation homogeneity was achieved when the consecutive MAIFS passes were applied. Tensile tests indicated that yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increased rapidly during the primary pass of process but thereafter there was only a minor increase up to four passes. After that, a little drop could be observed in strength and then it reached to a saturated magnitude. Measured microhardness distribution values exhibited the same trend, viz. it increased through successive passes to a limiting value beyond which it showed a minor decline by disappearance of points having maximum hardness. Some coarsening was taken place and the dislocation walls between the boundaries were reduced significantly in going from four to six passes. It was suggested that the absorption of the dislocations into grain boundaries as an effective recovery process under large deformations and short-range migration of grain boundaries might be significant mechanisms responsible for the softening observed after four passes of process.

Powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM) is a new emerging trend in research on electro-thermal process that can simultaneously shape and deposit a coating on the surface of the workpiece. PM-EDM is a hybridized form of EDM in which metallic powders are amalgamated in dielectric liquid to enhance both the machined surface condition and machining performance. Migration of materials on the cutting surface occurs by melting and chemical reactions during the operation from both the electrodes and metallic powders. 316L stainless steel, Ti-based alloys, Co-Mo-Cr-based alloys, magnesium and magnesium-based alloys are commonly utilized in manufacturing biomedical devices. These biomaterials, however, release toxic particles due to corrosion, wear, tear, and tiredness of the joint replacements through repeated loads and relative movements. Surfaces of bio-implants made from these biomaterials are therefore protected using bioactive and biocompatible coating. Several methods of deposition are used for coating purposes which have both advantage and drawback. This study proposes that the PM-EDM coating enhances the biomaterials’ mechanical characteristics, surface morphology, and topography. Through reflecting critical and analytical concerns, this review focuses extensively on the current progress of the PM-EDM process. Moreover, following various research initiatives, this paper outlines the critical challenges and future research scopes.

Microcomputer Applications in Manufacturing is the outgrowth of notes written for a course of the same name taught in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics at the University of Michigan since 1980 . The course is designed for students in mechanical engineering at the senior or first-year graduate level with an interest in manufacturing. It is intended to provide a foundation in the real-time application of microcomputer systems to problems in manufacturing. The book should also prove to be a useful reference for practicing engineers interested in manufacturing automation.

Il multiplo nelle sue relazioni con l’arte e l’industria è il punto di partenza per un’indagine sull’evoluzione del design del gioiello. Verso il superamento di un’obsoleta nozione di serialità industriale, la gioielleria contemporanea si contraddistingue come un ambito di ricerca fortemente innovativo, per la sua capacità di intendere l’oggetto attraverso nuove estetiche, significati e materiali, verso un’idea di multiplo singolare. La ricerca apre una prospettiva progettuale ad un gioiello pensato per un consumo non solo tangibile ma intellettuale, poiché dilata i suoi significati a un più ampio spettro di temi e finalità, come la sostenibilità, l’innovazione materico-tecnologica, le problematiche di natura politica e sociale che interessano la contemporaneità. Dal digitale al postdigitale, mescolando atomi e bits, anche il design del gioiello costruisce inediti scenari, dove software innovativi, scanner 3D, manipolazioni di materiali e contaminazioni transdisciplinari espandono i confini della ricerca.

Lean manufacturing is an applied methodology of scientific, objective techniques that cause work tasks in a process to be performed with a minimum of non-value adding activities resulting in greatly reduced wait time, queue time, move time, administrative time, and other delays. In a cellular manufacturing system (CMS), machines are grouped into several cells, where each cell is dedicated to a particular part family and the objective is to maximize cell independence. CMS helps in reducing the material handling, work-in-process, setup time, and manufacturing lead time and improve productivity, operation control, etc. The facility layout used during lean implementation can be either be a line layout or in the form of cells. After grouping parts in to various part families, machine cells can be formed to produce those parts well inside the cells. As some of the lean manufacturing concepts are different from that of cellular manufacturing, e.g., establishment of Takt time, Takt-based resource balancing, etc., some new cell design methodology is required to be explored that is compatible with lean manufacturing. The rate at which work progresses through the factory is called flow rate or Takt. In the present work, a design methodology for cellular layout is proposed for implementing lean concepts and is exemplified in a manufacturing industry dealing with ammunition components for defense applications. Based on Takt time for various parts, the production flow among cells was optimized thus minimizing several non-value added activities/times such as bottlenecking time, waiting time, material handling time, etc. This case study can be useful in developing a more generic approach to design cellular layouts in lean environment.

In the United States, highly competitive market outsourcing benefits are correlated to low consumer prices, growth in sales, and taking over market shares leaving competitors tailgating your organization. The high costs associated with adhering to the United States manufacturing regulations that include adherence to Clean Air Act that controls the pollution levels; Clean Water Act; Occupation Safety and Health Act; labor; and disposal regulations among others are leading reasons for the attraction of companies to outsource to global markets that have fewer regulations. Global outsourcing ventures in manufacturing sectors carry a perception of unethical conduct that involves long hour with low wages, physically abused, and poor working conditions, among consumers. The researchers’ objective was for an opportunity to acquire and understand millennials perspectives on the integration of individual moral values with ethics and millennials personal implications on sustainable development in Apple’s manufacture outsourcing. Consumer millennials decision to purchase Apple products contributes to Apple’s sustainability development; would the millennial’s access to the unethical practices in the manufacturing sway purchasing decisions. The face to face interviews gained insight if millennials considered individual morals and ethics in making purchasing decisions. The interviewed population for the research was millennials ages 18 to 34 who

Shear thickening fluid (STF) is a kind of smart material showing increasing viscosity under loading. This unique behavior is benefitted in various applications however, STF usage in machining tools has not been investigated in literature. In this study, a novel tool was designed by integrating STF into conventional cutting tools for turning operations. Thanks to this design, the non-Newtonian rheology of STF contributes to the vibration damping properties of cutting tools and thereby suppressing the chatter vibrations during machining operations. For this reason, STF integrated cutting tools provide enhanced stability in the operations, which leads to an improvement in the surface quality of workpieces.

This paper discusses Japanese motor vehicle manufacturing investment and state intervention measures in the Australian market. Australia’s auto industry is an extension of global motor vehicle manufacturers with a small number of domestic manufacturing firms that form a part of the global supply chain.  Toyota Motor Corporation, Mitsubishi Motor Corporation, General Motors Corporation and Ford Motor Company all have had extensive investments in the Australian market.  In the past, the Australian market was also a host to investments from Volkswagen AG, Chrysler LLC, Nissan Motor Company Limited and British Leyland Motor Corporation.  The size of the industry has shrunk recently with the March 2008 shut down of manufacturing by Mitsubishi Motors Australia Limited (MMAL), not long after the company’s emergence from a long and significant restructuring.  Still, the auto industry remains the largest single manufacturing sector in Australia both in terms of investment levels and the number of people employed.  Thus, Japanese auto manufacturing investment in Australia require an evaluation, now that the federal government has completed the 2008 ‘Review of Australia’s Automotive Industry’.  The paper focuses on Toyota Motor Corporation Australia (TMC Australia) in Victoria and (the recently shut down) MMAL in South Australia.

This research is concerned with the impact of advanced manufacturing technologies on small Welsh companies. The use of technology has been demonstrated to be a mechanism for increasing competitiveness in manufacturing. With increasing global competition, such improvements in competitiveness are important for manufacturers. However, despite the use of such technology being advocated as an important tool in developing competitive advantage, little research has been undertaken into how small companies might utilise such tools.
This research draws on the technology adoption experiences of twelve case-study companies to gain an understanding of the impact of such technology and the critical factors that influence successful development. The research is presented in two stages. The first stage is the development of case-studies from interviews with ten manufacturing managers. This is followed by a stage of longitudinal research that observed attempts to introduce advanced manufacturing technology in two further companies over a one- to two-year period.
The conclusions of the research demonstrate that for these small companies, availability of support is at least as important as cost. In addition, the study reveals a distinction between
inherent and integrated benefits from technology. Inherent benefits refer to a match between company requirements and technology capabilities. Integrated benefits refer to achievable
benefits as a result of technology use in a wider system. The case-studies show that these small companies are not employing sophisticated methods of evaluation to assist in selecting technologies. The observations also demonstrate that the companies are failing to properly assess the impacts of their technology investments and are not adequately developing internal support.
This research condenses the observed issues into a series of recommendations to assist managers in assessing the impact of AMT and develops recommendations configured into a flowchart for staged consideration of issues at an appropriate level of sophistication for small company use.

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an important technology, which demands high-speed cutting and high-precision machining to realize productivity and improved accuracy for manufacturing hard materials. WEDM has experienced explosive growth and complexity of equipment as well as rising demand for the basic process tool (the wire electrode). Greater taper angles, thicker workpieces, automatic wire threading, and long periods of unattended operation make the selection of the ideal wire a much more critical basis for achieving successful operation. This paper focuses on the evolution of EDM wire electrode technologies from using copper to the widely employed brass wire electrodes and from brass wire electrodes to the latest coated wire electrodes. Wire electrodes have been developed to help user demand and needs through maximum productivity and quantity by choosing the best wire. In the final part of the paper, the possible trends for future WEDM electrode research are discussed.

TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL FOR ZIGBEE BASED WIRELESS PATIENT MONITORING " under the guidance of Prof.E.R.Chandane and would like to thank him for his valuable support. We are also thankful to Prof.P.Ladekar (HOD ENTC) for showing him keen interest in our work and providing all the necessary facilities We are extremely thankful to our principal Prof.Dr.N.B.Mustare member of management committee for facilities provided and moral support without our project would not have turn into reality. We would also like to thank all the staff of our department and fellow students for their support and good wishes.

Despite impressive advances in forming and joining technology, manufacturing industry is still heavily reliant on conventional material removal processes, in which controlled shearing of the work-piece occurs.  Such processes typically involve the use of CNC machining centers, which, in principle, are capable of sustained periods of unattended operation. However, the quality of the finished work-piece, in terms of its conformance to dimensional and surface finish requirements, is strongly dependent upon the cutting conditions and, crucially, upon the state of the cutting tools used.  A number of cutting tool life management systems are employed but these are usually based on expired life criteria and are of limited applicability. More sophisticated procedures exist, typically based on acoustic emission or spindle torque sensors, for dynamically sensing tool condition during operation.  Such systems are potentially more useful but still only indicate that some aspect of the cutting process has changed and usually require human intervention.
The current work, carried out in conjunction with the University of Hull, UK, addresses the need for better control of machining processes with the objective of increased operating efficiency based on reduced scrap, rework and lower tool inventory.  The work reported here is primarily concerned with the application of intelligent systems to tool management and is based on the use of laser scattering techniques to detect and characterize edge defects in milling cutters [1].
Such processes involve the use of cutting tools which are significantly harder than the work-piece itself and are usually carried out on CNC machining centers, either as stand alone devices or as integral parts of machining cells and systems.  Such systems typically include automated tool and work-piece transport/handling and swarf management and, in principle, are capable of sustained periods of unattended operation in a 'lights out' factory environment.
Investment in cutting tools is not trivial and in a study of a large UK manufacturing company, with a tool inventory value of almost £3 million (AED 17.1M), it became apparent that some tools could be used in a less than optimum condition whilst others were needlessly replaced or refurbished.

The prediction of optimized forming parameters viz. the punch force, blank holding force, forming factor, and hydrostatic pressure will contribute to cost reduction of the processed metal through curtailment in material usage and manufacturing time. This article involves modeling of symmetric and axisymmetric sheet forming and hydroforming, rubber forming and axisymmetric incremental sheet forming; followed by numerical simulation using Explicit Finite Element Analysis program in ANSYS and ABAQUS. The present results are validated with previous experimental readings to check the feasibility of simulated analysis. The comparison reveals that both the readings show sound agreement in thickness distribution and load-displacement relationship. The enhanced formability in hydroformed products has been clarified by comparing with the forming factor and thickness variation. The result shows that forming factor increases with friction coefficient; thereby clarifying the need of sufficient friction to overcome cup failure. Moreover, the developed model highlighted wrinkling phenomenon in conventional forming.

Since the Industrial Revolution, cities and industry have evolved together: from Manchester to Rochester, company towns and entire metropolitan regions have grown around factories and expanding industries. However despite this shared past, popular notions of manufacturing tend to highlight the negative aspects: pollution, environmental degradation, and the exploitation of labor caused by growing industry, on the one hand; and – almost paradoxically on the other – the blight, abandonment, and “shrinkage” resulting from the more recent decline of manufacturing from cities in the developed world.

Industrial Urbanism: Places of Production moves the conversation beyond these overly-negative characterizations, exploring the relationship between current urban planning practices and the places that are being designed and dedicated to the production of goods today.

In a time of dramatic shifts in the manufacturing sector – from large industrial-scale production and design to small-scale distributed systems; from polluting and consumptive production to a clean and sustainable process; from a demand of unskilled labor to a growing need for a more educated and specialized workforce – cities will see new investment and increased employment opportunities. Yet, to reap these benefits will require a shift in our thinking about manufacturing.

The exhibition addresses three integrated themes: Production, People, and Places. These themes are presented, both separately and in relation to one another, as components that reposition the city as a key actor for industry and production and restore industry to its historic role as a crucial element in the weave of the urban fabric.

Companies, researchers and academics everywhere are being pushed to embrace the fourth industrial revolution. The effect of this push will change the way of preparing for and waging war, as the definition and characteristics of warfare will be changed by the adoption of new technologies, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality systems, and additive manufacturing. This monograph outlines the fourth industrial revolution and discusses how best to leverage off these continually changing innovations through experimentation, prototyping and a hyper-connected defence-industry-academia ecosystem.

Vision and tactility inform cognition and perception of objects and environments. Yet there exist a differentiation as to how perception is processed and formed, depending on unique and personal abilities for sensory cues. For people with low vision or blindness, tactile information processing posits a key approach to engage with and understand spaces, activities and interactions. And whereas a sighted person takes in the whole and details in parallel, a partially sighted or blind person feels details first and then assembles piece by piece and section by section, so that a mental representation or map can be formed.

Described here is empirical research into establishing an understanding of tactility through transfers of images and information, towards surface patterns and textures, and integration of Braille text. In support of tactile literacy for reading and assessing images and letters, the research develops a surface archive of tactile patterns. It uses GH Grasshopper code to explore design variability for points, grids and line configurations and a six-axis ABB robot equipped with different routing tools for milling in timber. This surface archive is further extended towards a prototype series of ‘hyperartifacts’; multi-functional furniture objects that integrate different sets of visual or pictorial information that can be ‘decoded’ by sight, and tactile information to be deciphered by Braille experienced readers.

By adopting a practice of Universal Design for equitable, simple and inclusive use and by combining tactile and visual narratives for diverse audiences, the research thus contributes to increasing awareness, knowledge and understanding of other people’s conditions, thus supporting positive changes in attitudes and behaviour, towards more inclusive environments.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

Powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM) is recently evolving machining technique which can simultaneously remove and modify the machined surface through thermo-electrical process. It is a modified form of EDM in which the conductive powder elements are added in the dielectric liquid to enhance machined surface characteristics and machining responses. The commonly used biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, Ti-based alloy, Ni–Ti, Mg alloy, and Co–Mo–Cr alloy have excellent mechanical characteristics while the biofunction of these materials are not in satisfactory level. Due to higher hardness, brittleness, and heat resistant natures of the biomaterials, it is very challenging to machine them with conventional machining. Both the system efficiency and modified surface properties depend on the associated electrical and non-electrical factors of PM-EDM cycle. This review focuses on the influence of process factors such as current, pulse duration, tool-polarity, duty cycle, potential voltage, types of liquid, and added powder concentration on performance outputs including material removal and tool wear rate, coating thickness, coarseness, microhardness, coating adhesion bonding, biocompatibility, and resistant to corrosion. This study also discusses influence of various powders on machining and modified surface characteristics of biomaterials. The future research scopes and challenges of PM-EDM process are included in this study thoroughly.

The generalized use of computers in industrial automation and the consequent need for connectivity among them resulted in the use of computer networks as building blocks supporting communications in CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) and related technologies (CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), CAPP (Computer Aided Production Planning), other). The industrial networks are evolving and present alternatives for the functional levels of the manufacturing environment. In this paper we present the technological alternatives for the industrial networks following the open systems model and we discuss the use of non-standard solutions. The MAP (Manufacturing Automation Protocols) and TOP (Technical Office Protocols) architectures, the field-bus, the FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) and the corporate connectivity are issues discussed.

Advanced manufacturing, through the application of science and technology, compels an expanded view of the role of engineers in driving innovation. Advanced manufacturing requires engineers to imagine new ways of making products for smart, rapid, flexible, sustainable and competitive production. Such manufacturing innovation is driving operational, tactical, and strategic advantages for industry, while also creating a demand for a dynamic global workforce and market. The work herein supports the preparation of next-generation engineers for careers in academia and industry by developing and implementing a framework for adaptive manufacturing engineering curricula. The framework is founded upon a benchmarking study that applied the SME Four Pillars of Manufacturing Knowledge Model to examine ABET-accredited undergraduate manufacturing engineering programs in the United States. Results of this work will enable universities, along with their industry partners, to identify topics that have garnered the attention of other curriculum developers, and to define opportunities for improvement. Thus, the adaptive framework can serve as a basis for defining how individual undergraduate programs can best meet the human resource needs of affiliated advanced manufacturing industry. To illustrate, a resulting revision to the manufacturing engineering curriculum at Oregon State University is described. The curriculum consists of a set of foundational courses and supporting thrusts in manufacturing systems and product development. The framework enables keystone options addressing needs for educating students in manufacturing systems, product development, smart manufacturing, and sustainable manufacturing. The framework supports local industry needs while taking advantage of faculty expertise. Initial implementation has demonstrated a positive student reception of the revised program, which also facilitates dual majors with industrial engineering and mechanical engineering.

Upper stage and in-space liquid rocket engines are optimized for performance through the use of high area ratio nozzles to fully expand combustion gases to low exit pressures, increasing exhaust velocities. Due to the large size of such nozzles, and the related engine performance requirements, carbon-carbon (C-C) composite nozzle extensions are being considered to reduce weight impacts. Currently, the state-of-the-art is represented by the metallic and foreign composite nozzle extensions limited to approximately 2000°F used on the Atlas V, Delta IV, Falcon 9, and Ariane 5 launch vehicles. NASA and industry partners are working towards advancing the domestic supply chain for C-C composite nozzle extensions. These development efforts are primarily being conducted through the NASA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program in addition to other low level internal research efforts. This has allowed for the initial material development and characterization, subscale hardware fabrication, and completion of hot-fire testing in relevant environments. NASA and industry partners have designed, fabricated and hot-fire tested several subscale domestically produced C-C extensions to advance the material and coatings fabrication technology for use with a variety of liquid rocket and scramjet engines. Testing at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) evaluated heritage and state-of-the-art C-C materials and coatings, demonstrating the initial capabilities of the high temperature materials and their fabrication methods. This paper discusses the initial material development, design and fabrication of the subscale carbon-carbon nozzle extensions, provides an overview of the test campaign, presents results of the hot fire testing, and discusses potential follow-on development work. The follow on work includes the fabrication of ultra-high temperature materials, larger C-C nozzle extensions, material characterization, sub-element testing and hot-fire testing at larger scale.

In metal cutting process, chip formation is a phenomenon needed to investigate in detail to explore the
machining characteristics of materials. This paper describes, the performance of the coated carbide tool is studied by
varying the cutting speeds i.e. 140m/min, 200m/min and 300m/min with constant feed 0.11mm/rev and depth of cut
1mm. The commercial DEFORM 2D finite element software with special remeshing capabilities enabling the
simulations has been used in this work. The fully coupled thermal-mechanical finite element analysis accurately
simulates the formation of chip and predicts the cutting load and temperature distribution. The simulation results of
cutting forces, cutting edge temperatures and chip formation are presented and discussed. Also, from the FEA results
show clearly that the relationship between input variables with output responses.

La industrialización ha sido históricamente considerada como motor del proceso de desarrollo. La evidencia muestra que los países latinoamericanos han tenido dificultades para avanzar en procesos de cambio estructural, basados en la industria, que superen equilibrios de bajo ni-vel de ingreso. Hoy se ha abierto una discusión sobre las estrategias potenciales para insertarse en una senda de desarrollo para América Latina. Mientras que en Estados Unidos y Europa ha resurgido la preocupación por fortalecer a la industria, particularmente al sector manufacture-ro, en la región se vislumbran dos enfoques: el modelo de desarrollo basado en los recursos na-turales y el modelo basado en la industria manufacturera. Ambos ponen en el centro al conoci-miento y la innovación, e incorporan a la industria manufacturera, pero mientras que el primero se plantea una mayor especialización hacia industrias basadas en recursos naturales, el segundo se inscribe en la tradición de la economía del desarrollo de poner a la industria como motor del proceso de desarrollo, y agregar valor a la industria existente. El objetivo de este trabajo es discu-tir algunos de los retos que afronta América Latina para agregar valor y acelerar el proceso de de-sarrollo, y analizar las ventajas y oportunidades de la propuesta de agregar valor a partir del desa-rrollo de la manufactura avanzada. El análisis se enfoca en el caso de México, aunque muchos de los argumentos son de utilidad para los países que han apostado a la manufactura. Industrializazioa garapen-prozesuaren eragiletzat jo da historian zehar. Ebidentziak erakusten due-nez, Latinoamerikako herrialdeek zailtasunak izan dituzte industrian oinarritzen diren eta diru-sarre-ra gutxiko orekak gainditzen dituzten egiturazko aldaketa-prozesuetan aurrera egiteko. Gaur egun, eztabaida piztu da Latinoamerika garapen-bidean txertatzeko balizko estrategien inguruan. Estatu Batuetan eta Europan, industria eta bereziki manufaktura-sektorea sendotzeko kezka berpiztu da. La-tinoamerikan, aldiz, bi ikuspuntu nabarmentzen dira: baliabide naturaletan oinarritzen den garapen-eredua eta manufaktura-industrian oinarritzen den eredua. Biek ala biek ezagutza eta berrikuntza kokatzen dute erdigunean, eta manufaktura-industria aintzat hartzen dute, baina lehenengoak ba-liabide naturaletan oinarritzen diren industrietan espezializatzea proposatzen du gehiago, eta bigarre-na, aldiz, garapen-ekonomiaren tradizioan txertatzen da, hau da, industria jotzen du garapen-proze-suaren eragiletzat, eta dagoeneko existitzen den industriari balioa gehitzea du xede. Lan honen bitartez, Latinoamerikak balioa gehitzeko eta garapen-prozesua bizkortzeko aurre egin behar dien erronkak aztertu nahi dira, bai eta manufaktura aurreratua garatzearen bitartez balioa gehitzeko pro-posamenaren abantailak eta aukerak ebaluatu ere. Azterketa Mexikoren kasuan ardazten da, baina argudioetako asko manufakturaren alde egin duten herrialdeentzat ere baliagarriak izango dira. Industrialisation has historically been seen as a driving force in the process of development. Evidence shows that Latin American countries have found it difficult to make progress in processes of structural change based on industry that go beyond low income level equilibria. An argument is currently ongoing concerning what strategies can potentially be applied to a path for development in Latin America. In the USA and in Europe there has been a resurgence of concern for strengthening industry, particularly manufacturing industry, but in Latin America two approaches can be seen: a model of development based on natural resources and a model based on manufacturing industry. Both have knowledge and innovation at their core and both incorporate manufacturing industry, but the first places more emphasis on specialising in natural resource-based industries while the second follows the tradition course in the economics of development of making industry the driving force for development and adding value to existing industry. This paper seeks to discuss some of the challenges that Latin America faces in adding value and accelerating the process of development, and to analyse the advantages and opportunities offered by the proposal of adding value based on the development of advanced manufacturing. The analysis focuses on the case of Mexico, though many of the arguments set out are applicable to other countries that have focused on manufacturing.