Acquisition and Processing of Seismic Reflection Data

Emre Mulumulu1* , Çağlar Özer2 , Elçin Gök3 , Francisco J. Chavez-Garcia4 , Orhan Polat3 1The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390 Turkey 2Earthquake Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240 Turkey 3Department of Geophysics, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390 Turkey 4Instituto de Ingenieria , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510 Mexico

Bu makalede, elektronik mühendisliğinin birçok uygulamasında kullanım alanına sahip yinelemesiz sayısal süzgeçlerin tasarımı için yeni bir pencere fonksiyonu önerilmektedir. Adından da anlaşılacağı üzere bu pencere, literatürde Kaiser ve Hamming olarak bilinen iki farklı pencerenin birleştirilmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Önerilen pencere, ilk olarak, pencere spektral parametreleri olarak bilinen tepecik oranı ve analob genişliği cinsinden analiz edilmektedir. Ayrıca, önerilen pencerenin; Kaiser ve Hamming pencereleriyle pencere spektral karşılaştırmaları yapılmaktadır. Pencere benzeşim sonuçları, önerilen pencerenin; sabit pencere uzunluğu ve analob genişliğinde daha iyi tepecik oranı sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir. İkinci olarak, önerilen pencerenin yinelemesiz sayısal süzgeç tasarımındaki analizi; süzgeç spektral parametreleri olarak bilinen, minimum durdurma-bandı zayıflatması ve geçiş bandı genişliği cinsinden yapılmakta ve ayrıca Kaiser, Cosh, Exponential ve Hamming pencereleriyle karşılaştırmaları verilmektedir. Süzgeç karşılaştırma sonuçları, önerilen pencere ile tasarlanan alçak geçiren süzgeçlerin; sabit süzgeç uzunluğu ve geçiş bandı genişliğinde, diğerlerinden daha iyi minimum durdurma-bandı zayıflatması sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir. Yani, önerilen pencere ile daha iyi bir süzgeç performansı sergilenebileceği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Bu sonuç, ses işaretindeki bir gürültünün, önerilen pencereyle daha iyi süzgeçlendiğinin gösterilmesi ile ayrıca desteklenmektedir.

This paper presents a tutorial on Kalman filtering that is designed for instruction to undergraduate students. The idea behind this work is that undergraduate students do not have much of the statistical and theoretical background necessary to fully understand the existing research papers and textbooks on this topic. Instead, this work offers an introductory experience for students which takes a more practical usage perspective on the topic, rather than the statistical derivation. Students reading this paper should be able to understand how to apply Kalman filtering tools to mathematical problems without requiring a deep theoretical understanding of statistical theory.

Geophysical analysis was carried out to evaluate the challenges encountered in land seismic exploration within the study area. This analysis cuts across various stages in land seismic acquisition. These stages include the following: the availability of the prospect map as originally planned by the prospect owners—the client, the desk study and planning of this map by the seismology section (planning seismologist) for acquisition convenience and the field implementation of the acquisition which the survey, drill and recording (preloading, shooting, swath move, line check, LAUX crew and recording platform) sections carried out. The challenges observed included environmental challenges, noise interference, weather conditions (statics or electrostatics interference), line break, faulty equipment, wrong detailing, cake or expired explosives, poor or compromised supervision, security and permit challenges. These challenges are peculiar to Nigeria due to inadequate implementation of polici...

The seismic reflection method has played a crucial role in geological exploration, spanning from petroleum to engineering investigations. This study aims to enhance seismic acquisition in the demanding Niger Delta terrain, particularly in the OML 28 block, considering environmental and urban complexities. A comprehensive 3D reshoot seismic survey was conducted, involving systematic partitioning of the field into 7 swaths, while ensuring quality control measures. Shot points that fell on non-seismic objects were strategically relocated to ensure full-fold coverage and adequate subsurface sampling without having any negative environmental implications, utilizing techniques like point shift, smooth curve and laminar flow. Fold coverage analysis delineated distinct ranges across various offsets, including near, mid, far, and full offsets. Notably, the nominal full-fold coverage for OML 28 was 312, with observable improvements in midoffset ranges compared to near-offset and far-offset. Merging offset ranges facilitated achieving the required fold through swath overlap, ensuring thorough subsurface sampling. Additional analyses encompassed bin statistics, offset/azimuth rose diagrams, and surface topography examination, shedding light on trace distribution and elevation variations. Drilling operations were essential, revealing disparities between drilled and loaded depths, indicating potential signal attenuation concerns. Arrival time analysis emphasized drilling past weathered layers to mitigate signal attenuation. This study enhances seismic acquisition optimization, providing insights into fold coverage variations across offsets and emphasizing comprehensive drilling practices for signal enhancement. These findings are crucial for refining subsurface imaging and geological comprehension, particularly in challenging terrains like the Niger Delta.

ÖZ Bu çalışmada Türkiye ve yakın çevresinin aktif fayları Uluslararası Ortadoğu'nun Depremsellik Modeli (EMME) projesinin bir alt çalışması olarak sayısallaştırılmış, coğrafi bilgi sistemi tabanlı ArcGIS yazılımı kullanılarak en güncel verilerden oluşan bir veri bankası hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmada aktif faylar segmentlere, segmentler de magnitüdü Mw≥5.5 olan depremleri üretme potansiyeline sahip olduğu bilinen fay kesmelerine bölünmüştür. Aktif faylar veritabanı her bir segment için 36 veri girdisi içermekte olup önemli fiziksel parametreler (fayın uzunluğu, doğrultusu, eğimi, sapma açısı, eğim yönü, kayma hızı vs.) tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye için aktif faylar veri tabanında 1070 adet ''fay kesmesi''nin fiziksel parametreleri tanımlanarak, 23356 km uzunluğunda ''fay kesme''lerinin parametre girişi yapılmıştır. Her fay kesmesi için elde edilen fiziksel parametrelerin kaynakları (makale, rapor, harita vb.) belirlenmiş bir formatta bir araya getirilerek, pdf dosyalarından dijital bir kütüphane hazırlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise Türkiye ve çevresi için çalışılan alan 54 adet deprem kaynak zonuna bölünmüş ve deprem tehlike haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Kandilli Rasathanesi Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü'nden temin edilen 1900-2010 yılları arası homojen deprem kataloğu (Kalafat ve diğ., 2011) kullanılarak, her bir zon için depremsellik parametreleri hesaplanmış elde edilen b değerlerinin genellikle 0.6-1.4 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. En çok enerji açığa çıkaran bölgeler Türkiye'de Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu, Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu, Ege yayının doğusu, Güney Marmara ve Kıbrıs yayının batısında tespit edilmiştir.

Butterworth filtresi ile süzgeçlenmiş, sismogramların koda genliklerinin eğimlerinden koda kalite faktörü Qc(f)=45f 0.76 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Düşük Qo değeri ve frekansa fazla bağımlılık bölgenin yüksek tektonik aktivitesini karakterize etmektedir.

Öz: Jeolojik Zamanlar Çizelgesi'ndeki Orta Pleyistosen, Çibaniyen olarak tescillendi. Bu yeni Kat'ın zamanı 0,774 My ile 0,129 My arasıdır. Alt sınırı MIS (denizel izotop Katı) 19 ve Matuyama-Brunhes manyetik kutup terslenmesine karşılık gelir. Veri kaynağı ve yeri Chiba istifidir (Japonya). Denizel Chiba istifinin ayrıntılı inceleme ve tarihlendirilmesi ile bu kesit Ocak 2020'de Çibaniyen katının stratotipi olarak açıklandı. Chiba kesiti artık uluslararası Jeosit ve Jeolojik Miras'tır.

Öz: Jeolojik Zamanlar Çizelgesi'ndeki Orta Pleyistosen, Çibaniyen olarak tescillendi. Bu yeni Kat'ın zamanı 0,774 My ile 0,129 My arasıdır. Alt sınırı MIS (denizel izotop Katı) 19 ve Matuyama-Brunhes manyetik kutup terslenmesine karşılık gelir. Veri kaynağı ve yeri Chiba istifidir (Japonya). Denizel Chiba istifinin ayrıntılı inceleme ve tarihlendirilmesi ile bu kesit Ocak 2020'de Çibaniyen katının stratotipi olarak açıklandı. Chiba kesiti artık uluslararası Jeosit ve Jeolojik Miras'tır.

The paper examines ways of teaching wave pulses traveling on strings and wave fronts in two dimensional waves. The phenomena examined for pulses are: reflection, transmission and superposition. Two methods of finding the refracted wave fronts, the corresponding rays and the refraction angle are presented. Then the gradual change of the speed of propagation of a wave is presented. In the last part is examined the application of the concept of wave fronts in lenses and Huygens’ method of finding the shape of a perfect lens. The students’ difficulties with connection with all these subjects are presented.

A receiver array is an arrangement of geophones used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of seismic data. However, deviations from ideal array conditions can lead to the non-optimal performance of the array. This study investigates, quantitatively, the array performance in the presence of topographic variations and positioning errors using 2D seismic data acquired in eastern Saudi Arabia. A receiver array was laid over a sand dune with variable topography underlain by a flat sabkha that has a very shallow water table. The topographic variations and position errors were calculated from Differential Global Positioning System (D-GPS) measurements of source and receiver positions and elevations. The errors in receiver positions, measured relative to the ideal receiver spacing, gave a mean and standard deviation of about 0.35% and 1%, respectively. On the other hand, elevation errors (topographic variations) from a horizontal datum gave a mean and standard deviation of about 25% a...

Doğrultu atımlı faylar jeolojik olarak bazen iki ayrı birimin arakesitinde bazen de bir birimin üzerinde meydana gelebilmektedir. İlk durumda iki farklı jeolojik birimin yan yana olmasından dolayı jeofizik yöntemler başarılı bir şekilde süreksizlik ayrımını yapabileceklerdir. Doğrultu atımlı fayların havza oluşturmaları, zonal yapıyı ortaya çıkaracağından bu durumda fay, çizgisel veya zonal bir yapı şeklinde olabilecektir. Bu duruma yaklaşım yapabilmek için, Raju (2003) de yer alan, fay, dayk ve ince levha bağıntıları kullanılarak, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ile Japon bilim adamlarının ortak çalışması olan Işıkara ve diğ. (1986), Tunçer ve diğ. (1990) ve (1992) den alınan sırasıyla Mekece-İznik bölgesi Çerkeşli fayı (E-C) profili, Mekece (C-D) profili, Dırazali (A) profili, Küçücek (A-B) profili manyetik anomalileri incelenmiştir.

The growing popularity of land nodes demands careful survey design practices to smoothly supersede cabled seismic acquisition with geophone arrays. Unfortunately, trace density is often used as a catchall proxy to describe survey quality, which is a gross oversimplification. We describe comprehensive and quantitative workflows focusing on final image quality for evaluating existing or new 3D land acquisition geometries with arrays and single sensors. They streamline the design process, remove human bias, and close the loop between acquisition and processing. A central element is a data-driven approach for deriving absolute signal-tonoise ratio (S/N) directly from the data. The resulting S/N volumes can be analyzed as cubes or slices or distilled to statistical quantities. We apply new workflows to three typical use cases from 3D land seismic data. First, we quantitatively contrast different 3D data sets acquired with various field acquisition geometries and understand which acquisition parameters are likely responsible for S/N differences. Second, we perform a realistic numerical feasibility study evaluating multiple 3D acquisition geometries with arrays and single sensors and assess their expected performance on a complex SEG Advanced Modeling Arid data set representative of the desert environment. For feasibility studies, complete automation can be achieved by applying migration in lieu of processing and data-driven S/N as evaluation steps. Finally, we show how to predict absolute S/N outcomes of new 3D acquisitions based on the existing legacy data with different acquisition geometry. We demonstrate the excellent predictive power of the analytical signal-strength estimate formula for both field and synthetic elastic data sets. Translating survey design into commonly spoken "image S/N language" improves communication between geoscientists and enables more effective decision-making. This paper is an expansion of Bakulin et al. (2022c), originally presented at the Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy.

Even after sophisticated processing, land seismic data in complex areas exhibit weak and distorted prestack reflections with low coherency. Usually, the local stacking methods reveal clear reflections. However, the absolute level of amplitude spectra after such stacking experiences a substantial decline across the entire frequency band, reaching −10 to −25 dB. In addition, stacking leads to a significant and progressive loss of higher frequencies. We describe mathematical and intuitive physical models for multiplicative random noise that could consistently explain these field observations at least semiquantitatively. Multiplicative noise is represented by random timeshifts (residual statics) and random phase perturbations different for each frequency. Residual statics explain the progressive loss of higher frequencies. On the other hand, phase perturbations lead to a severe loss of coherency on prestack gathers and produce a strong downward bias or loss of broadband amplitudes after stacking. We find that both types of multiplicative noise can be physically generated by near-surface scattering layers with small-to-medium-scale geologic heterogeneities. We speculate that such multiplicative distortions can be referred to as seismic speckle noise well established in optics and ultrasonics. Furthermore, we derive the fundamental properties of how random multiplicative noise transforms while stacking. The first essential finding reveals that stacking produces an unbiased estimate of the clean signal phase. The second finding finds the mathematical relationship between the frequency-dependent loss of stacked amplitude and the standard deviation of residual statics and phase perturbations. These findings serve as a theoretical justification for the previously proposed methods of phase substitution and phase corrections and open the way to efficiently address random multiplicative noise in seismic processing. V420 Bakulin et al.

Seismic speckle noise is the primary factor causing severe reflection distortions caused by small-scale near-surface scattering. As in the case of speckle noise in optics and acoustics, deterministic velocity model-building techniques cannot recover these heterogeneities which are much smaller than a wavelength. Conventional processing techniques struggle to perform when multiplicative noise remains unsuppressed. Although local and global stacking mitigates the effects of speckle noise, it leads to a severe loss of higher frequencies reducing the vertical resolution of the seismic data. The foundation for attacking speckle noise is a recently proposed mathematical model that includes two concurrent random multiplicative noise types: type 1 defining residual statics and type 2 describing random frequency-dependent phase perturbations that mimic small-scale near-surface scattering. Using this model, we have developed seismic time-frequency masking to suppress speckle noise on prestack data. The time-dependent and non-surface-consistent nature of scattering noise dictates

Social network is a collection of people generally called 'actors' who are connected to each other based on some association criteria like a friend, follow, co-authorship, co-workers, etc. Interaction networks are the generalization of social networks. In recent developments of data sciences, analytics has applications in every significant area such as economy, general elections, epidemics, terrorism detection, clustering, marketing, etc. All of these areas require interaction data of various entities. Though the social network is a significant reservoir for such data, it covers only one segment of the information. A right amount of information is available on the web, but it is not useful for analytics in its raw form. This paper presents a framework that collects information from www using a parameterized crawler and prepares the social network-like structure of web pages, called interaction network. The interaction network prepared is similar to any traditional social network in every aspect. The web pages are selected based on contexts of the URLs found in the nearby vicinity of URLs, decided by predefined parameters. The proposed crawler is tested over several topics covering thousands of pages. More than 50 percent harvest rate is achieved by the proposed crawler. Properties of the interaction network such as degree distribution, clustering coefficient, modularity, distribution of communities, diameter and page rank have been investigated to establish the fact that it behaves like any traditional social network. The idea of preparing interaction network is extendible to the field of newage technologies like IoT, big data, deepweb, prediction models etc.

An MASW survey to produce a 2-D (surface and depth) shear-wave velocity (Vs) map involves the acquisition of multiple records (of twelve or more channels) with the same source-receiver configuration moved successively by a fixed distance interval (a few to several stations) along a linear survey line. Acquired records then go through the dispersion-inversion processing to produce a 1-D (depth) Vs profile for each record by treating the subsurface distance spanned by one receiver spread as the horizontallylayered earth model. All these 1-D profiles are then assembled according to the surface coordinate at the midpoint of the spread used to acquire the corresponding record and then the final 2-D map is constructed by using a spatial interpolation scheme. The horizontal resolution of the map is therefore most influenced by two field parameters: the receiver spread length and the acquisition interval. The receiver spread length sets the theoretical lower limit and any Vs structure with its lateral dimension smaller than this will not be properly resolved in the final Vs map. An acquisition interval smaller than the spread length will not improve this limitation as spatial smearing has already been introduced by the receiver spread. However, since all 1-D Vs profiles will always contain some error resulting from the imperfect analysis in dispersion-inversion processing, processing accuracy can also influence the resolution. In this sense, a smaller acquisition interval will improve the resolution through the statistical principle as it provides a greater redundancy in measurement at the expense of survey cost. The role of these controls is described based on the numerical simulations.

      A 3D velocity model was created by using stacking velocity of 9 seismic lines and average velocity of 6 wells drilled in Iraq. The model was achieved by creating a time model to 25 surfaces with an interval time between each two successive surfaces of about 100 msec.  The summation time of all surfaces reached about 2400 msec, that was adopted according to West Kifl-1 well, which penetrated to a depth of 6000 m, representing the deepest well in the study area. The seismic lines and well data were converted to build a 3D cube time model and the velocity was spread on the model. The seismic inversion modeling of the elastic properties of the horizon and well data was applied to achieve a corrected velocity cube. Then, the velocity cube was converted to a time model and, finally, a corrected 3D depth model was obtained. This model shows that the western side of the study area, which is a part of the stable shelf, is characterized by relatively low thickness and high velocity laye...

Variable-depth streamer acquisition is becoming a key marine solution for providing wide bandwidth seismic data. Varying the receiver depths creates wide receiver ghost diversity which allows a spectacular increase in the recorded frequency bandwidth. Such a broad bandwidth is proved to be very beneficial for pre-salt imaging. That is because post-salt sections need high frequency for accurately defining velocity breaks and the pre-salt sections need low frequency energy for stronger illumination. Therefore, preserving the broad bandwidth is very important during the processing steps. They have to be properly adjusted to avoid damaging both ends of the spectrum. This paper will focus on some key challenges faced during the time and depth processing of one of the first 3D variable-depth streamer survey acquired offshore Gabon. It will show how it can improve the imaging of presalt series.

In this paper we present a new marine seismic acquisition technique initially developed to meet the imaging challenges of the Loppa High in the Norwegian Barents Sea. Two seismic vessels operate in tandem; one streamer vessel towing a spread of deep, densely spaced streamers, and one source vessel towing two or more sources. The source vessel is positioned on top of the seismic spread. The unique configuration facilitates acquisition of zero-offset data. This, together with the fact that both negative and positive offsets are recorded, creates a unique illumination density of the subsurface. The solution was developed and tested in close cooperation between CGG and Lundin through a comprehensive modelling and field trial program involving a series of safety and mechanical tests and also a small 3D test survey. The result is high-resolution seismic images in the shallow section and improved signal-to-noise ratio in the deeper sections.

Çalışmanın amacı, 26 Eylül 2019 Marmara Denizi-İstanbul (Silivri) açıklarında meydana gelen Mw=5.8 büyüklüğündeki depremin, Türkiye Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi İstasyon ağına (TR-KYHA) ait kayıtlar ile zemin etkilerini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda 46 istasyonda kaydedilen 3 bileşen ivme verileri tepki spektrum oranları yaklaşımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Her bir kayıta ait tepki spektrum oranları hesaplanarak spektral büyütmeler ve yer baskın periyotları hesaplanmıştır. Depremin meydana getirdiği yer sarsıntısı, 150 km yarıçaplı 46 istasyonda 10 gal (cm/s 2) üzerinde ivme değerleri üretmiştir. Kaydedilen en yüksek yer ivme değeri deprem merkez üssünden 34.5 km uzaklıkta İstanbul, Küçükçekmece'de kurulu 3412 No.lu istasyonda 84.9 gal olarak saptanmıştır. Aletsel verileri kullanarak çözümlenen ivme kayıtlarının kesme dalga kısımları 0.3-1.5s baskın periyotlarda ve 3-12 büyütmeler arasında değişen uzak istasyonlarda (>100 km, Kocaeli, Bursa ve Balıkesir) önemli deneysel sonuçların ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Aynı zamanda, geoteknik özellikleri iyi bilenen istasyonlarda ivme kayıtlarına ait teorik yatay düşey spektral oranlar da hesaplanarak aletsel verilerle hesaplanan tepki spektrum oranları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, 10-13 büyütme faktörlerine neden olan 1 s üzerinde baskın periyotlu uzun salınımlar gösteren bina etkilerini (Kocaeli) ve sığ litolojilerde mevcut nispeten gevşek jeolojik formasyonlarda (İstanbul, Yalova) yüksek spektral büyütmeler saptanmıştır. Elde edilen aletsel bulgular ile uzak ve yakın alanlarda ortaya çıkan zemin etkileri, sismik tehlike zararlarının azaltılmasında etkili bir rol oynayacağı düşünülmektedir.

A grid of high-resolution, multichannel seismic profiles from the offshore Canterbury Basin, New Zealand, reveals that at least 11 large (up to 1000 m thick, s 50 km long, along-strike, and 20 km wide, down-dip) elongate sediment drifts developed within the lower Miocene to Recent shelf-slope sediment prism. The drifts overlie a condensed section of late Eocene to late Oligocene limestone and cover an area of V5000 km 2. The drifts were deposited in water depths of 300^750 m, probably by a northward-flowing contour current, and aggraded to shelf depths. The drifts exhibit mounded morphologies with channel-like moats along their landward flanks. Erosion of the landward flanks creates prominent unconformities; these unconformities are diachronous and, therefore, not sequence boundaries. The internal architecture of the drifts defines two end members of elongate drift, which we describe as simple and complex. Early (early to middle Miocene) simple drifts are small (6 400 m thick, 10^28 km long and several km wide) and concentrated in the southern part of the survey area. Drift thickness increased as the shelf aggraded and the locus of drift development migrated northeastward through time. Late (late Miocene to Recent) simple drifts are, therefore, larger (up to 1000 m thick, s 50 km long and up to 20 km wide) and occur in the northeastern part of the survey area. These late, simple elongate drifts are subdivided into three parts (base, core, and crest) based on seismic facies. These facies form in response to progressive confinement of current flow within the moat. Complex drifts may be multi-crested or multistage. Multi-crested drifts form in response to rapid lateral shifts in position of the moat, perhaps associated with relative sea-level change, modulated by paleoslope inclination and orientation. Such drifts, together with the observation that several drifts were often active simultaneously, indicate that flow patterns were complex and involved multiple pathways. Multistage drifts comprise superimposed subdrifts whose retrogradational and progradational stacking patterns indicate fluctuations in the rate of sediment supply. Complex drift formation may require intermediate shelf relief: high enough to sustain drift development during changes in sea level and rate of sediment supply, but low enough so that such changes are still able to influence moat position. In addition, coeval climatic cooling may amplify changes in sea level, current intensity and sediment supply, thereby contributing to complex drift formation.

Tunnelling below water passages is a challenging task in terms of planning, pre-investigation and construction. Fracture zones in the underlying bedrock lead to low rock quality and thus reduced stability. For natural reasons they tend to be more frequent at water passages. Ground investigations that provide information of the subsurface are necessary prior to the construction phase, but can be logistically difficult. Geophysics can help close the gaps between local point information and produce subsurface images. An approach that combines seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography has been tested at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). The aim was to detect fracture zones in a well-known but logistically and, from a measuring perspective, challenging area. <br><br> The presented surveys cover a water passage along a part of a tunnel that connects surface facilities with an underground test laboratory. The tunnel is approximately 100 m bel...

An increase in energy consumption of home appliances is a growing problem in distribution system. The Demand Response (DR) strategy for reducing the energy usage is the key for any energy management system (EMS). In order to minimize the electricity consumption in domestic sector, the smart energy controller (SEC) with Internet of Things (IoT) is essential. In this paper, the smart energy controller is proposed for residential air conditioner (RAC) to save the energy and energy cost using new algorithm based on DR. Hardware prototype of SEC and software is designed to demonstrate the proposed the energy management system (EMS) for control the thermostat of RAC. The proposed DR algorithm is applied under three strategies in which the first strategy considers operation during one day of week from 12 pm to 12 am and the second strategy considers controlling of thermostat by sensing inside room temperature during 12 pm to 12 am of the day and third strategy considers operation of RAC by real time price (RTP) with several cases. The Experimental results of the proposed SEC are compared with each other strategy of EMS. The third strategy provides better results in terms of energy consumption and electricity cost.

This paper addresses the issue of the sensitivity of 3‐D prestack depth migration (PSDM) with respect to the acquisition geometry of 3‐D seismic surveys. Using the theoretical framework of PSDM, I show how acquisition‐related imaging artifacts—the acquisition footprints—can arise. I then show how the acquisition footprint can be suppressed in two steps by (1) partitioning the 3‐D survey into minimal data sets, each to be migrated separately, and (2) applying a robust variable‐geometry PSDM quadrature. The validity of the method is demonstrated on synthetic parallel and antiparallel multistreamer data and cross‐spread data.The proposed two‐step solution can play an important role in projects where amplitude integrity and fidelity are paramount, e.g., quantitative interpretation and time‐lapse surveying. The concept of minimal data also fills a gap in understanding the relation between acquisition and imaging.

Bu çalışmada Balıkesir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Ana Bina ve Ek Binası'nın bulunduğu alanda yüzeyleyen kaya/zemin birimlerinin litolojik, stratigrafik özellikleri ve ayrışma durumları incelenmiş; ayrıca temel zeminin türü, sınıfı, fiziksel özellikleri ile dinamik ve elastik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. İnceleme alanında altta yer alan killi kireçtaşı-kiltaşı-marn ardalanmasında enine ve boyuna dalga hızları ortalama sırasıyla 1223 m/sn ve 660 m/sn iken; üstte yer alan kumlu siltli kilde sırasıyla 621 m/sn ve 298 m/sn'dir. Elastisite modülü üst birimde 309-561 MPa arasında değişirken, alttaki birimde 2460-2570 MPa arasında değişmektedir. İnceleme alanında zemin türü ZC sınıfında olup bu zemin türü dikkate alınarak standart tasarım deprem yer hareketi (DD-2) için kısa periyot tasarım spektral ivme katsayısı 1.020; 1.0 saniye periyot için tasarım spektral ivme katsayısı da 0.315 olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, mühendislik fakültesi binalarındaki temel zemin türü dikkate alınarak standart tasarım deprem yer hareketi için Yatay Elastik Tasarım Spektrumu ve Düşey Elastik Tasarım Spektrumu elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler, Balıkesir Üniversitesi (BAUN) Mühendislik Fakültesi binaları için yapılmakta olan deprem risk analizine altlık sağlamıştır.

We present a seismic and density model for the crust and the uppermost mantle of the Arctic Ocean offshore Chukotka down to a 40 km depth along a 740-km long latitudinal (at ca. 77°N) "Arctic-2012" wide-angle/MCS profile. Joint seismic and gravity modeling indicates significant differences in the crustal velocity and density structure of the northeastern Vilkitsky Trough, the Mendeleev Rise, the Chukchi Basin, and the Chukchi Plateau. The Vilkitsky Trough and the Chukchi Basin have a thin crust (23 km and 18 km, correspondingly), 6-8 km thick sedimentary cover, 3-6 km thick upper/middle crust (with the smallest thickness of 3-4 km beneath the Chukchi Basin), and 9-10 km thick lower crust. The uppermost mantle of the Chukchi Basin has a high density (3.27-3.31 g/cm 3) and a low velocity (Vp ∼ 7.8 km/s), which we explain by 5-10% serpentinization of mantle peridotite at a 22-35 km depth as a result of crustal hyperextension and seawater penetration. The Chukchi Plateau and the Mendeleev Rise have a thick crust (28-29 km and 33-34 km, correspondingly), underlain by a normal mantle (Vp ∼ 8.0 km/s). The Chukchi Plateau has a 2-4 km thick sedimentary cover, a thick (15-18 km) upper/middle crust with low-Vp, low-density lenses interpreted as magmatic intrusions, and a 9-12 km thick lower crust. The Mendeleev Rise has a 3-7 km thick sedimentary cover (most of which is formed by metasediments with a possible presence of volcanic rocks), a 7-8 km thick upper/middle crust, and a thick (20 km) lower crust which includes a 3-4 km thick high-velocity (Vp ∼ 7.3 km/s) underplated magmatic material. The high density anomaly (at depths > 35 km) below the Mendeleev Rise is interpreted as an eclogitic body in the upper mantle lithosphere. Seismic Vp and Vp/Vs structure of the crust along the "Arctic-2012" profile indicates its continental nature: a 3-18 km thick upper/middle crustal layer with Vp ∼ 6.0-6.8 km/s and Vp/Vs ∼ 1.70-1.73 typical of felsicintermediate continental upper crust is present along the entire profile. Strong variability of the crustal structure along the profile reflects its significant modification by metamorphism and magmatism, possibly related to the High-Arctic Large Igneous Province and localized lithosphere extension beneath the Chukchi Basin. 1. Introduction Tectonic origin of the system of the Alpha-Mendeleev submarine rises/ridges (AMSR) of the Arctic Ocean is still debated (Lane and Stephenson, 2016). Both bathymetric highs, which form a ca. 2000 km × 400 km submarine elevation with a depression in the middle (the Cooperation Gap separating the Mendeleev Rise and the Alpha Ridge, Fig. 1a), are usually interpreted to result from the same

Over the recent years, there has been a significant amount of research and development related to marine broadband technology, both to remove the effect of the marine “ghosts” (reflections from the sea surface) and to obtain a broader bandwidth of useable seismic frequencies (both low and high). These works are generally separated into acquisition and processing solutions. In this article we focus on a processing-based broadband solution to improve imaging in the frontier or “under-explored” areas using conventional flat streamer acquisition configuration. The data examples cover acquisition in deep water (offshore Brazil) and shallow water (offshore Croatia).

Geophysical analysis was carried out to evaluate the challenges encountered in land seismic exploration within the study area. This analysis cuts across various stages in land seismic acquisition. These stages include the following: the availability of the prospect map as originally planned by the prospect owners—the client, the desk study and planning of this map by the seismology section (planning seismologist) for acquisition convenience and the field implementation of the acquisition which the survey, drill and recording (preloading, shooting, swath move, line check, LAUX crew and recording platform) sections carried out. The challenges observed included environmental challenges, noise interference, weather conditions (statics or electrostatics interference), line break, faulty equipment, wrong detailing, cake or expired explosives, poor or compromised supervision, security and permit challenges. These challenges are peculiar to Nigeria due to inadequate implementation of polici...

We present a seismic and density model for the crust and the uppermost mantle of the Arctic Ocean offshore Chukotka down to a 40 km depth along a 740-km long latitudinal (at ca. 77°N) "Arctic-2012" wide-angle/MCS profile. Joint seismic and gravity modeling indicates significant differences in the crustal velocity and density structure of the northeastern Vilkitsky Trough, the Mendeleev Rise, the Chukchi Basin, and the Chukchi Plateau. The Vilkitsky Trough and the Chukchi Basin have a thin crust (23 km and 18 km, correspondingly), 6-8 km thick sedimentary cover, 3-6 km thick upper/middle crust (with the smallest thickness of 3-4 km beneath the Chukchi Basin), and 9-10 km thick lower crust. The uppermost mantle of the Chukchi Basin has a high density (3.27-3.31 g/cm 3) and a low velocity (Vp ∼ 7.8 km/s), which we explain by 5-10% serpentinization of mantle peridotite at a 22-35 km depth as a result of crustal hyperextension and seawater penetration. The Chukchi Plateau and the Mendeleev Rise have a thick crust (28-29 km and 33-34 km, correspondingly), underlain by a normal mantle (Vp ∼ 8.0 km/s). The Chukchi Plateau has a 2-4 km thick sedimentary cover, a thick (15-18 km) upper/middle crust with low-Vp, low-density lenses interpreted as magmatic intrusions, and a 9-12 km thick lower crust. The Mendeleev Rise has a 3-7 km thick sedimentary cover (most of which is formed by metasediments with a possible presence of volcanic rocks), a 7-8 km thick upper/middle crust, and a thick (20 km) lower crust which includes a 3-4 km thick high-velocity (Vp ∼ 7.3 km/s) underplated magmatic material. The high density anomaly (at depths > 35 km) below the Mendeleev Rise is interpreted as an eclogitic body in the upper mantle lithosphere. Seismic Vp and Vp/Vs structure of the crust along the "Arctic-2012" profile indicates its continental nature: a 3-18 km thick upper/middle crustal layer with Vp ∼ 6.0-6.8 km/s and Vp/Vs ∼ 1.70-1.73 typical of felsicintermediate continental upper crust is present along the entire profile. Strong variability of the crustal structure along the profile reflects its significant modification by metamorphism and magmatism, possibly related to the High-Arctic Large Igneous Province and localized lithosphere extension beneath the Chukchi Basin. 1. Introduction Tectonic origin of the system of the Alpha-Mendeleev submarine rises/ridges (AMSR) of the Arctic Ocean is still debated (Lane and Stephenson, 2016). Both bathymetric highs, which form a ca. 2000 km × 400 km submarine elevation with a depression in the middle (the Cooperation Gap separating the Mendeleev Rise and the Alpha Ridge, Fig. 1a), are usually interpreted to result from the same

Broadband seismic data is the primary requirement for improving resolution, enhanced imaging of thin beds and stratigraphic features, seismic inversion etc. In recent past, advancements in marine seismic acquisition have evolved around improving the bandwidth of recorded seismic signal. These include the improvement in the low frequency response of the streamer, higher fidelity of recording units and more recently, broadband acquisition techniques aimed at attenuating the source and receiver ghost notches.

Bu çalışmada Orta Anadolu altında kabuk ve üst-manto hız yapısının tespiti için P dalgası alıcı fonksiyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Daire Başkanlığı bünyesinde aktif olarak çalıştırılan geniş-bantlı ANTO (Ankara), BBAL (Ankara), CDAG (Kırşehir), ELDT (Çankırı) ve ILGA (Çankırı) deprem istasyonlarında kaydedilen telesismik depremlerin zaman ortamı P alıcı fonksiyonları hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bölgesel yüzey dalgası grup hızı bilgileri ile her deprem istasyonunda hesaplanan radyal alıcı fonksiyon sinyalleri birlikte ağırlıklı ters çözülerek çok çözümlülük sorunu da giderilmiştir. Ters çözüm  sonuçlarından ANTO istasyonu altında kabuksal kalınlık 36 km ve makaslama hızı 4.33 km/sn, BBAL istasyonu altında kabuksal kalınlık 38 km ve makaslama hızı 4.28 km/sn, CDAG istasyonu altında kabuksal kalınlık 40 km ve makaslama hızı 4.33 km/sn,
ELDT istasyonu altında kabuksal kalınlık 36 km ve makaslama hızı 4.21 km/sn, ILGA istasyonu altında kabuksal kalınlık 36 km ve makaslama hızı 4.20 km/sn elde edilmiştir. Bu durum Orta Anadolu’da kuzeyden güneye doğru bir kabuksal kalınlaşmanın olduğunu gösterir. Bölgenin tektonik bakımdan Ezinepazarı-Tuz
Gölü Fayı, Ecemiş Fayı, Kırıkkale-Erbaa Fayı ve kuzeyden İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan ile güneyden Toroslar’ın paleosütur kuşaklarının sıkıştırma etkisi altında olması, güneydeki bu kabuksal kalınlık artışının nedenidir. İstasyonlar altında üst-kabuk makaslama hızları 2.20-3.49 km/sn arasında değişmektedir ve üst-manto hızı <7.8 km/sn’dir. Bulunan sonuçlar bölgede bundan sonra yapılacak olan çalışmalarda ön bilgi eksikliğini giderecek ve bölgenin neotektonik yorumunun yapılmasında da önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Injection of CO2 in subsurface reservoirs may cause overburden deformation and CO2 leakage. The aim of this study is to apply technologies for detection and monitoring of CO2 leakage and deformation above the injection reservoirs. The examples of this study include data from the Vestnesa Ridge natural seep site, the Snøhvit gas field and CO2 storage site region, and the Gemini North gas reservoir. Reprocessing of existing 3D high-resolution seismic data allows resolving features with a vertical and lateral resolution down to c. 1 m and c. 5 m respectively. The current acquisition systems could be modified to image structures down to one meter in both the vertical and horizontal directions. We suggest a monitoring workflow that includes baseline and time-lapse acquisition of high-resolution 3D seismic data, integrated with geochemical, geophysical, and geotechnical seabed core and water-column measurements. The outcome of such a workflow can deliver reliable quantitative property volumes of the subsurface and will be able to image meter-sized anomalies of fluid leakage and deformation in the overburden.

High-resolution 3D site characterization can deliver reliable quantitative property volumes of the subsurface when based on seismic data able to image meter-sized objects. Following the theoretical analysis of seismic wave propagation in the shallow sub-surface, we present case studies based on reprocessing of 3D P-Cable seismic data. The case study of data reprocessing from the Vestnesa Ridge west of Svalbard and the outer Vøring Basin show that P-Cable 2.5D and 3D data can provide decimeter-to meter-scale vertical resolution of the shallow subsurface. Collection of new 3D P-Cable data with optimized acquisition parameters will provide meter-scale horizontal and vertical resolution. Therefore, 3D seismic volumes will represent the framework for data interpretation, integration and inversion where in situ measurements can be propagated with minimal data interpolation.

In deep water the source-receiver offsets that are required for accurate velocity determinations cannot be achieved with single-ship multichannel seismic methods. Two ships, one equipped with a multichannel receiving array and the other with a seismic source, have previously been employed to acquire common midpoint, expanding spread profiles, principally to determine deep crustal velocity structures. We extend this method to higher resolution in space and time to determine the velocities of sedimentary layers in deep water offshore Japan in the Nankai Trough. This high-resolution two-ship data acquisition method used a 13.1-L water gun source array; a 1.6-km, 96-channel receiving array with 0.0166-km active group; and shore-based navigation. Analysis of the data was performed in the r-p domain by successive downward continuation of the plane wave data. Interactive velocity analysis methods for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional Earth models are described for both common source/receiver and common midpoint profiles. Results in one of two areas surveyed show a low-velocity zone below the subduction decollement which is consistent with models of low wedge taper, high pore fluid pressure, and reflection polarity reversal described previously by other researchers. The velocity profiles show the expected landward increase in velocity assumed to be due to lateral strain and porosity decrease, but the effect is small, only slightly greater than would be expected in an area of no lateral strain. INTRODUCTION Accurate velocity measurements of sediments in deep water are difficult to obtain. Laboratory velocities measured on core samples must undergo a series of corrections to approximate in situ values. Conventional sonic well logging measures transit time over very short intervals which are often difficult to scale up to regional seismic data. Vertical seismic profiles are used effectively to obtain velocity data which correlate with regional seismic surveys, but they require significant drilling ship time. Other seismic measurements designed to accurately determine velocities require seismic data with subsurface angles of incidence that span as large a range as possible [Stoffa et al., 1981a]. Sediment velocities are an important indicator of lithology and physical properties, and methods to measure velocities beneath a thick water layer remain an important goal. In 1987 a joint United States/Japan program conducted a series of high-resolution seismic experiments designed to determine the interval velocities of sediments within the Nankai Trough. The Nankai Trough lies off the southern coast of Japan where the Philippine Sea oceanic plate is sliding northwesterly under the island arc of Japan (Figure 1). Deep-sea drilling was conducted in this region in 1973 and 1982 [Kagami et al., 1986; Karig et al., 1975]. The underlying objective of our velocity study is to examine the early 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin.

In this paper, Software is presented for teaching through interactive demonstrations about lenses. At first we explore lenses constructed by two spherical surfaces. We explore the ray diagrams and wave fronts. Then there is a page for understanding the thick lens model. We introduce a step by step procedure to find the focal length and find the principal planes and finally the use of the focal length and principal points to construct the image. There is a page for finding the position of the image not by the formula but by the method we use on an actual experiment: We move the screen back and forth until we can get the sharpest possible image. This is done by finding the minimum of a standard deviation of the position of the rays for a given position of the screen. Then there is a simulation of an experiment for finding the focal length. This uses a macro to simulate the finding of several image points b for several object points a. These values are used first in the graphical representation of the image point as a function of b and the image points as a function of a. With suitable least square fits we get two lines with parameters that give values for the focal length and principal plane. Then there is a simulation of two experiments of finding the focal length of a lens. The spreadsheet calculates the distance b vs a, the image y, and there ar graphs of y as a function of a and y as a function of b from which we find 1) a hyperbolic fit for y vs a and a linear fit for y vs b from which we calculate the focal distance, 2) it calculates 1/a and 1/b and then finds a linear fit and a parabolic fit for the data. Also we get the same parameters by finding the cuts of lines uniting the point (a,0) and (0,b).. 3) there is a plot of a+b vs a and then the points are fitted with a hyperbola whose asymptotes give the sum of focal length and principal planes. Then there is a page where we can see two lenses for which the shape can change to have a perfect focusing at a given distance. These two lenses are based on Huygens' ideas, Spherical and Huygen Lenses.

Geophysical analysis was carried out to evaluate the challenges encountered in land seismic exploration within the study area. This analysis cuts across various stages in land seismic acquisition. These stages include the following: the availability of the prospect map as originally planned by the prospect owners—the client, the desk study and planning of this map by the seismology section (planning seismologist) for acquisition convenience and the field implementation of the acquisition which the survey, drill and recording (preloading, shooting, swath move, line check, LAUX crew and recording platform) sections carried out. The challenges observed included environmental challenges, noise interference, weather conditions (statics or electrostatics interference), line break, faulty equipment, wrong detailing, cake or expired explosives, poor or compromised supervision, security and permit challenges. These challenges are peculiar to Nigeria due to inadequate implementation of polici...

Increasing cost and demand for energy is imposing us to find smart ways to save energy. To satisfy the energy requirement and at the same time to cut down the cost, consumption of energy must be monitored and controlled. Energy consumption can be well managed with the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents an architecture towards IoT-enabled Green campus Energy Management System. In the proposed system, the data acquisition module collects energy consumption information from each device and transmits it to the cloud platform for further processing and analysis. Since lighting and air conditioning appliances contribute to most of the electricity consumption in the campus environment, they have been taken as a prototype to validate the proposed architecture.

During a geohazards evaluation of an area in deep-water Green Canyon, using standard exploration three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data, different features of significance to drilling operations and the planning of seabed installations were observed. These features were indications of seabed slope instability, shallow gas accumulations in a channel deposit, gas chimneys, faults, and a seabed mound above a gas chimney. Edge-detection maps were used to highlight slopefailure scars, faults, the channel, and the seabed mound. Average absolute-amplitude maps were used to highlight slope-failure scars, faults, and possible shallow gas accumulations. Possible gas chimneys were mapped to identify fluid-migration pathways. The mapping of chimneys was done by the use of a recently developed method for detection of gas chimneys in 3-D seismic data. The method was developed to facilitate and increase the consistency in the mapping, as well as make gas chimneys visible in the map view. The results of the geohazards assessment were identification of a seabed slopefailure risk and a risk of overpressured gas in channel deposits.

Expanding spread profiles (ESP's) are spatially localized, wide-angle reflection/refraction surveys using two ships, a multichannel array, and Raydist ranging. The value of the data is primarily the fidelity with which the data are recorded and the multiplicity of coverage provided by the multichannel array. We feel that the ESP technique has several distinct advantages over other methods of deep crustal studies. These are (1) very accurate range and timing information, (2) fixed and well-known receiver separation (100 m) for accurate phase velocity determination across the array, (3) because of accurate timing and range information, traces from different shots may be used to improve velocity determination (this is limited only by the persistence of the particular arrivals), (4) true amplitude recording that allows the use of sophisticated signal processing techniques and tightly constrains models of the observed data, (5) no difficulties with receiver coupling, (6) calibration of charge size changes through overlapping receiver positions, (7) a minimum amount of explosives is required because of the redundancy provided by the multichannel receiving array, (8) minimal deployment and recovery time coupled with low equipment loss rate, (9) 'real-time' data monitoring and analysis to insure the quality of the recorded data, and (10) digital recording in a readily exchangeable standard format to facilitate the use of digital computers in reducing the vast amount of data acquired. Data of this quality in range, time, and amplitude are required for any detailed inversion or modeling scheme. Dense spatial sampling is required to avoid spatial aliasing, to demonstrate phase coherence between traces, and to observe amplitude variations over short distances. Constant offset profiles (COP's) are fixed range, wide-angle reflection/refraction surveys using two ships, a multichannel array, and Raydist ranging. Using this technique, it is possible to develop a profile of refracting type interfaces which are normally absent from the reflection record. With earlier methods, these events are recorded only as 'spot' measurements, and lateral variation is only coarsely determined. Since constant offset profiles are multichannel array measurements at a specific range, variations in velocity, arrival time, and signal amplitude along the profile can be accurately determined. By combining these data with near-vertical incidence multichannel data along the same track, a detailed survey of the deep ocean crust and particularly its lateral variability is possible. This experimental technique is the only method available for a detailed continuous mapping of lateral crustal variations from nonreflecting horizons.

Gunumuzde yeraltindaki madenleri kesfetmek amacli yapilan, sinyal gonderilerek yansiyan bu sinyaller uzerinden yapilan yorumlama analiz calismalarina sismik calisma adi verilir. Sismik Yansima Yontemi, yapay sekilde uretilen sismik enerjinin yer icinde sismik dalgalar seklinde yansimasi, tabaka ara yuzeylerinden yansimasi ve kayit edilen yansimalarin sinyal analiz tekniklerine gore islenip yeraltini gosteren sismik kesitler haline getirilmesidir. Sismik yansima yontemi gunumuzde cesitli amaclar icin kara ve denizde uygulanmakla birlikte en onemli uygulama alani petrol ve dogalgaz kaynaklarinin bulunmasidir. Sismik Yansima Yontemi iki boyutlu veya uc boyutlu seklinde uygulanabilir. Iki boyutlu sismik uygulamalarda sadece bir alici kablosu kullanilir. Bir hat boyunca toplanan sismik verilerden veri-islem sonrasinda yeraltini gosteren sismik kesitler elde edilir. Uc boyutlu sismik uygulamalarda birden fazla alici kablosu ve birden fazla sismik kaynak kullanilir. Sismik veriler yeraltin...

analysis of the data and wells onshore Kutch shows that the section beneath the traps should likely be of sub-trappean age i.e cretaceous and Jurassic. GXT shot similar SPAN data in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar and Seychelles) to establish the regional framework for the Indian Ocean and provide conjugate ties across East Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles and Western India. Reconstruction of seismic lines across the conjugate margin confirms the presence of karoo grabens and Jurassic sedimentation across the Indian Ocean. The original IndiaSPAN I dataset was primarily focussed west of Bombay High and to the North (offshore Kutch Saurashtra) and in the Kerala basin to the South. Data from IndiaSPAN I showed that a large source provided a good starting basis for imaging of sub-basalt sediments. Imaging of these sub-basalt sediments in IndiaSPAN I data provided the impetus to acquire additional data in the Western Margin in a subsequent project, called IndiaSPAN II. The IndiaSP...