A Priori Knowledge

Pour la plupart des systèmes mécaniques, les vibrations peuvent être considérées comme nuisibles. Cet article présente une méthode de compensation active des vibrations d'un alternateur synchrone. Son principe est le suivant : la machine est dotée au stator d'enroulements auxiliaires dits de compensation. Alimentés par un courant, ils engendrent une vibration supplémentaire, imposée destructrice vis-à-vis des vibrations naturelles de la machine. Les statistiques d'ordre supérieur (bicohérence) permettent de valider le modèle non linéaire complet du transfert vibration/commande, bien que le spectre suffise pour valider son approximation. Une méthode de compensation feedforward est ensuite élaborée puis simulée. Celle-ci utilise l'information à priori dont nous disposons sur le transfert, c'est à dire la forme de la non linéarité. Des taux de réduction de 80% de la puissance des vibrations ont été atteints en simulation.

We advocate the use of point sets to represent shapes. We provide a definition of a smooth manifold surface from a set of points close to the original surface. The definition is based on local maps from differential geometry, which are approximated by the method of moving least squares (MLS). The computation of points on the surface is local, which results in an out-of-core technique that can handle any point set. We show that the approximation error is bounded and present tools to increase or decrease the density of the points, thus allowing an adjustment of the spacing among the points to control the error. To display the point set surface, we introduce a novel point rendering technique. The idea is to evaluate the local maps according to the image resolution. This results in high quality shading effects and smooth silhouettes at interactive frame rates.

Oxygenation measurements are widely used in patient care. However, most clinically available instruments currently consist of contact probes that only provide global monitoring of the patient (e.g., pulse oximetry probes) or local monitoring of small areas (e.g., spectroscopy-based probes). Visualization of oxygenation over large areas of tissue, without a priori knowledge of the location of defects, has the potential to improve patient management in many surgical and critical care applications. In this study, we present a clinically compatible multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system optimized for surgical oxygenation imaging. This system was used to image tissue oxygenation over a large area (16×12 cm) and was validated during preclinical studies by comparing results obtained with an FDA-approved clinical oxygenation probe. Skin flap, bowel, and liver vascular occlusion experiments were performed on Yorkshire pigs and demonstrated that over the course of the experiment, relative changes in oxygen saturation measured using SFDI had an accuracy within 10% of those made using the FDA-approved device. Finally, the new SFDI system was translated to the clinic in a first-in-human pilot study that imaged skin flap oxygenation during reconstructive breast surgery. Overall, this study lays the foundation for clinical translation of endogenous contrast imaging using SFDI.

GENZ, A.S.; FLETCHER, C.H.; DUNN, R.A.; FRAZER, L.N., and ROONEY, J.J., 2007. The predictive accuracy of shoreline change rate methods and alongshore beach variation on Maui, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research, 23(1), 87-105. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this paper a comparison about kinetic behaviour, acid-base properties and copper removal capacities was carried out between two different adsorbent materials used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions: an aminodiacetic chelating resin as commercial product (Lewatit TP207) and a lyophilised bacterial biomass of Sphaerotilus natans. The acid-base properties of a S. natans cell suspension were well described by simplified mechanistic models without electrostatic corrections considering two kinds of weakly acidic active sites. In particular the introduction of two-peak distribution function for the proton affinity constants allows a better representation of the experimental data reproducing the site heterogeneity. A priori knowledge about resin functional groups (aminodiacetic groups) is the base for preliminary simulations of titration curve assuming a Donnan gel structure for the resin phase considered as a concentrated aqueous solution of aminodiacetic acid (ADA). Departures from experimental and simulated data can be interpreted by considering the heterogeneity of the functional groups and the effect of ionic concentration in the resin phase. Two-site continuos model describes adequately the experimental data. Moreover the values of apparent protonation constants (as adjustable parameters found by non-linear regression) are very near to the apparent constants evaluated by a Donnan model assuming the intrinsic constants in resin phase equal to the equilibrium constants in aqueous solution of ADA and considering the amphoteric nature of active sites for the evaluation of counter-ion concentration in the resin phase. Copper removal outlined the strong affinity of the active groups of the resin for this ion in solution compared to the S. natans biomass according to the complexation constants between aminodiacetic and mono-carboxylic groups and copper ions.

This article surveys deformable models, a promising and vigorously researched computer-assisted medical image analysis technique. Among model-based techniques, deformable models offer a unique and powerful approach to image analysis that combines geometry, physics, and approximation theory. They have proven to be effective in segmenting, matching, and tracking anatomic structures by exploiting (bottom-up) constraints derived from the image data together with (top-down) a priori knowledge about ...

An algorithm is developed to define, from the data samples themselves, a frequency weighted norm to use in minimum weighted norm extrapolation. Normally, the weight would be chosen to incorporate apriori knowledge of the bandwidth and shape of the spectrum of the signal to be estimated. The iterative procedure developed in this paper uses a periodogram spectrum estimate obtained from some samples of the signal estimatelextrapolation found at one iteration to define the weight that is used to estimate at the next iteration. This algorithm usually converges in less than 10 iterations to an extrapolation which is characterized as a nonparametric frequency-stationary extension of the data.

In this paper, we present a real-time algorithm for online simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with detection and tracking of moving objects (DATMO) in dynamic outdoor environments from a moving vehicle equipped with laser sensor and odometry. To correct vehicle location from odometry we introduce a new fast implementation of incremental scan matching method that can work reliably in dynamic outdoor environments. After a good vehicle location is estimated, the surrounding map is updated incrementally and moving objects are detected without a priori knowledge of the targets. Detected moving objects are finally tracked using Global Nearest Neighborhood (GNN) method. The experimental results on datasets collected from different scenarios such as: urban streets, country roads and highways demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

En este artículo expongo cómo la filosofía trascendental
kantiana utiliza la figura de las analogías de la experiencia como una
forma de interpretación normativa y pragmática de las condiciones a
priori del conocimiento. Dichas condiciones, no sólo se manifiestan en
la constitución de nuestros juicios sintéticos acerca de los fenómenos
empíricos; sino que también posibilitan la construcción de las ciencias
naturales mismas, como la Física. Al final de esta exposición señalo
que esta interpretación normativa y pragmática es esencial para la
filosofía trascendental en tanto, que sólo así, es posible la
fundamentación metafísica de las leyes newtonianas.

An optimization-based approach to fault diagnosis for nonlinear stochastic dynamic models is developed. An optimal diagnosis problem is formulated according to a receding-horizon strategy. This approach leads to a functional optimization problem (also called 'infinite optimization problem'), whose admissible solutions belong to a function space. As in such a context, the tools from mathematical programing are either inapplicable or inefficient, a methodology of approximate solution is proposed that exploits diagnosis strategies made up of combinations of a certain number of simple basis functions, easy to implement and dependent on some parameters to be optimized. The optimization of the parameters is performed in two phases. In the first, 'a-priori' knowledge of the statistics of the stochastic variables is used to initialize (off-line) the parameter values. In the second phase, the optimization continues on-line. Both off-line and on-line phases rely upon stochastic approximation algorithms. The overall procedure turns out to be effective in high-dimensional settings such as those characterized by a large dimension of the state space and a large diagnosis window. This favorable behavior results from certain properties of the proposed methodology of approximate optimization, such as polynomial bounds on the rate of growth of the number of parameterized basis functions, which guarantees the desired accuracy of approximate optimization. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by simulations in the context of a complex instance of the fault-diagnosis problem. The advantages over classical approaches to fault diagnosis are discussed and pointed out by numerical results.

There exists the possibility that non-target livestock may receive trace exposure to medications in feed due to residue carryover from previous production runs of medicated feeds at feed mills. We have developed a method by which ADI-Derived Drug Carryover Levels (ADCLs) can be established. It is a practical approach compared to the "zero" levels of residue carryover that may be expected or required by regulatory authorities. The methodology involves application of various safety/uncertainty factors to concentrations of active ingredients (a.i.) already approved for use in medicated feeds for target species. The starting point for each a.i., to be consistent, and to represent the highest possible carryover, is the highest approved concentration for any target animal species, recognizing that this is an approved level based on established ADI and agency review of supporting safety data speciWc to each a.i. (Hence, these guidance values are characterized to be 'ADI-derived'.) Safety factors are then applied to account for: (a) interspecies extrapolation, (b) diVerences in the body weights of target and non-target species (i.e., smaller animals receive higher exposures on a body weight basis for a given dietary concentration), (c) a.i. with clear contraindications for use in certain non-target species (i.e., a priori knowledge of non-target species sensitivity), and (d) withdrawal times (i.e., for a.i. that require a washout period prior to slaughter there is potential exposure to non-target species through other feeds not requiring a washout period). The values of the safety/uncertainty factors range from 1 to 3, 1 to 3.17, 1 to 10, and 1 to 10, for each of conditions (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively. The "proposed safety factor" to apply to the approved concentration in medicated feed is calculated as the product of the values for each of (a) through (d). The Wnal safety factor is the greater of the proposed safety factor or a default minimum safety factor of 30. ADCLs were calculated for several a.i. and compared to limits of quantitation available for detection of carryover residues in animal feeds. This methodology may be used in its present or modiWed form in any jurisdiction in which mediated feeds are approved. As a start, this approach has been applied to several example products approved and in use in Canada.

In the area of cluster computing, InfiniBand is becoming increasingly popular due to its open standard and high performance. However, even with InfiniBand, network bandwidth can still become the performance bottleneck for some of today's most demanding applications.

Quantitative analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy traditionally employs calibration curves that are complicated by chemical matrix effects. These chemical matrix effects influence the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy plasma and the ratio of elemental composition to elemental emission line intensity. Consequently, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy calibration typically requires a priori knowledge of the unknown, in order for a series of calibration standards similar to the unknown to be employed. In this paper, three new Multivariate Analysis techniques are employed to analyze the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra of 18 disparate igneous and highly-metamorphosed rock samples. Partial Least Squares analysis is used to generate a calibration model from which unknown samples can be analyzed. Principal Components Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy are employed to generate a model and predict the rock type of the samples. These Multivariate Analysis techniques appear to exploit the matrix effects associated with the chemistries of these 18 samples.

The present paper deals with the ontological status of numbers and considers Frege´s proposal in Grundlagen upon the background of the Post-Kantian semantic turn in analytical philosophy. Through a more systematic study of his philosophical premises, it comes to unearth a first level paradox that would unset earlier still than it was exposed by Russell. It then studies an alternative path that, departing from Frege's initial premises, drives to a conception of numbers as synthetic a priori in a more Kantian sense. On this basis, it tentatively explores a possible derivation of basic logical rules on their behalf, suggesting a more rudimentary basis to inferential thinking, which supports reconsidering the difference between logical thinking and AI. Finally, it reflects upon the contributions of this approach to the problem of the a priori.

Cloud cover usually denies the generation of land surface temperature (LST) time series over large areas from thermal infrared (TIR) data sensed by satellites. If cloud cover is brief ( < 4 h) and only partial on the scale of a METEOSAT pixel, the discontinuous time series of cloud-free measurements still approximates a cloud-free diurnal temperature cycle (DTC). In order to interpolate the missing values and to describe the thermal behaviour of the land surface as a whole, advantage is taken of METEOSAT's high temporal resolution of 30 min. A Levenberg ± Marquardt minimisation scheme is utilised to automatically fit a model of the DTC to the time series of cloud-screened brightness temperatures (BT). Out of physical considerations and in order to stabilise the fits, a priori knowledge from solar geometry is utilised and the model function is required to be smooth and continuous. A robust estimator of the error, which is based on the median rather than the arithmetic mean, is used to lessen the impact of outliers on the fits. The thermal behaviour of the land surface is then described by the determined model parameters, and the 48 METEOSAT BTs per pixel per day are reduced to five parameters per pixel per day. Monthly maximum and median composites of cloud-screened METEOSAT BTs yield synthetic DTCs, which are less influenced by synoptic effects. Fitting the model to monthly composites reduces the 17 520 METEOSAT BTs per pixel per year to 60 parameters per pixel per year. This data reduction is advantageous to climatological studies, which require the processing of long time series. The model parameters are shown to be related to physical properties of the land surface, particularly to the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and thermal inertia. D

A new technique for compression of character strings is presented. The technique is based on the use of a dictionary forest which is built simultaneously with the encoding and decoding. Codes representing substrings are addresses in the dictionary forest. Experimental results show that the length of the text can be reduced more than 50 ~ with no a priori knowledge of the nature of the text.

In this paper I will address the issue of human diagrammatic reasoning. More specifically, I am going to look at the role of human diagrammatic reasoning in the context of Euclidean geometry. This is, nowadays, a well-trodden area. Yet, different approaches can be brought to bear on it: 1 one could have a historical interest in the topic and inquire into the production and dissemination of Euclid's Elements and actually bring out the characteristics of diagrams thereby involved and their changes throughout the centuries; 2 or else be interested in the logical issue of whether Euclidean proofs, with their characteristic use of diagrams, are logically valid. 3 Moreover, one could be interested in the pedagogical role of diagrams in teaching geometry; 4 or in the cognitive and computational aspects involved in their understanding. 5 Finally, one could be interested in some broader philosophical issues arising from the study of diagrams in the context of Euclidean geometry, such as the relationship between these figures and the geometrical objects they are allegedly supposed to represent; 6 or whether diagrams, in Euclidean geometry, play a constitutive role in the justification we have for holding certain theorems and what consequences that might have for the very nature of geometrical knowledge. 7 To my mind, these different approaches, while distinct in many respects, have important interconnections. Just to give readers a sense of what I have in mind, consider the following. Supposing one had a viable cognitive model of the functioning of diagrams in Euclidean geometry, one could then devise new or enhanced pedagogical tools for teaching geometry, or simply understand better why diagrams play such a decisive role in that context. Again, the issue of determining the precise role of diagrams in geometrical proofs will connect with the logical issue of their validity and will then have a bearing on the epistemological nature of those proofs. Logical and cognitive aspects, however, could interact in further ways as well. For instance, if one had a formal system for Euclid's Elements, one could then try and devise a computational model which could take care of some subpersonal aspects of our reasoning by means of diagrams in the context of Euclidean geometry, and perhaps see what to make of it in the context of artificial intelligence. No doubt, further connections can be determined among the other approaches I have mentioned. I take it, however, that the ones just cited suffice to make the point.

Although the statistical tools most often used by researchers in the field of psychology over the last 25 years are based on frequentist statistics, it is often claimed that the alternative Bayesian approach to statistics is gaining in popularity. In the current article, we investigated this claim by performing the very first systematic review of Bayesian psychological articles published between 1990 and 2015 (n ϭ 1,579). We aim to provide a thorough presentation of the role Bayesian statistics plays in psychology. This historical assessment allows us to identify trends and see how Bayesian methods have been integrated into psychological research in the context of different statistical frameworks (e.g., hypothesis testing, cognitive models, IRT, SEM, etc.). We also describe take-home messages and provide "big-picture" recommendations to the field as Bayesian statistics becomes more popular. Our review indicated that Bayesian statistics is used in a variety of contexts across subfields of psychology and related disciplines. There are many different reasons why one might choose to use Bayes (e.g., the use of priors, estimating otherwise intractable models, modeling uncertainty, etc.). We found in this review that the use of Bayes has increased and broadened in the sense that this methodology can be used in a flexible manner to tackle many different forms of questions. We hope this presentation opens the door for a larger discussion regarding the current state of Bayesian statistics, as well as future trends. Translational Abstract Over 250 years ago, Bayes (or Price, or Laplace) introduced a method to take prior knowledge into account in data analysis. Although these ideas and Bayes's theorem have been longstanding within the fields of mathematics and statistics, these tools have not been at the forefront of modern-day applied psychological research. It was frequentist statistics (i.e., p values and null hypothesis testing; developed by Fisher, Neyman, and Pearson long after Bayes's theorem), which has dominated the field of Psychology throughout the 21st century. However, it is often claimed by 'Bayesians' that the alternative Bayesian approach to statistics is gaining in popularity. In the current article, we investigated this claim by performing the very first systematic review of Bayesian psychological articles published between 1990 and 2015 (n ϭ 1,579). Our findings showed that there was some merit in this thought. In fact, the use of Bayesian methods in applied Psychological work has steadily increased since the nineties and is currently taking flight. It was clear in this review that Bayesian statistics is used in a variety of contexts across subfields of Psychology and related disciplines. This is an exciting time, where we can watch the field of applied statistics change more than ever before. The way in which researchers think about and answer substantive inquiries is slowly taking on a new philosophical meaning that now incorporates previous knowledge and opinions into the estimation process. We hope this presentation opens the door for a larger discussion regarding the current state of Bayesian statistics, as well as future trends.

Household smart meters that measure power consumption in real-time at fine granularities are the foundation of a future smart electricity grid. However, the widespread deployment of smart meters has serious privacy implications since they inadvertently leak detailed information about household activities. In this paper, we show that even without a priori knowledge of household activities or prior training, it is possible to extract complex usage patterns from smart meter data using off-the-shelf statistical methods. Our analysis ...

A Large array of small antennas can be used to enhance signals with very low signal-to-noise ratio and can also be used to replace large apertures. In this paper, a fast combining algorithm is proposed and analyzed to maximize the combined output signal-to-noise ratio. Our approach does not assume any sequence of trained samples and is a blind combining technique, which does not require a priori knowledge of spacecraft's or the array's spatial information. Our method for computing the optimal weight is based on the generalized Eigen theory and the algorithms are built upon the Power method. Unique advantages of our proposed algorithm include (i) no formation of covariance matrices and hence less storage is required (ii) the optimal weight is obtained with significant less efforts and thus the optimal weight can be attained more quickly (iii) our proposed algorithm is capable of handling the case when the symbol signal-to-noise-ratios at the receivers are very weak. Mathematical framework for large antenna arrays using the Eigen-based signal combining techniques along with detailed performance analysis, numerical algorithms and computer simulations are presented.

In this study, we present a binaural scene analyzer that is able to simultaneously localize, detect and identify a known number of target speakers in the presence of spatially positioned noise sources and reverberation. In contrast to many other binaural cocktail party processors, the proposed system does not require a priori knowledge about the azimuth position of the target speakers. The proposed system consists of three main building blocks: binaural localization, speech source detection, and automatic speaker identification. First, a binaural front-end is used to robustly localize relevant sound source activity. Second, a speech detection module based on missing data classification is employed to determine whether detected sound source activity corresponds to a speaker or to an interfering noise source using a binary mask that is based on spatial evidence supplied by the binaural front-end. Third, a second missing data classifier is used to recognize the speaker identities of all detected speech sources. The proposed system is systematically evaluated in simulated adverse acoustic scenarios. Compared to state-of-the art MFCC recognizers, the proposed model achieves significant speaker recognition accuracy improvements.

C. I. Lewis’s distinction between the given and the concept is often exposed as the key element of his treatment of the problem of intentionality in that the given and the concept would be necessary and sufficient conditions for objective purport. Such an account nonetheless offers a truncated picture of Lewis’s treatment of the problem of intentionality. The best way to appreciate this verdict is to state the predicament this account is confronted with: If the distinction between the given and the concept apparently leads to a version of the same problem it was designed to address, how could it be the key element contributing to answering the problem of intentionality? Indeed, according to Lewis, the given and the concept are mutually independent so that prima facie nothing guarantees that concepts are applicable to the given. The difficulty is what Lewis calls “the problem of the a priori”: how to guarantee that our concepts can be imposed upon a content of experience which is independent and not yet given? This is a version of the problem that Kant’s Transcendental Deduction addresses: How can categories, as subjective conditions of experience, be objectively valid? A natural question is then: How does Lewis address the problem of the a priori? The main purpose of this essay is then to investigate how C. I. Lewis’s addresses the problem of the a priori and to contribute to restoring an appropriate understanding of Lewis’s conceptual pragmatism.
http://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/2573

El propósito del análisis a priori es determinar si las restricciones consideradas sobre el sistema didáctico y la elección de las variables, permiten controlar los comportamientos de los estudiantes y los significados construidos. 
Este análisis se basa en un conjunto de hipótesis sobre lo que harán los estudiantes, es decir, contemplar todo lo que pueda suceder al llevarla a la practica.

This paper presents a unit vector based output-feedback model-reference adaptive control (UV-MRAC) for uncertain multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) linear systems. Some features of this new algorithm are: (i) Less restrictive a priori knowledge about the high frequency gain matrix of the plant is required. (ii) It applies to plants of any uniform relative degree. (iii) The closed loop system is exponentially stable with respect to some small residual set. (iv) The controller is free of peaking.

A Epistemologia, ou Teoria do Conhecimento, é o ramo da Filosofia que se preocupa em investigar não só o que é o conhecimento, mas como temos acesso a ele, ou seja, como se dá essa relação entre o sujeito cognitivo e o objeto do conhecimento. Neste ensaio defenderei a possibilidade de um tipo particular de conhecimento proposicional: o conhecimento a priori.

The manual delineation of vegetation patches or forest stands is a costly and critical stage in any landcover mapping project or forest inventory based upon photointerpretation. Recent computer techniques have eased the task of the interpreter; however a good deal of craftsmanship is still required in the delineation. In an effort to contribute to the automation of this process, we introduce Size-Constrained Region Merging (SCRM), a recently implemented software tool that provides the interpreter with an initial template of the to-be-mapped area that may reduce the manual digitization portion of the process. In essence, SCRM transforms an ortho-rectified aerial or satellite image (single or multi-channel), into a polygon vector layer that resembles the work of a human interpreter, whom without a priori knowledge of the scene, was given the task of partitioning the image into a number of homogeneous polygons all exceeding a minimum size (i.e., minimum mapping unit). We provide background information on SCRM foundations, workflow and usage, and illustrate its application on a Quickbird image acquired over a rural area. * GEOBIA is a recent sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale. GEOBIA 2 nd International Conference will be held in Calgary in August 2008 (www.ucalgary.ca/GEOBIA).

Optimization of the performance of a closed-loop, milling depth control system for a peat milling machine was undertaken. The system was optimized using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, set at a proportional gain of 50, and derivative and integral times of 0·5 and 0·89 s, respectively, giving a bandwidth of 66 rad s−1with a response similar to a first-order system. The

Creative ideation is a highly complex process, which is difficult to formalize and control. Evidently, even in a complex thinking context certain patterns of creativity may emerge. Relying on such observed patterns may help in "organizing" the creative process by promoting routes that have been proven to lead to productive ideas and avoiding those that do not.

Neste trabalho, temos a missão de falar sobre uma questão epistemológica
considerada central por Kant: Como são possíveis os juízos sintéticos a priori?
(KANT, 2001, p. 49) Em virtude do caráter introdutório do nosso estudo sobre a
Crítica da razão pura1, vamos primeiro nos limitar à exposição de como o filósofo
formulou o problema na carta2 que escreveu a Marcus Herz, em 1772, portanto, antes
de publicar a Crítica em 17813. Em seguida, e de forma breve, tentaremos reconstruir
parte do quadro conceitual e argumentativo utilizado por Kant na reformulação da
questão central na Introdução da Crítica.

Philosophical analysis was the central preoccupation of 20th-century analytic philosophy. In the contemporary methodological debate, however, it faces a number of pressing external and internal challenges. While external challenges, like those from experimental philosophy or semantic externalism, have been extensively discussed, internal challenges to philosophical analysis have received much less attention. One especially vexing internal challenge is that the success conditions of philosophical analysis are deeply unclear. According to the standard textbook view, a philosophical analysis aims at a strict biconditional that captures the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in the relevant category. The textbook view arguably identifies a necessary condition on successful philosophical analyses, but understood as a sufficient condition it is untenable, as I will argue in this paper. To this end, I first uncover eight conditions of adequacy on successful philosophical analyses, some of which have rarely been spelled out in detail. As we shall see, even sophisticated alternatives to the textbook view fail to accommodate some of these conditions. I then propose the concept grounding view as a more promising account of philosophical analysis. According to this view, successful philosophical analyses require necessary biconditionals that are constrained by grounding relations among the concepts involved. Apart from providing a satisfactory account of philosophical analysis in its own right, the concept grounding view is also able to meet the challenge that the success conditions of philosophical analysis are problematically unclear.

Questions that pertain to “knowledge” remain foremost in the minds of philosophers. Modern approaches attempt to provide stepping-stones that help to promote a better understanding but because of the nature and import of the item the propositions are at best inconclusive

Uzay’ın ontolojik analizi yüzyıllar boyunca filozofların başlıca konularından biri olmuştur. 17.yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise orta çağın son bulması ve bilimsel devrimin yaşanması ile beraber filozoflar da tıpkı bilim insanları gibi uzayı yalnızca metafizikle değil, matematikle de harmanlanmış bir şekilde açıklamayı uygun bulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Leibniz ve Newton arasındaki Uzay’ın ontolojik statüsü tartışmasını açıklayarak, Kant’ın bu tartışma içerisindeki konumunu belirlemek ve alternatif uzay konseptini onun kavramsal çerçevesi içerisinde sunmaktır.

More than 60 years have passed since the time when first attempts to explain the mechanisms of information processing in human (animals') brain were made. We associate them with the first physical model of neuron proposed by W.S. Mc Culloch and W. Pitts (1947) which some years later (1957) was used by F. Rosenblatt as a basis of the concept of artificial neural networks. However, in the after years the expectations that the basic mental processes can be effectively explained by their reduction to simple logical interactions between artificial neurons evidently failed. The relationships between neurophysiology and computer science occurred more complicated. On one hand, a progress in neurophysiology and in psycho-neurology resulted in better understanding of natural thinking mechanisms and indirectly stimulated efforts in creation of more effective computer-based information processing and decision making methods. On the other hand, progress in design of computer-based information processing, including experimental data processing methods and systems influenced the bio-and medical sciences in cerebral processes investigation. This, in particular, concerns modern anatomic and functional brain imaging methods based on the CT, NMR, PET and/or SPECT modalities which in the last decades became a powerful tool of achieving new experimental data in neurophysiology. Due to them we can try to learn how the human brain works and to use this knowledge to improve the artificial information processing methods and systems by simulation of the natural processes. Recognition of observed objects (visual, speech, textual etc. data, physical, bio-or geophysical phenomena, medical symptoms, etc., generally called patterns) is an important element of a cognitive process consisting, in general, of several stages shown in the following scheme (Fig.

The view that contradictions cannot be true has been part of accepted philosophical theory since at least the time of Aristotle. In this regard, it is almost unique in the history of philosophy. Only in the last forty years has the view been systematically challenged with the advent of dialetheism. Since Graham Priest introduced dialetheism as a solution to certain self-referential paradoxes, the possibility of true contradictions has been a live issue in the philosophy of logic. Yet, despite the arguments advanced by dialetheists, many logicians and philosophers still hold the opinion that contradictions cannot be true.