14C dating (Archaeology)

A research question posed in the archaeological investigation of Site 20M723 in 2013 was whether the recovered culturally modified timber is associated with LaSalle's Le Griffon, lost in 1679. This paper summarizes the requirements of dendrochronology, tomography, and radiocarbon-dating in establishing a date for the felling of the timber. The dendrochronology was not viable, but interpretation of radiocarbon data put the range of felling dates between 1700 and 1950, with the most possible date between 1820 and 1950. Based on these scientific findings, the authors discuss the possible use and identity of this timber.

Caia, João Gabriel. 2025. "A «Coleção do Hospital de Évora»: valorização arqueológica e de comunidade no Museu Nacional Frei Manuel do Cenáculo". In Cenáculo: Boletim Ilustrado, 1: 7-26. Abstract: During the 1960s, a group of workers from the then Évora District Hospital organised several ‘amateur’ archaeological incursions into various dolmens in Évora. These interventions resulted in a collection of around 300 objects dating from the Late Neolithic period, sufficiently representative of the region's megaliths, which were kept at the Hospital until they were incorporated in 1989 into the then Évora Museum, now the National Museum Friar Manuel do Cenáculo (hereinafter referred to as the MNFMC). This article is the result of research carried out between February and November 2022 at the MNFMC, which resulted in the systematisation of the archaeological reality of the collection, now with hypotheses of new archaeological provenances based on cross-referencing data between objects and unpublished archives; the first historiographical approach to the activities and collecting of this ‘Admirers of the Alentejo’ group, with a new perspective on the history of science and scientific culture in the district of Évora in the 20th century, made possible by unpublished archive data and the valuable testimonies of the members of the group who are still alive - Joana Lopes and Graciete Fidalgo, whom I would like to thank again for their availability, as well as Quintino Lopes and Lília Fidalgo for their co operation; and the suggestion of the museological potential of this Collection, currently in reserves, for its extension to the community.

CAST: Los paisajes aldeanos se construyen a partir de superposiciones materiales que se estratifican a través de largos periodos, pero tienden a caracterizarse desde una imagen que es el resultado final y acumula-do de heterogéneas prácticas de habitar de numerosas generaciones en lugares recurrentes. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en La Ciénega (departamento Tafí del Valle, provincia de Tucumán), orientadas a caracterizar la variabilidad y dinámica temporal de los paisajes aldeanos del área de valles y quebradas del Noroeste argentino. En dos campañas sucesivas se concretaron  excavaciones  en  una  unidad  residencial  compuesta  y  en  un  espacio  monticular  que  permi-tieron conocer novedosos contextos materiales, datados por 11 fechados radiocarbónicos. En base a los estudios estratigráficos, arquitectónicos, materiales y cronológicos se discuten la temporalidad y las lógicas sociales que dieron sustento a la compleja estructuración del paisaje del primer milenio de la Era Común en el área de estudio.
ENG: Village landscapes are built from multiple material superpositions that are stratified over long periods but tend to be characterized by an image that is the final result of heterogeneous dwelling practices of numerous generations in recurring places. This work presents a synthesis of the archaeological research carried out in La Ciénega, aimed at characterizing the variability and temporal dynamic of the village landscapes of the Valles and Quebradas area of Northwestern Argentina. In two successive fieldwork seasons, excavations were carried out in a residential cluster and in a mound structure that allowed new material contexts to be recorded, dated by eleven radiocarbon dates. Based on stratigraphic, architectural, material and chronological studies, the temporality and social logics that supported the complex structuring of the landscape of the first millennium CE in the study area are discussed.

After 70 years we still have very little knowledge about the Epi-Paleolithic, Prepottery Neolithic (PPN), and Pottery Neolithic (PN) periods in the eastern Mazandaran plains. Unreliable excavation methods, the application of personal taste in collecting data, and uncertain analyses are among the issues we face in Coon`s excavations at the Hotu and Kamarband caves. Additionally, there are no detailed reports of pottery from the caves by Coon. In the following years, only general information and a few pictures and drawings by archaeologists were published, which, although helpful, weren’t enough. In the last two decades, despite the excavations and field surveys that have been carried out, there have been no attempts to reinterpret the Caspian Neolithic Software (the CNS pottery type). Touq Tappeh and Tappeh Valiki, located in the Neka Plain, are two CNS sites that yielded over 2500 sherds belonging to the PN. Analysis of the pottery assemblage suggests a need to revise our assumptions about the CNS type. The diversity in production and decoration reflects household production, although they show a specific pattern at regional and inter-regional levels. It has come to our attention that while some researchers have referred to this pottery as the Djeitun/Chakhmaq style, new absolute dates tell a different story. The sherds presented in this paper can be categorized into two groups - regional and interregional- with the majority belonging to the CNS type. The dating of Touq Tappeh suggests that the PN layers belong to 6250-5800 BC. Meanwhile, dating from Hotu indicates that the PN began around 6400 BC, and at Tappeh Valiki, it started around 6600 BC. Consequently, the CNS culture in the eastern region of Mazandaran is now considered the oldest Pottery Neolithic culture in northeastern Iran.

This database in CSV-Format is a stand-alone version of the same (Excel-) database integrated in CalPal (Edition 2025.2). It contains 56031 dates for Europe & Near East and parts of West Asia. This database is intended for use (in terms of archaeological variables, automated Calibration Curve Switch (CCS) and DeltaR-functionality) in combination with CalPal-Software. It can be loaded into CalPal via DATABASE->FILE->IMPORT CALPAL CSV (e.g.) with the CalPal-Edition (that has the necessary CCS and DeltaR-functionality for automated chronology composition), as is available for download from the Zenodo repository at CERN (CH): https://zenodo.org/records/11104437, Please note that this CSV-database is provided without headings. They are automatically supplied by CalPal.

Göbekli Tepe is a unique site both in terms of its monumental architecture and the fact that it appears to be a memorial site, which together makes interpretation of the site particularly challenging and therefore especially interesting. Regrettably, no steam power construction equipment was at the disposal, rendering the present author unable to provide a personal evaluation. There has been a great deal of popular interest in the site, and much generic commentary about it without engaging with the specifics of the unique circumstance of Göbekli Tepe. Such studies will only be alluded to insofar as they inform the core discussion of Göbekli Tepe, and only then where they concern topics with a direct relevance to the interpretation of monumental architecture and ritual activity.

On the south coast of Peru, the famous geoglyphs carved into the desert surface of the Nasca region constitute a dominant feature in the prehistoric landscape. In a joint archaeological-geodetic project we used photogrammetry to map more than 1 000 of these ground drawings around Palpa, to the north of Nasca, which we later on revised in detail in the field. In this article we describe the visualisation of the geoglyphs and the landscape they are found in. Furthermore, we present the outlines of a GIS which we are currently establishing for the spatial analysis of the geoglyphs within their natural as well as cultural environment.

Diet is fundamental and closely interconnected with land-use, technology, and economy. When societies undergo major diet shifts, the entire human niche shifts, including all interrelated aspects of social organization. As such, larger patterns in social organization can inform us about diet in the absence of direct evidence. This study focuses specifically on patterns of land-use in the Gobi Desert of China and Mongolia, a place where direct evidence of diet is scanty due to the poor preservation of organics. The purpose is to explore diachronic changes in the spatial distribution of sites and variation in intensity of site use in order to explore proposed changes in subsistence economies. Here, a reorganization of technology, raw material use, and settlement that began in the early to middle Holocene ("Oasis 2") supports the idea of diet breadth expansion between the Palaeolithic and Bronze Age. Strategies of land-use during all three periods are considered. The findings offer a foundation from which to build testable hypotheses about local land-use and subsistence, but also a model for exploring such transitions in other regions where direct evidence is scanty (e.g., forest landscapes, many arid regions and the very deep past).

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evalua...

Radiocarbon dating has become a standard method used to determine the absolute age of artifacts and features. In archaeology, the method is often used to confirm or refine an estimated chronology that was built up on archaeological and/or historical data. However, in some cases the 14C results do not meet those estimations. What to do with the results that have let us down, or surprised us? Sometimes they are ignored on an assumption that the radiocarbon method failed. However, the method cannot fail and there is always a reason for unexpected and surprising radiocarbon ages. Thus, those 14C data can be accepted as a challenge and lead to further research. In this way, further research can progress sample selection, documentation and laboratory procedures. If, on the other hand, the procedures are correct, the confirmed 14C ages require explanation and understanding; therefore, the unexpected results must inspire researchers to a new way of thinking about the archaeological artifact/ feature under investigation and open a new perspective.
This session aims to bring together case studies, in which radiocarbon dating provided unpredicted results and researchers took them as a challenge to further investigation. Thus, it will focus on positive examples, when those results brought a shift in methodology, opened a new research perspective or even changed the up-to-date paradigms. Invited are papers presenting radiocarbon dating of common types of materials, like wood, animal, or human bones, and especially welcomed papers based on dating of materials such as mortar, pollen concentrates from sediments, and other less frequently dated material. Accepted are contributions dealing with all periods from prehistory to the present. The goal of this session is to bring inspiration and discussion on how to approach and interpret data that, at first glance, does not match our research, and take advantage of them.

Au gré de ses recherches dans le domaine de la protohistoire européenne, Eugène Warmenbol a été confronté à des objets du Néolithique qu’il a pris soin d’analyser en les propulsant à la pointe de l’actualité scientifique. Nous retiendrons dans cet article des sites étudiés par l’auteur et qui ont un rapport avec la culture de Michelsberg. En particulier, les fouilles au « Plateau des Cinques » à Olloy- sur-Viroin apportent des éléments neufs dans notre approche d’une meilleure définition de l’industrie lithique d’un faciès récent du Michelsberg, échafaudée à la lumière des récentes découvertes du CReA-Patrimoine de l’ULB, au « Bois du Grand Bon Dieu » à Thuin.

The fifth season of excavations of Oponice Castle in 2020 was located in the lower castle’s courtyard. The research led to discovery of an original clay floor being heavily burned with charred plank and a rectangular stone-brick construction. The construction has collapsed upper part with a fallen low brick arch. The whole area was covered with numerous stove tiles and one clay mold for the production of stove tiles. The construction was identified as a pottery kiln dated to the second half of the 16th until the first half of the 17th century AD by the findings from excavated layer identified to the kiln destruction. Also, written sources mention a large fire in 1645 which destroyed the castle. The aim of this article is to use different methods of dating and refine the chronology of the context through microarchaeology and Bayesian modeling. For these purposes different types of samples were collected. The sampling focused on site formation process determination of pottery kiln use and the way of its destruction. Applying Bayesian analysis improved overall dating, through modeled time interval of the three individual sequences and helped recreated historical events during the period, when the calibration curve fluctuates.

Over the course of 150 years, a misinterpretation of time has developed an incorrect hypothesis and has become so established that it is considered a self-evident truth. After many years of historical research into the source and cause of this incorrect hypothesis, the cause turned out to be obvious, as often happens. It was the day, so common, but always ignored or overlooked, that led to a misinterpretation and the resulting incorrect hypothesis. With this knowledge and all other irrefutable historical facts, the Gregorian calendar from 1582 itself has proven that it has the same duration as the solar year. This means that the solar calendars of the ancient civilizations also had the same duration as the Gregorian calendar year. And that has far-reaching consequences.

The key to understanding the hitherto difficult A.1123 and Chronicle 25 lines 19-21 is a noncanonical Babylonian king allied with Assyria, who overthrew Enlil-nādin-apli (lines 20-21) after he attacked Assyria (line 19), and was overthrown by Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē (lines 22-25) in a ‘great rebellion’ (A.1123) that killed two Assyrian princes present in Babylonia as part of the alliance.  This allows a delayed burial - after the princes' bodies were recovered by the resulting war (line 26) - to explain how the known war in līmu Aššur-šuma-ēriš can have been triggered by the killing of princes buried late in this year (A.1123).

Since KAL 3.22 straightforwardly refers to a noncanonical 11th century Aššur-uballiṭ, ongoing bad relations initiated by this Babylonian treachery  against Assyria, which likely continued into the early reign of Marduk-šāpik-zēri, can reasonably be identified with the ongoing ‘treachery’ in BM 96947, which is unworkable when its Aššur-uballiṭ is identified as Aššur-uballiṭ I. This correlation dates this Assur-uballit soon after Tiglath-Pileser I, which is very consistent with multiple anticipations in BM 96947 that point to a dating long after Assur-uballit I. This specific dating finds strong support from a very attractive genealogical match with BM 120960, when this text is dated by orthographic "peculiarities" shared with YBC 2242.

Kehidupan manusia didunia merupakan anugrah dari Allah swt, dengan segala pemberiannya kepada manusia dapat menikmati segala kenikmatan yang bisa dirasakan oleh dirinya tetapi anugrah tersebut kadang kala manusia lupa akan dzat Allah Swt yang memberi kenikmatan tersebut

Assyrian Inscriptions of Distanzangaben or 'designations of distance' are of intense interest to Assyriologists and Mesopotamian historians. This review looks at the period from Shagarakti-Shuriash to Nabonidus regarding the Eulmas temple to Ishtar-Anunitu.

Sejarah peradaban manusia adalah sejarah pencarian akan kebenaran. Dari filsafat kuno hingga ilmu pengetahuan modern, manusia terus berupaya memahami alam semesta dan tempat kita di dalamnya. Ilmu pengetahuan telah memberikan kita pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dunia, namun juga memunculkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru yang semakin kompleks.
Kebenaran ilmiah seringkali dianggap sebagai standar kebenaran yang paling objektif. Namun, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan kita bersifat sementara dan dapat berubah seiring dengan munculnya bukti-bukti baru. Teori-teori yang dianggap benar pada suatu masa dapat terbantahkan di masa mendatang.
Di tengah pesatnya perkembangan teknologi, kita dihadapkan pada tantangan baru dalam memahami kebenaran. Informasi yang melimpah dan mudah diakses melalui internet dapat membuat kita bingung dan sulit membedakan antara fakta dan fiksi. Dalam konteks ini, penting bagi kita untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan evaluatif.

The Pampas and Patagonia are the geographical representations of the nomadic forager societies in the Southern Cone of South America. These people lived almost exclusively by hunting, gathering and fishing, from their primary dispersal during the late Pleistocene until the European conquest. The book The archaeology of the Pampas and Patagonia is a critical and comprehensive review of the knowledge produced by archaeological scholarship and, secondarily, from related disciplines (palaeoecology, palaeoclimatology, genetics and ethnohistory) on Pampean and Patagonian foragers-and the authors, Gustavo Politis and Luis Borrero, have been the most influential researchers in this field during the past decades. The book consists of seven chapters, which are organised into three parts. The first contains an Introduction, contextual information on the historical background and resources. The second part offers the main content of the work in chronological order: 'The early peopling', 'The Middle Holocene' and 'The Late Holocene diversification'. 'Final remarks' is the third part with an overview of the principal hypothesis and interpretations of the authors. Although the content of the chapters alternates between Pampa and Patagonia, all is well integrated and does not disrupt fluid reading. In the first part the authors summarise the environmental and, to a lesser extent, the palaeoenvironmental information of the entire area. They define and characterise 21 geographic/archaeological units, 12 relate to Pampa and nine to Patagonia. This subdivision, based on geographic and ecological criteria, is a necessary reference frame to capture the heterogeneity and complexity of both regions. Chapter 2 delivers a historical overview of the nearly 140 years of archaeological research in the Pampas and Patagonia. Anyone interested in understanding how the archaeological knowledge was built up in these regions needs to read these 40 pages. The book's second part begins with the early peopling of the regions during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (c. 14-8 ka calBP). This is one of the most relevant topics for potential readers since the primary dispersal of humans across the whole continent has always been and still is under debate. I would like to highlight the analytical sobriety and the critical evaluation of the data conveyed in this chapter. In recent years, we have witnessed an increase of supposed human evidence in South America of more than 15 000 years ago (Pilauco, Monte Verde I, Chinchihuapi and several sites in the Piauí region in Brazil). Although the reliability of all these sites has been questioned, the extraordinary diffusion of these findings in the media has reinforced the wrong idea that there is solid evidence for a prelate Glacial Maximum peopling. In Chapter 4, Politis and Borrero clearly show that there is no support for this hypothesis in the Pampas and Patagonia, probably the best-known

The currently available astronomical evidence relevant for the absolute chronology of the late third and early second millennium BC has five independent parts: (a) OB Venus data linked to Ammis aduqa year 1 (b) OB month-lengths about 400 years (c) Ur III month-lengths linked to Amar-Sin year 1 (d) Ur III eclipses about 287 years (e) Akkad eclipses linked to Sargon year 1 None of them is fully trustworthy. The Venus data (a) are corrupted through a long scribal tradition and it is not a priori obvious that they represent genuine observations from the time of Ammis aduqa. The month-length data (b) and (c) are noisy. If they have the same statistical structure as their Neo-Babylonian counterparts (which is not proven), a correct chronology induces an agreement rate of merely 67% between calculated and observed 30-day months. This is uncomfortably close to the agreement rate 53% pertaining to a randomly chosen wrong chronology, and for establishing absolute dates on the basis of month-lengths alone one would need between 250 and 300 precisely spaced month-lengths (i.e. several decades of data, which may have lacunas, but with perfectly known intercalations). The eclipses (d) and (e) are from the omen series Enuma Anu Enlil, and it is not clear to what extent such omens contain genuine eclipse observations, or merely learned systematization. Also the identification of the apodoses with historical events is uncertain (e.g. whether the omen EAE 20-III pertains to the death of Šulgi or of some other king). Around 2000 BC, eclipse times are subject to clocktime errors of give or take about one hour, caused by the irregular rotation of the earth. Moreover, the year Astronomy and Ancient Chronology Peter J. Huber-2-counts establishing the distances between the First Dynasty of Babylon, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the Akkad dynasty, may have unsuspectedly large uncertainties. The only way to check astronomical consistency of the evidence is by trying, that is: by attempting to fit chronologies to the data. The best fitting chronology is not necessarily the correct one, but if some chronologies can be fitted coherently, then this supports validity of the data.

In this paper, the theology of the ages at death is reviewed with special reference to the characters from the Old and New Testaments, the patriarchs and the prophets, apostles, and other significant characters. This paper aims to use an exploration of ages in biblical texts and discuss its philosophical and theological significance, as well as the questions on aging and concepts of immortality as presented in the biblical text. Altogether, by means of complex quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the research advances knowledge about life span representations and age theological meaning in biblical contexts.

The necropolis from Țițești (23 km northeast of Pitești) was one of the earliest discoveries that would furnish the distribution map of Fergile archaeological group. Rescue excavations were carried out there in the 60s and 70s of the last century, but the brief information left by the authors of these field researches (Ion Nania, Eugenia Popescu, maybe Alexandru Vulpe) are not in full agreement. This paper tries to put in order the existing information and clarify the archaeological situation at Țițești, by corroborating all the available sources (the bibliography referring to this topic, the press of the time, the manuscript of the excavation’s diary, the funeral inventory kept in the archaeological collection of Argeș County Museum, the author’s personal investigations on the spot). Finally, the result of a radiocarbon dating obtained on a sample from this necropolis is presented (2395±30 BP), which proved to be reliable for the final phase of Fergile group (Fergile III, the 5th century BC), in agreement with the archaeological expectations.

: Two different archaeological entitities, the phase A of the Petrești culture and the Foeni cultural group were defined in the second half of the XXth century and, respectively in the first two decades of the XXIth century. At some point these two concepts were considered to be distinct, being considered characteristic to the Transylvania and Banat areas; lately the phase A of the Petrești culture was integrated into the Foeni cultural group, its youngest stage being seen as a continuation of the Foeni phenomenon from Banat into the Transylvanian territory. Using the Bayesian approaches based on thoroughly selected prior-estimates it was demonstrate that the events connected with these two archaeological concepts, both in the Banat and Transylvania, can be separated on several chronological stages which are not influenced by their territorial affiliation. This aspect, corroborated to the similarity regarding the pottery styles considered characteristic for Foeni group and phase A of the Petrești culture are strong arguments in the assertation regarding the fact that these two concepts act like a singular cultural manifestation in Banat and Transylvania, which can be labelled as Petrești A/Foeni phenoemenon and can be considered as the first phase of the Transylvanian Petrești culture as was defined by I. Paul.

Lokalizace a okolnosti výzkumu V červenci až listopadu roku 2000 proběhl v blízkosti Staroměstského náměstí záchranný archeologický výzkum, který provedlo archeologické oddělení PÚPP (dnes Státní památkový ústav v hl. m. Praze). Referovaný záchranný výzkum probíhal v ulici U radnice na Starém Městě pražském na parcele pč. 12, na které se nachází dům čp. 13/I (U zelené žáby). Hlavní plochu výzkumu tvořil lichoběžníkový dvůr (délka 10,5m, šířka 4m až 7m), o ploše 55m2. Při rekonstrukci zde byly budovány nové podzemní prostory. Další zkoumaná plocha představovala malý dvorek sousedního domu čp. 14/I. Archeologická dokumentace proběhla též v nově vyražené kanalizační štole, která směřovala ze sklepa domu čp. 14/I směrem na západ pod ulici U radnice. Během plošného výzkumu na dvoře domu čp.13/I byly prozkoumány celkem tři raně středověké hroby, z nichž jeden byl značně poškozen při pozdější středověké stavební aktivitě. Hroby, které se navzájem respektovaly, byly situovány tak, že ležely v jedné linii, přibližně VJV-ZSZ směru. Mladší raně středověké a novověké nadložní situace, které se nacházely nad hřbitovním horizontem, nejsou v tomto příspěvku detailněji diskutovány a budou publikovány později.

IZVLEÈEK-Dolga arheološka razprava o procesu neolitizacije Evrope se je, zahvaljujoè raziskavam stare DNK in drugim znanstvenim raziskavam, konèala v korist velikih migracij. Vzporedno so bile vzpostav ljene bolj robustne in na splošno bolj natanène kronologije. Dolgoroèno gledano, je zgodovinski proces sprememb, ki so jih prinesli neolitski migranti, nepovraten. Kljub vsemu se lahko in mora nastajajoèa 'velika slika' podrobneje preuèiti. Nekatere kljuène implikacije za razumevanje mobilnosti in migracij so bile sicer raziskane, vendar pa je še veliko monosti za boljšo povezavo arheoloških in znanstvenih, predvsem arheogenetskih raziskav. Te lahko razkrijejo nove vidike procesa kolonizacije in ustanavljanja neolitskih naselbin, za katero se zdi, da je bila na zaèetku majhna; nagnjena k prilagajanju, eksperi mentiranju, preobratu in celo propadu; in odprta za stike z domorodnimi skupnostmi. Te monosti dokazujemo z nizom kratkih študijskih primerov s severnega Balkana, Karpatskega bazena in severne Srednje Evrope. Z njimi elimo oblikovati preprost model 'mejnih razmer', ki bi jih lahko uporabljali pri preuèevanju zaèetkov neolitizacije Evrope.

Le 8e séminaire scientifique et technique de l’Inrap sera organisé par la direction scientifique et technique (DST) de l’Inrap, en partenariat avec le Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14), plateforme nationale rattachée au Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE). Il sera consacré au recours aux datations absolues (ou « chronométriques ») en archéologie.
Les datations absolues sont devenues indispensables à la recherche archéologique. Leurs résultats permettent de caler les chronologies sur l’échelle du temps. Elles précisent la durée des phénomènes historiques en oeuvre et situent dans le temps les événements du passé.
La découverte de la décroissance régulière au fil du temps de la radioactivité du carbone 14 et de son usage comme « chronomètre » pour estimer l’âge des matériaux soumis à datation a été une petite révolution à l’orée des années 1950. Combinées avec d’autres méthodes dites relatives comme la stratigraphie, la sériation et la typologie, la datation par le radiocarbone a en effet modifié profondément notre connaissance du passé. Depuis, la recherche a permis de considérablement affiner la fiabilité et la précision des résultats. Parallèlement, d’autres méthodes ont été développées en lien avec la diversification des matériaux mis au jour (dendrochronologie, Potassium-Argon, Uranium-Thorium, archéomagnétisme, thermoluminescence et luminescence stimulée optiquement…). Avec le développement de l’archéologie préventive, la masse de données accumulées est aujourd'hui considérable et nécessite de s’interroger sur la manière de gérer et de rendre accessible ces données. Par ailleurs, l’analyse d’un grand nombre de datations relatives à un phénomène culturel ou à la diffusion d’un type d’objet permet de traiter l’information à l’aide de la statistique et de manière géographique, offrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.
La mise en oeuvre de ces méthodes, en archéologie, se traduit généralement par le recours à des chercheurs spécialisés dans d’autres disciplines (biologie, chimie, sciences de la Terre, physique nucléaire…) ou à des archéomètres formés dans les laboratoires. La multiplicité des acteurs et des compétences mises à contribution est grande, même au sein de la communauté archéologique, et il était donc important, pour l’Inrap, de proposer un lieu de rencontre interdisciplinaire, d’échanges d’expérience et de réflexion sur l’avenir de ces méthodes et des collaborations qu’elles impliquent.
Il s’agit de réfléchir, collégialement, sur l’évolution des protocoles de terrain (échantillonnage), les actions de sensibilisation ou de formation à entreprendre et la nécessité de centraliser et de partager les
résultats. Enfin, ces rencontres seront l’occasion d’aborder les différentes approches méthodologiques et d’évaluer leurs atouts ou faiblesses.

This paper presents Bronze Age settlement remains, which were discovered at the Slivnica 1B site before the construction of the A1 highway near Maribor in 1996 and 1997. Based on the analysis of finds discovered in the settlement pits, it can be concluded that after the end of the Middle Copper Age, the plain in the foothills of Pohorje was first resettled in the Somogyvár-Vinkovci horizon and that it was more intensively settled from the Kisapostág cultural horizon (BA A1 phase) onwards. Settlement continued in the Litzen pottery cultural horizon (BA A2, A2/B1 phases, possibly also B1), to which a large number of pits and post-holes can be attributed, and then the area was resettled (to a smaller extent) in the Middle Bronze Age and the Early Urnfield Period (BA C – BA D phases; possibly also BA B). Houses built with posts were located in the central part of the site, while larger pits of irregular ground plan were discovered in the area north and south of the houses. The results of 14C AMS dating indicate that the pit of the Kisapostág culture is from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, the pits of the Litzen pottery cultural horizon are tentatively from the first third of the 2nd millennium BC, and the only dated pit of the Oloris-Podsmreka horizon is from the 15th or 14th century BC.

In western Romania, there exists a notable concentration of over 600 earthen mounds across approximately 320 distinct sites. These mounds, as indicated by archaeological scholarship, encompass a wide range of chronological periods and cultural affiliations, spanning from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age, early Hallstatt period, Scythian, Dacian, and Sarmatian populations. It is worth noting, however, that archaeological investigations in the western region of Romania have not consistently prioritized the study of these particular archaeological sites. The present paper primarily draws upon findings from two specific sites where archaeological investigations have been directed towards earthen mounds. The first of these sites is Silvașu de Jos – Dealu Țapului (The Billy Goat’s Hill), where two distinct stages of tumuli burials have been identified. The earlier stage corresponds to the Late Eneolithic Coțofeni culture, while the later one is associated with the Late Ochre Grave culture, attributed to the Yamnaya populations.The second site, Susani-Grămurada de la Jupani (The Mound from Jupani), features a barrow constructed during the Late Bronze Age. Remarkably, this tumulus was subsequently repurposed during the so-called Hallstatt A1 period. Both of these examples underscore the importance of archaeological artifacts and information that can be collected from prehistoric barrows when subjected to thorough archaeological research projects.

Archeologiczny projekt NAHLA prowadzony jest na terenie Autonomicznego Regionu Kurdystanu w Iraku, w prowincji Duhok (Zbadanie strategii zasiedlania peryferyjnych mikroregionów irackiego Kurdystanu na przykładzie paleolitycznych i chrześcijańskich społeczności na równinie Nahla, NCN, OPUS, nº 2022/45/B/HS3/03501). Rejon ten stanowi część dawnej północnej Mezopotamii, gdzie od ok. 5 w. n. e. aktywne są wspólnoty chrześcijańskie. Kulturowa spuścizna ludzi tego wyznania znana jest z piśmiennictwa, lecz nigdy nie została zarejestrowana archeologicznie, tymczasem w większości miejscowości, gdzie zamieszkiwali Chrześcijanie wznosili oni swoje świątynie-porzucone w 20 wieku, a obecnie popadające w ruinę. W projekcie NAHLA została przewidziana inwentaryzacja, dokumentacja oraz próba datowania dwóch materiałów pobranych z zapraw: węgli drzewnych i spoiw. Pomiary 14C poprzedzone będą charakterystyką petrograficzną materiału i próbą określenia proweniencji użytego surowca skalnego. Pozwoliłoby to osadzić zespół 12 kościołów i 2 klasztorów w kadrze historycznym-w kontekście istniejących dokumentów, a także porównań stylistycznych z architekturą sakralną w sąsiednich rejonach Mosulu, Alqosh i Hakkari. Hipoteza projektu, w odniesieniu do datowania kościołów zakłada, że pierwotnie budynki zostały wzniesione przed podbojem Mezopotamii przez Arabów i ukonstytuowaniem Islamu jako wiodącej religii. Pakt Umara, powstały między 7 a 8 wiekiem, reguluje koegzystencję społeczności Chrześcijan i wyznawców Islamu, zakazując tym pierwszym budowania świątyń i renowacji istniejących budowli. Nie wiadomo, kiedy zapisy weszły w życie, a rygor tego dokumentu nie zawsze był przestrzegany, czego przykładem są kościoły wybudowane w Mosulu w 13 wieku, w epoce Attabegów. Wiemy, że Chrześcijanie aktywnie biorący udział w obronie tego miasta obleganego w 1743 roku przez szacha Persji Nadir-Szacha Tahmaps, decyzją paszy al-Jalili zostali nagrodzeni pozwoleniem na odbudowę świątyń w rejonie mosulskim. Analizowane i datowane w projekcie NAHLA budynki, zostały, w większości, odrestaurowane lub podniesione z ruin-z uwagi na regulacje Paktu Umara, kościoły mogły zostać wzniesione wyłącznie na fundamentach dawniejszych budowli. Nie jest jednak wykluczone, że próbki pobrane z fundamentów wskażą wcześniejsze daty, bo tradycje biskupstwa Marga, do którego kościoły należały sięgają 4 w n. e.

O cumprimento do acordo ortográfico de 1990 foi opção de cada autor. Os autores são responsáveis pelos seus originais, respeitando-se a sua autoria e não sendo responsável a editora por quaisquer elementos que, de alguma forma, possam prejudicar terceiros.

The Bidong shipwreck, discovered in 2012, is like a time capsule with much information. A total of 306 ceramics and some wood samples were recovered during the first (2017) and second (2022) phases of excavation. Three main dating techniques were used in this study. A relative dating was conducted by comparative analysis of 10 intact ceramics with published reports, museum archives, and expert consultation. The recovered ceramics were identified as Thai Si Satchanalai and Maenam Noi ceramics. The samples were analysed for absolute dating of Thermoluminescence (TL), suggesting the ceramics were produced in 1500–1700 CE. Radiocarbon dating of wood suggested two periods of time: 1395–1444 CE for the ship’s frame and 1437–1522 CE for the ship’s plank. Based on relative and absolute dating, the preliminary date of the Bidong shipwreck is estimated between 1500 and 1550 CE.

The study of the origin of underwater artefacts is a crucial and relevant topic to be highlighted, especially in the Southeast Asia Region, due to the active trading route during the Age of Sail. In the present study, we aim to discover the ship type and sailing route of the Bidong shipwreck using both relative and absolute analysis. The team analysed the wood samples collected at the Bidong shipwreck site during the second excavation phase. The analysis of wood anatomy and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was performed on five wood fragments at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Based on the conducted analyses, two types of trees were identified in the construction of Bidong shipwrecks, namely Giam (Hopea spp.) and Meranti Temak Nipis (Shorea roxburghii). Both types of trees are commonly discovered in tropical climate regimes and the area of the Malay Archipelago. In addition, the team also compared the selected artefacts from the first phase of excavation with some published references of Southeast Asian Ceramic and live records from National Maritime Museums, Chanthaburi, and Southeast Asian Ceramic Museum, Bangkok University, Thailand. Significantly, the comparison analysis suggests that the artefacts rescued from the Bidong shipwreck were Thai ceramics of the Maenam Noi (Singburi) and Si Satchanalai (Sawankhalok) types. The result from these studies suggests that the Bidong shipwreck stopped loading Siamese ceramics or even repairing in Southeast Asia and sailing along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia for some destination in the sixteenth century during the Age of Monsoonal Civilisation.

Es handelt sich um eine aktualisierte Fassung eines ursprünglich bereits 2017 publizierten Artikels. Sinngemäß gelten hier die in den einleitenden Anmerkungen des Feldforschungsberichtes „Siedlungsfunde der jüngeren Bandkeramimk und des Mittelalters im Rheingau bei Oestrich-Winkel, Ortsteil Winkel, „Gänsgasse““ gemachten Feststellungen.