The Eastern Construction of the Artificial Mind

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018

One reason it matters whether phenomenally conscious robots will soon be forthcoming is that such robots would have moral rights. The view that they are on the horizon often rests on a certain philosophical view about consciousness, one called “nomological behaviorism” in this chapter. The view entails that, as a matter of nomological necessity, if a robot had exactly the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as a phenomenally conscious being, then the robot would be phenomenally conscious. The chapter experimentally investigates whether the folk think that certain (hypothetical) robots made of silicon and steel would have the same conscious states as certain familiar biological beings with the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as the robots. The findings provide evidence that the folk largely reject the view that silicon-based robots would have the sensations that they, the folk, attribute to the biological beings in question.

2021

Academic Secretary of the Thesis Board D.002.015.03 Candidate of philosophical sciences Pilyugina M.A. General description of the work The importance of the topic of the research. Intelligent robotics implies a set of methods, ways of research and development of robotic systems integrating the capabilities of robotics and artificial intelligence in order to create robots, intelligent agents capable of autonomous and partly autonomous actions in different environments. The interdisciplinary nature of intelligent robotics makes it one of the most promising lines of research that has a significant influence on our whole civilization. Therefore, it is highly important to develop philosophical and methodological problems related to the development of intelligent robotics and its role in creating Artificial General Intelligence, which is a strategic task set today by the technologically advanced countries, including our country. Artificial General Intelligence implies a software and hardware complex capable of learning and acting better than the human expert in any area, achieving objectives in a broad range of environments with limited resources. Since its emergence in the last century, robotics and artificial intelligence have taken different paths in the development. Robotics was used in manufacturing by adapting application tasks to the limited mechanical capabilities of the robots. Artificial intelligence, being mostly a research paradigm, aimed at researching the possibilities of simulating human mental activity and used broad software capabilities, particularly machine learning. Independent development of these separate paths was shaped by the available element base, that, in its turn, generated the possibilities for combinatorial improvements. Robotics developed much slower due to its inherent dependence on the physical and chemical properties and engineering features of robot component parts. Artificial intelligence with mathware and software as its main components was developing much faster than robotics due to its direct dependence on research and developments in microelectronics, that still follow Moore's law 1 (the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every 24 months). This enabled artificial intelligence to use exponential development of the element base of component parts such as graphic accelerators, data storage systems, various sensors and broadband communication to create software that would apply machine learning to solve a wide range of application tasks. It resulted into artificial intelligence methods being used to solve Kuhn's robotics puzzles, thus accelerating the progress for both the paths. New programming tools and environments, such as deep neural networks, are capable of solving difficult robotics tasks. In turn, this generates new ways of human machine interaction that call for a deeper philosophical and methodological, as 1 Leiserson C. E. et al There's plenty of room at the Top: What will drive computer performance after Moore's law? // Science 368 (6495), eaam9744. well as epistemological consideration through the principles of post-nonclassical rationality (Stepin V.S. Lektorskiy V.A. etc.). It is the practical demand for new methodological approaches that assigns to philosophers the important role in the modern development of artificial intelligence. The development of AI technologies and robotics has reached the point when their influence on our civilization goes beyond the economic sphere and becomes an important factor of global geopolitical and ecological agenda, while remaining one of the key problems of scientific and technological development. World economic forum 2 (WEF, 2019) acknowledges the strategic priority of these technologies and includes them into fusion technologies. The results of developing artificial intelligence and robotics may become the source of new risks and systemic issues (violation of a privacy right, transformation of the very notion of employment and so on), however they promise a healthy economic growth, mitigation of a number of negative consequences of a spiraling global civilization crisis. Instead of stimulating cooperation, international competition for the leadership in creating Artificial General Intelligence is increasing. V.V. Putin, the President of Russia, has stressed that artificial intelligence is "indeed one of the key lines of technological development that determine and will determine the future of the whole world" 3 , USA is pursuing the policy of keeping the leadership in artificial intelligence, as "it has a critical significance for economy and national security of the United States" 4. All of it turns artificial intelligence and robotics into geopolitical tools, making technologies the hostages to the interests of transnational corporations. A kind of corporate Manhattan project is being created 56. Artificial intelligence and robotics, alongside with power industry, transportation, is the technology which, on the one hand, is a separate branch of manufacturing and, on the other, creates productive power for the remaining industries. Such technology is usually called a general-purpose 2 Website of the World economic forum in Davos, URL: https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/a1Gb0000000pTDREA2?tab=publications (accessed on 28.07.2020). 3 A meeting on development of technologies in the field of artificial intelligence. URL:

Journal of Philosophy & Theology, 2023

Currently, the theory of strong artificial intelligence stands as a contentious and pivotal idea, having many proponents and opponents. Resolving this issue necessitates taking a stance on the mind-body or soul-body relationship. Diverse perspectives on the possibility or impossibility of strong artificial intelligence emerge from these differing approaches, as articulated by Western and Islamic philosophers of mind. This study employs an analytical-descriptive method to scrutinize the correlation between theories addressing the mindbody problem and the potential for strong artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that not only dualist perspectives but also some quarters of physicalist monism present challenges to the possibility of strong artificial intelligence.

Tansian University Journal of Arts, Management & Social Sciences, 2020

One of the essential constituents of the human person is the possession of mind. Mind is said to be the power of thinking. It is the capacity for a reflective activity. More so, the functions of the human mind include: cognition, memory, imagination, volition, among others. It has been observed that some scholars ascribe mind to machines in the same way it is applied to human mind. They argue that there is no essential difference between the human mind and machines. This position has created the problem of human mind and artificial intelligence among philosophers of mind. Employing the philosophical method of analysis, this study observes that although a great deal of achievement has been recorded in the field of cybernetics, it is altogether unreasonable to attribute mind/intelligence to machine. The study maintains that machines, no matter how sophisticated they may be, do not have minds of their own, and this is seen in the fact that they cannot originate their own ideas; they lack creative and innovative capacities. The study therefore concludes that it is only human beings are truly intelligent; the so-called intelligence of machines is simply artificial in every sense of the word.

The human mind is one of the most intriguing complex systems found in nature. Research has been conducted to develop a computer model of the mind from the Theravada Buddhist description detailed in the Abhidhamma literature. Within this context, the mind is identified as a conditional flow of thoughts that is characterized by 52 mental factors, such as perception, volition, attention, anger, attachments, mindfulness and so on. Thus, mental factors are the building blocks of thoughts. Combinations of these 52 mental factors can form 89 different thoughts with characteristics such as feelings, roots, functions, doors, objects and bases. We have developed a computational ontology of Buddhist theory of mind (OntoBM) that describes the complex association among thoughts and mental factors. OntoBM can be primarily used to examine combinations of mental factors that can form thoughts, associations among mental factors and details of thoughts. More importantly, researchers and scholars can also use OntoBM to experiment with the effect of modulation of mental factors on the formation of various thoughts.

Artificial Intelligence. Reflections in Philosophy, Theology, and the Social Sciences, 2020

There are still many anthropomorphizing misunderstandings about what it means for a machine to be intelligent. In searching for common ground between human and artificial thinking processes, I suggest reconsidering how human intelligence can be conceived in mechanistic terms. To do this, I take a closer look at the notion of the spiritual automaton of the 17th century philosopher Baruch de Spinoza. In his writings, a mechanical theory of the mind can be found, before the comparison between minds and machines even arises. In a second step I sketch some ways in which current methods in AI studies could be seen to reflect aspects of the Spinozistic model of the mind

TIEES 2023 Trends and Innovations in E-business, Education, and Security Eleventh Intemational Scientific Web-conference of Scientists and PhD students or candidates, 2024

This paper explores the origins and diverse irnplications of the terms "artificial intelligence" and "robot," highlighting their evolution and the rnisconceptions surrounding their use. The term "artificial intelligence" was officially coined by John McCarthy in 1956, although the concept had been explored earlier by Alan Turing and others in the field. This term encornpasses a broad spectrurn of technologies and applications, often rnisrepresented in the rnedia as a singular entity, leading to widespread rnisunderstanding. Sirnilarly, the term "robot" was popularised by Karel Capek and initially described hurnan-shaped rnachines, evolving in its application frorn its Slavic root rneaning "labour" to signify various autornated devices. The paper also delves into Isaac Asirnov's significant contribution to the discourse through his literary works, rnainly focusing on his portrayal of robots with "positronic brains" and the ethical and philosophical dilernrnas they present. Asirnov's fictional laws of robotics are discussed about real-world applications and regulatory challenges in artificial intelligence and robotics. The study underscores the disparity between Asirnov's idealistic visions and the pragrnatic issues of integrating AI systerns into society, advocating for a nuanced understanding and responsible developrnent of AI technologies.

Philosophy and Cosmology, 2017

In the paper, I discuss the Chinese room thought experiment, which was proposed by John Searle to show that executing by a computer of a program of data processing is not enough for genuine, i.e. understanding-based, thinking. The objection — advanced by Vadim Vasilyev — is also discussed that if the Chinese room is supplemented with devices to obtain external data, and so transformed into the Chinese robot, it may be attributed an understanding mind. Arguments are proposed that supplement those of Searle and give reason to turn down the objection. First, it is pointed out that the suggestion that the Chinese robot will have a specific program that has a quasi-semantic character and describes the relationship between linguistic signs and physical data is mistaken, because all the relations that programs assign are relations between units of inherently meaningless " data " — series of bits that have no inherent meaning but acquire their meaning only owing to conscious (human) interpreters. Second, it is argued that the robot's acquiring " knowledge " (data, as states of its memory cells) in the process of its interaction with the external world makes no relevant difference, because any such data can be just as well written in the same robot's memory cells from the very beginning.

KI - Künstliche Intelligenz

In these days of exuberant fantasies about the future development of artificial intelligence—mostly written by people who have never in their lives developed an AI program—the GFFT (Society for the Promotion of Technology Transfer) has also unleashed a competition on future AI scenarios to honour Wolfgang Bibel. Because I was allowed to give the laudatory speech for Wolfgang, I was also asked to contribute something to the pen. And because, despite everything else, it is not reprehensible to think about the future, I could not refrain from doing so. Here is my somewhat expanded contribution.