SS1 BIOLOGY 2ND TERM NOTE, 2022-

Academic Essay, 2022

The science that studies living organisms and the interaction among those in the environment is named biology. Biology is all over the world considered as science of life. The word biology is derived from the Greek words “bios,” which means life, and “logos,” which means study. Aristotle, considered as the father of biology, and creator the basic theory of biology, to describes biological processes such as metabolism, regulation of temperature, inheritance, processing of information, and embryogenesis. Cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, evolutionary, and the laws of thermodynamics are the five elements that compose them major principles of biology. Biological principles are based on the concept that all living organisms on the earth planet has similar characteristics such as composition, growth, heredity, reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. As a result, the interest of biologists in studying and understand ancient life, the life of bacteria, or how human beings could live in a place different from earth planet, these are based on the four of the five principles of biology. Biology can be defined as the scientific study of living things that one may call organisms, and including its characteristics, functions, and interactions. The study of biological science is relevant for vastly increase of agricultural production; study of biological science matter as, understanding and treatment of several diseases it is required to integrate principles of biology and biology science is increasing relevant to understand the interaction among organisms in the environment. This course is designed to examining the hierarchy that ranges from the fundamentals of cell biology to the physiology of organisms, and the interactions among those organisms in their environment as well as discusses the relevance of biology science in understanding and appreciating the diverse living world. It identifies and describe the cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, physiology, and ecology

With a good probability every student of biology already knows that biology has very little (if anything at all) in common with physics. Yet it is not easy to explain what is the exact nature of their differences. Mayr's book is a well-researched monograph devoted to the methodological identity of the science of biology and to a demonstration that methods of biology differ from methods of physics. The author is one of the pioneers of neo-Darwinism himself. For this reason the book focuses primarily on the areas of biology he helped to develop viz. Evolutionary Biology, Developmental Biology, Ecology and Systematics. However, the author's genuine passion for science combined with a three-quarter-century long research experience contribute to the unique vision of the historical and methodological aspects of modern biology. The book is loaded with interesting historical facts and references to surprising connections between different fields of biology. It also touches upon liaisons between biology and other fields of human activity. Each of 12 chapters can be considered as an independent essay covering a specific science-in-general-related (Chapters 2 and 3) and biology-related topic.

This article offers a novel, enlightened concept for determining the mechanism of evolution. It is based on homeostasis, which distinguishes life from nonlife and as such is the universal mechanism for the evolution of all living organisms. This view of evolution is logical, mechanistic, non-scalar, predictive, testable, and falsifiable, and it illuminates the epistemological relationships between physics and biology, ontogeny and phylogeny, development and aging, ultimate and proximate causation, health and disease. In addition to validating Haeckel's biogenetic law and Lamarckian epigenetics, reflecting the enabling value of the cellular approach, this perspective also expresses the evolutionary process at the cell-molecular level, since the mechanism of cell communication itself is universal in biology, in keeping with a Kuhnian paradigm shift. This approach may even elucidate the nature and evolution of consciousness as a manifestation of the cellular continuum from unicellular to multicellular life. We need such a functional genomic mechanism for the process of evolution if we are to make progress in biology and medicine. Like Copernican heliocentrism, a cellular approach to evolution may fundamentally change humankind's perceptions about our place in the universe.

Certified that this is the bonafide record of assignment work done by U.DWARAKESWARAN of class 12-D of SUNBEAM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, Vellore, during the year of 2018.

This is Volume 1 Issue 1 of the Journal of Research in Biology. Journal of Research in Biology is an international scientific journal committed to the development and spread of research in Biological sciences. It accepts research articles with affiliation to biological science from all around the globe and publishes them in the journal. The submitted articles are peer-reviewed by experts in the field and editorial board members.

Life Sciences have always been a fundamental area of science. The exponential increase in the quantity of scientific information and the rate, at which new discoveries are made, require very elaborate, interdisciplinary and up-to-date information and their understanding. This fourth edition of Life sciences, Fundamentals and practice includes extensive revisions of the previous edition. We have attempted to provide an extraordinarily large amount of information from the enormous and ever-growing field in an easily retrievable form. It is written in clear and concise language to enhance self-motivation and strategic learning skill of the students and empowering them with a mechanism to measure and analyze their abilities and the confidence of winning. We have given equal importance to text and illustrations. The fourth edition has a number of new figures to enhance understanding. At the same time, we avoid excess detail, which can obscure the main point of the figure. We have retained the design elements that have evolved through the previous editions to make the book easier to read. Sincere efforts have been made to support textual clarifications and explanations with the help of flow charts, figures and tables to make learning easy and convincing. The chapters have been supplemented with self-tests and questions so as to check one’s own level of understanding. Although the chapters of this book can be read independently of one another, they are arranged in a logical sequence. Each page is carefully laid out to place related text, figures and tables near one another, minimizing the need for page turning while reading a topic. I have given equal importance to text and illustrations as well. We hope you will find this book interesting, relevant and challenging.

Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, 2018

This is a revised version of Watts' doctoral dissertation that was submitted to the Faculty of Biological Sciences at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena in 2016 to fulfill the requirements for the degree of doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.).