Psychological Factors and Measurement in Education: A Review

Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities

An individual's social attitude is their attitude toward other people or things in society. Individual attitudes can become so deeply inter-conditioned by group interactions that they become highly standardised and consistent within the group. A person who is able to adjust to changes in their physical, occupational, and social environment is said to be in a state of adjustment. In other terms, the behavioural process of balancing opposing demands or needs that are thwarted by environmental impediments is referred to as adjustment. Animals and people both regularly adapt to their surroundings. I want to concentrate on the various facets of a social being in this essay, as well as how a social being adapts to different spheres of life while displaying his social views. Keywords: Adjustment, Attitude, Education, E-learning, Intelligence

Sosiologiya, Sosial Psixologiya və Siyasət jurnalı, 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of social adaptation of personality, the theory of social adaptation is analyzed. The development of modern theories of social adaptation in psychology is studied during the research of foreign scientists. Based on the analysis of theories of social adaptation, it is noted that adaptation is a more or less conscious process on the basis of which adaptation to a social, natural or cultural environment takes place. This adaptation is due to changes in the behavior and attitude of people, as well as the establishment of relationships corresponding to this environment. Social adaptation is a measure of social development. In other words, the criterion for measuring the social development of each person is his level of adaptation to other people. Emotional intelligence, logical thinking is part of general intelligence. The main connection is related to social adaptation. Thus, emotional intelligence, which was part of cognitive intelligence in the early twentieth century, combines several criteria. This includes internal psychological abilities, interpersonal communication skills and thinking. He understands the value of wealth in a person's hands and the value of advice given to him. He can compare good and evil, science and ignorance, ignorance and thought. Depending on the time and place, people's opinions on these issues may be different or even contradictory. The adaptation process involves the restructuring of the functions of an organ, mechanism, which leads to the adequacy of the person and the environment, the acquisition of updated skills, habits and qualities. From the analysis of theories of social adaptation, it can be concluded that the process of human adaptation can be considered as the subject of a set of measures.

Adjustment can be defined as a process of altering one's behavior to reach a harmonious relationship with their environment. This is typically a response brought about by some type of change that has taken place. The stress of this change causes one to try to reach a new type of balance or homeostatis between the individual (both inwardly and outwardly), and with their environment. Adjustment occurs over time-in common speech; this is often referred to this as an "adjustment period".

The term adjustment is defined by the Oxford dictionary as the process of 'ordering or positioning'; regulating; arranging; adapting. Adjustment as a process is relevant in all aspects of human life biological, social, political and economical. In the biological context, this term was given a systematic analysis by Darwin who used the term adaptation and proposed in his book 'Origin of species' that this ability increases in response to increased environmental hazards, as the organism moves up on the phylogenic scale. In a socio-psychological context, Piaget proposed that the ability to 'adapt' and 'assimilate' becomes increasingly complex in the development span of an individual. According to Shaffer (1936)1, "Adjustment is a process by which a living organism maintains a balance between its needs and circumstances that influence the satisfaction of these needs. Human beings are born with varying needs, the frustration of which leads to maladjustment. These needs are food, drink, sleep, temperature regulation, human company, social approval, a sense of self-esteem and love. When these needs are thwarted, these produce significant effects on behaviour making the person maladjusted to his environment.

2015

A survey study was carried out on one hundred and fifty (n=150) college students, aged 19-25 years, belonging to Mekelle university of Ethiopia with a view to compare social adjustment between students of different departments belongs to Mekelle University. Maximum effort and meticulous care have been put to precision and accuracy in the measurements. Adjustment inventory for college students by Prof. A.K.P.Sinha and Prof.R.P.Singh, India was used to measure social adjustment. To compare social adjustment between students of sports science, biology and chemistry one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed and the level of significance was set at 0.05.The result revealed that social adjustment showed significant difference between sports science Biology and chemistry (F=3.158, p<0.05). Further LSD post hoc test was employed which shows sports science students were better in social adjustment as compare to biology and chemistry.

Academic Journal of Psychological Studies, 2018

This study aimed to investigate the role of self-regulation in relation to social adjustment of 2nd secondary education students in Iran. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consisted of 1790 of 2nd secondary education students in Iran. Based on the Cochran formula, a sample of 316 people (138 boys and 178 girls) was determined by multistage cluster sampling. To collect the data, 1. Petrides and Furnham (2006) Emotional Intelligence Inventory, and 2. Sinha and Singh (1993) Social Adjustment, were used. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient, two variant regression simultaneously using SPSS software. The findings indicated the significant relation between self-regulation and social adjustment (social adjustment, emotional adjustment and education adjustment) in 2nd Secondary Education Students in Iran. Self-regulation directly affects social adjustment.

The present study aimed to know the social adjustment among students' residing in hostel and at home. It also aimed to check social adjustment with reference to type of students and gender. Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) by Jansari, Harkant D. Badami and Charulata H. Badami (2011) was used. The sample constituted total 120 students' out of which 60 were from students' residing in hostel (30 Boys and 30 Girls) and 60 from students' at home (30 Boys and 30 Girls). The data was collected from Ahmedabad City. The data was scored, analyzed as per the manual. 'F' test was being calculated. The result showed that (1) There is significant difference in the mean score of social adjustment among the students residing in hostel and at home. Therefore it could be said that, the students at home group is having good social adjustment than students residing in hostel group, (2) There is no significant difference in the mean score of social adjustment among the boys and girls students and (3) There is no significant difference in the interactive effect of the mean scores of social adjustment with regards to the type of students and gender. Keywords: Social Adjustment, students' residing in hostel and at home, boys students and girls students. Adjustment refers to the smooth relationship between the individual and the environment and interacting in a harmonious way with the world in which he or she lives. Every individual has certain needs and desires which may be externally imposed or internally aspired. These needs and desires have to be fulfilled if person wants to lead a satisfactory life. As Lindergern and Marie (1965) have said adjustment means the person must accommodate himself/ herelf in order to means certain demands of the environment. Definitions of Adjustment: Personal adjustment is a process of interaction between our selves and our environment in this process we can either adapt to the environment or alter it. Satisfactory personal adjustment depends on successful interaction. (Lehner and Cube). Adjustment means adjustment between satisfaction of needs and ones own environment and effectiveness of individual's Endeavour. (James Carlman)

2021

The article is devoted to changes in the level of empathy and some structural components of social and psychological adaptation caused by social deprivation in a pandemic, which is the purpose of the work. The paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted in the first semester of the 2020-2021 academic year, when Samara State Technical University students were on distance learning. The sample consisted of 248 first-year students. The basis of the observation is a longitudinal research, during which the communicative activity of students in interaction with the teacher and with each other was recorded. In addition, students solved situational problems containing a description of the conflict, for a way out of which they had to offer solutions: none, one or several. The study confirmed the hypothesis put forward about possible changes in the level of empathy, the ability to solve situational problems and social and psychological adaptation in general among students studyi...

TERAPUTIK: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling

This study aims to determine the effect of social intelligence on the social adjustment of final-year students of the D4 Mechanical Engineering Program at the Pontianak State Polytechnic. The hypothesis in this study is that there is a significant effect between social intelligence and social adjustment of final-year students. Respondents in this study were 49 final-year students of the D4 Mechanical Engineering Study Program at the Pontianak State Polytechnic. The data collection tool uses a social adjustment scale and a social intelligence scale—data analysis using a simple linear regression technique with the help of SPSS 22.00 for the Windows program. The results of this study indicate that there is a very significant positive effect between social adjustment and social intelligence, which has a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.851 and p = 0.00 (p < 0.001). The higher the level of social intelligence, the higher the social adjustment of final-year students. On the other hand, ...

The aim of researcher with this study was to develop valid and consistent measuring instrument, regarding "Social Adjustment is a Perceived-Influence of Classroom Discipline". The readers of this article will find all the steps which a researcher should to follow at the time of preparing a selfdeveloped questionnaire for data collection according to his needs and requirements along with applying these steps for the current research. All the students of Govt. secondary schools in district Bann, KPK, Pakistan was the population of the study. The instrument was validated according to beneficial views of ten experts in which five were educationists, two were linguists and three were experts in statistics. To check the consistency between the statements, researcher unsystematically select fifty respondents. The whole scale produces .834 Cronbach alpha during SPSS processing over the given values. At lost the researcher get a tool consisting 30 items after the deleting of invalid and unreliable statements regarding Social Adjustment is a Perceived-Influence of Classroom Discipline in the community at secondary school level.