Synthetic zeolite utilised for synthesis of Oleate ester

Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2019

MCM-48 zeolites have unique properties from the surfaces and structure point of view as it's shown in the results ,and unique and very sensitive to be prepared, have been experimentally prepared and utilized as a second-generation/ acid-catalyst for esterification reactions of oleic acid as a model oil for a free fatty acid source with Ethanol. The characterization of the catalyst used in the reaction has been identified by various methods indicating the prepared MCM-48 is highly matching the profile of common commercial MCM-48 zeolite. The XRF results show domination of SiO 2 on the chemical structure with 99.1% and agreeable with the expected from MCM-48 for it's of silica-based, and the SEM results show the cubic crystallographic space group compatible with Ia3d space group giving the hexagonal surface structure. The AFM test gave an average particle diameter of 97.51 nm and an average catalyst roughness of 0.855 nm. Esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol on MCM-48 has been carried in a batch reactor with 5% the prepared MCM-48 zeolite catalyst loading gives 81% of conversion after one hour at 353K

2021

The esterification of oleic acid with ethanol was studied in both batch and continuous conditions in a fixed-bed reactor over FAU-type zeolites prepared from shale rock. The addition of Co-Ni-Pt to the zeolite increased the catalyst activity over the entire reaction temperature range. Experiments confirmed that esterification follows pseudo first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis and Thiele modulus calculations show that the reaction is kinetically controlled in batch conditions, while diffusional limitations occur at higher flow rates when conducted in continuous mode. The maximum oleic acid conversions were recorded as 93% for batch and 89% for continuous, which exceed those of any analogous studies.

A B S T R A C T The esterification of oleic acid with ethanol was studied in both batch and continuous conditions in a fixed-bed reactor over FAU-type zeolites prepared from shale rock. The addition of Co-Ni-Pt to the zeolite increased the catalyst activity over the entire reaction temperature range. Experiments confirmed that esterification follows pseudo first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis and Thiele modulus calculations show that the reaction is kinetically controlled in batch conditions, while diffusional limitations occur at higher flow rates when conducted in continuous mode. The maximum oleic acid conversions were recorded as 93% for batch and 89% for continuous, which exceed those of any analogous studies.

Processes

The production of biodiesel using zeolite catalysts from geothermal solid waste has been studied. This study aims to make zeolite catalysts as catalysts in biodiesel production, assessing the effect of catalyst concentration, and temperature in the esterification–transesterification process on the biodiesel yield produced. The results showed that the synthesized zeolite catalyst was an analcime zeolite catalyst (Al1.9Na1.86O12Si4). The biodiesel yield of 98.299% with 100% fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) content was achieved at a catalyst concentration of 5%wt and a reaction temperature of 300 °C for one-hour reaction time. The yield of biodiesel decreased with repeated catalysts, which experienced morphological changes before and after three usage times. Consequently, in this case, the catalyst cannot be regenerated.

In the present work, zeolite based catalyst was prepared from zeolite tuft by impregnation methods. The zeolite tuft was initially treated with hydrochloric acid (16%) and then several KOH/zeolite catalysts were prepared by impregnation in KOH solutions. Various solutions of KOH with different molarities (1e6 M) were used. Further modification for the catalyst was performed by a 2nd step impregnation treatment by heating and stirring the KOH/zeolite to 80 C for 4 h. The zeolite tuft and the prepared catalysts were characterized by several analytical techniques in order to explore their physicochemical properties. These tests include: X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zero point of Charge (PHzpc), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray Diffrac-tion (XRD). The catalysts were then used for transesterification of waste sunflower vegetable oil in order to produce biodiesel. Among the different catalysts prepared, the 1e4M KOH/TZT catalyst provided the maximum biodiesel yield of 96.7% at 50 C reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio of 11.5:1, agitation speed of 800 rpm, 335 mm catalyst particle size and 2 h reaction time. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel comply with the EN and ASTM standard specifications.

Esterification is a reaction to produce an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Generally, homogenous acid catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction rate due to their excellent performance in the reaction. The catalysts provide high conversion of carboxylic acids and good selectivity to produce esters. However, it has several drawbacks, such as difficulty catalyst-product separation, corrosiveness, toxic waste production, and non-reusable. It is, therefore, necessary to develop heterogeneous catalysts for the reaction. Zeolite has potential to use as a catalyst for esterification. Yet, it is sometimes easily to be deactivated due to the formation of coke on its surface. This paper presents a preliminary study of zeolite as a catalyst for esterification reaction. Zeolite catalyst was prepared from natural zeolites, originally obtained from Indonesia. The prepared catalyst was tested for the esterification reaction of glycerol with oleic acid to produce monoglycerides, which can be used as food emulsifiers.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018

The twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation coupled with their unpredictable prices is a reality. Biodiesel is a promising, viable and environmentally friendly alternative. However, production of biodiesel from agro-based oils has challenges such as high cost of catalysts. The use of heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites is more promising. Synthetic and natural zeolites are potentially viable catalysts though the latter belongs to less effective class of zeolites. Here, an environmentally sustainable, cheaper and easily available alternative natural zeolite from Kenya (NZK) is presented. Cation exchange into the zeolite improves its catalysis. The NZK was characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy as belonging to clinoptilolite type. The iodine value, viscosity, cloud point, specific density and acid value were among parameters used to identify the biodiesel produced. A successful optimization order of Na-NZK>Cu-NZK>Pb-NZK in transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel was obtained.

Petroleum Technology Development Journal , 2024

Biodiesel quality and yield are affected by several processes. The study aimed to optimize the operating variables such as the effect of different zeolites, various concentrations of KOH support loaded during activation of zeolite, heterogeneous, and homogenous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalyst concentration (5wt % to oil mass), temperature (70 o C), reaction time (7 h), and reaction speed (600rpm) were all fixed during the reaction while for homogenous catalyst NaOH concentration used was (1wt % to oil mass) and reaction time was one hour, mixing intensity and temperature condition were the same for zeolite. Biodiesel was synthesized by transesterification of Gmelina arborea seed oil and Sheabutter with methanol using KOH/Zeolite and NaOH. Biodiesel from both Shea butter and Gmelina arborea seed oil has high flash points, high cetane numbers,and low viscosity. Gmelina arborea seed oil as a nonfood feedstock was transformed into biodiesel with a high yield of 89.4 % and the same conditions applied to Shea butter oil with a high yield of 95.8 %. Also, both biodiesels have good fuel parameters, and the biodiesel produced from fresh zeolite gave the highest flash point, lowest viscosity for Gmelina arborea oil methyl esters, and high cetane number and low viscosity for Shea butter methyl esters.

h i g h l i g h t s FAU-type zeolite prepared from hydrothermal treatment of shale rock. Preparation conditions varied systematically to give high purity zeolite. Activity of FAU-type zeolite comparable with commercial zeolite Y in oleic acid esterification. a b s t r a c t FAU-type zeolite was prepared using Irish shale rock and tested as a catalyst in the liquid-phase esterification of oleic acid (a model test reaction for biodiesel production). A systematic study was conducted (over the stated preparation ranges) by varying the water:shale ratio (4:1-15:1 by mass), and mixing (1-24 h), aging (6-48 h) and hydrothermal treatment times (6-72 h) to determine the optimal parameters. XRD confirmed that the product purity was highly dependent on the experimental conditions used. The BET surface area of the calcined FAU-type zeolite was 571 m 2 g À1 and its crystal purity was comparable to that of a commercial zeolite Y. The prepared zeolite was catalytically active in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol reaching a maximum of 78% conversion after 90 mins, which is practically identical to that recorded for commercial zeolite Y.

Molecules

Hierarchical crystals with short diffusion path, conventional microcrystals and nanocrystals of ZSM-5 zeolites were used for biodiesel production from waste frying oils and were assessed for their catalytic activity in regard to their pore structure and acidic properties. Produced zeolites were characterized using XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, SEM, TEM, X-ray fluorescence, and FTIR. Pore size effect on molecular diffusion limitation was assessed by Thiele modulus calculations and turnover frequencies (TOF) were used to discuss the correlation between acidic character and catalytic performance of the zeolites. Owing to the enhanced accessibility and mass transfer of triglycerides and free fatty acids to the elemental active zeolitic structure, the catalytic performance of nanosponge and nanosheet hierarchical zeolites was the highest. A maximum yield of 48.29% was reached for the transesterification of waste frying oils (WFOs) using HZSM-5 nanosheets at 12:1 methanol to WFOs m...