Propaganda and war

This article examines the development of theories of war propaganda in the 20 th and 21 st Century. Beginning with early theorists of war propaganda the article assesses the development of a 'science of propaganda' following the First World War, before considering more recent works on war propaganda that focus particularly on the role of informal sources, such as the media. Finally, the article briefly assesses the role of propaganda during the 1991 Gulf War.

__________________________________________________________________ In large-group identity conflicts, propaganda directly relates to enhancing and/or modifying the shared sense of sameness while hating and devaluing the identity of a neighboring group and creating a psychological distance between one's own group and the devalued neighbor. In some situations, the devaluation of the neighbor may reach the level of " dehumanization " When this happens, attempts to destroy the enemy neighbor without guilt feelings may emerge and an atmosphere for " ethnic cleansing " may be established.

Precis by the autor of the book How Propaganda Works (Princeton University Press, 2015).

— The number of ethnic conflicts increased several times during last decades (Ukraine, Karabakh, Syria). The article presents a research of one of the main factors of ethnical aggression-informational influence, which always has an aim of changing the behavior of a person. The ethnical conflicts are structured on the bases of informational influence, symbols and social myths, images of the hero and enemy which can determine the intensification of aggressive behavior of different social groups. First phase of our research was the content analysis of information, provided by mass media in Armenia in concrete time – 30.11.2015 till 30.12.2015.In this article we will focus only on one common topic awareness and the discussion of ideas that emerged as a result of it. According to our investigation, the first place, as a repetitive topic, belongs to " Armenian Genocide ". During our study almost every day there was a reference to media agenda (events, conferences, exhibitions, book presentations, churches speeches) dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide. In one day the word " genocide " was repeated 13 times. On the second phase the method of free associations gave the chance to output the following characteristics of Enemy (the Turk and Azerbaijani, the traitor, the deceiver, the villain, the governor tyrant) in representations of respondents. So, the sources of formation of prototypes of the national hero and enemy are the history of people, ethnic myths and activity of mass media, etc.

Close Encounters in War Journal, 2023

Issue n. 6 of the CEIWJ investigates the theme of the “close encounters in war” in connection with propaganda, psychological warfare and public diplomacy. Insofar as the use of propaganda to support war became systematic and incredibly effective during the twentieth century, the contributions collected in this present Issue are exclusively focused on contemporary conflicts occurred within the lapse of one hundred years, between 1914 and 2023. Table of contents: Introduction The editors p. 2 Propaganda, Censorship, and the Shaping of the Brazilian Experience in the First World War Fernanda Bana Arouca p. 10 The Satirical Cartoon in War Propaganda: The Case of the Greco-Italian War (1940-1941) Marina Bantiou p. 31 Vicarious Combat – Bringing the Korean War to American Homes: Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly’s Hear It Now (1950-1951) and See It Now (1951-1958) Carole Darmon p. 49 War Propaganda or Political Opportunism? How British Prime Ministers Have Used the War in Ukraine for Political Gain Alma-Pierre Bonnet p. 70 Words at War: The Impact of Language on Perceptions and Representations of the Enemy in Russia-Ukraine War Julien Paret p. 92

N. 7, year IV, May 2015 - Pesquisas Doutorais, 2015

The article is a little research, carried out in the seminars of International Relations of the Ph.D. program in History, Studies of Security and Defense. The aim of the work is to highlight the role of propaganda during the conflicts in the contemporary age, particularly during the two World Wars. The propaganda developed during two major conflicts of the ‘900 as a true ‘weapon’ and instrument of government policy in international relations, has perfected the techniques of ‘news management’, and today is a real and relished ‘art’ applied to guide public opinion in favor of government decisions.

Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2023

Most of the recent work on propaganda in philosophy has come from a narrowly epistemological standpoint that sees it as flawed messaging that negatively impacts public reasonableness and deliberation. This article posits two problems with this approach: first, it obscures the full range of propaganda's activities; and second, it prevents effective ameliorative measures by offering an overly truncated assessment of the problems to be addressed. Following Ellul and Hyska, I argue that propaganda aims at shaping actions and not just beliefs, and that the propaganda activities that shape action include modifying beliefs but also much more. Examining this larger set of activities results in a shift in how we conceptualize the way that propaganda works. In particular, I add a novel argument that propaganda works by creating and reshaping publics, transforming who they are and their characteristic action. This article concludes that a more complete philosophical account of propaganda cannot just draw on epistemology but must also call on the tools of social ontology and political philosophy to create a more robust critical account.

s goal is "to explain how sincere well-meaning people, under the grips of flawed ideology, can unknowingly produce and consume propaganda". At the center of this book is a specific and intriguing analysis of propaganda. In its essence, propaganda is a kind of speech that mobilizes political, economic, aesthetic or rational ideals for political purposes (52). While supportive propaganda helps the realization of the ideals that it mobilizes, Stanley is most concerned with undermining propaganda, which he sees as a distinctive problem for liberal democracies: "the species of propaganda that centrally concerns me in this book, the kind that characteristically masks the gap between the given ideal and reality by the propagandistic use of that very ideal" (51). This appeals to an ideal in the service of a

Journal of Design and Science, 2019

This essay, examines a new set of propaganda strategies emerging on social networks in Ukraine and Russia. It offers a conceptual journey from understanding how traditional propaganda has been "rewired" for the digital age to examining its methodologies and impact today. This new phenomenon of "participatory propaganda" seeks not only to persuade users to interpret events through a particular lens, but also to manipulate relationships, dividing friends, breaking alliances and leaving individuals isolated and tractable, online and offline. Propaganda is no longer just a tool for changing your opinion. Now, in our digitally mediated world, propaganda is a pathway to instantaneous participation in political conflicts from the safety and comfort of your living room chair. It is also, ironically, now a tool for instantaneously breaking connections between friends and relatives whose opinions differ. Participatory propaganda helps to socialize conflicts and make them part of everyday life. This increasing scope of engagement can also lead to an internalization of conflict, which means that instead of encouraging you to filter alternative sources of information, participatory propaganda aims to reshape your cognitive filters as well as the relationship between you and your environment.

Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 2020

The article aims to account for the impact of explicit political propaganda by way of divulging the cognitive mechanisms of its main tools. This is a case study of 600 fake news narratives about the political and military crisis in and around Ukraine in 2015-2018 enlisted and analyzed as such on the website EU versus Disinfo. In the analysis, I depart from the basic principles of cogni-tive linguistics and consider the tools of explicit propaganda divided accordingly. The rationale of the first and the second groups of tools is a balance of the logical (like joint attention) and the emotional in human perception. The third group of tools explores the pivotal role of language (in particular, its lexical units and conceptual structures as their underpinning) in construing the world. Considering the third group of tools, I also pinpoint various semi-otic codes (verbal and visual) in their combination as a factor that has a great potential for influencing human cognition.