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Climate change finance was introduced at the global level under the auspices of the United Nation Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) to enable countries in the Global South to address climate change through programmes and projects that would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The finances are channeled through a number of conduits including a Multilateral framework (Multilateral Banks I.e. Asian Development Bank, European Bank, Africa Development Bank, World Bank et cetera, Multilateral institutions i.e. UN agencies) and a Bilateral framework (like Government to Government, Bilateral institutions like USAID, AusAID, SIDA, CIDA etcetera)...... The above introduction of this discussion paper leads further to more discussions and insights on a number of processes and systems and the state of their working including perceptions and views by different writers qualifying or critiquing the entire discourse of climate finance governance in view of Global South-North relations.
2011
Africa, Asia and Latin America, which combined account for the vast majority of the world’s population, as well as the greater part of its poor people, have historically contributed least to the problem of climate change yet face some of its most severe impacts. Climate finance, if democratically governed, can play an important role in assisting these vulnerable peoples and communities to withstand and adapt to the impacts of climate change. As the climate finance regime is developing, we explore in this policy brief how and to what extent finance is effectively addressing the vital needs of developing regions. In particular, we discuss three significant regional trends in climate finance, namely the balance between adaptation and mitigation, public versus private financing and the role of regional development banks.
Dissertation submitted to the University of Strathclyde for the Degree of LLM Climate Change Law and Policy In the Faculty of Humanities and Social sciences, 2016
This research paper examines the governance of Green Climate Fund (GCF), as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) charged with the responsibility of funding climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in developing countries. The paper examines the rules and institutions of the GCF and its role in facilitating effective climate finance. It further seeks to answer whether or not, the design and functionality of GCF responds favourably to developing countries whose NDCs indicate that mitigation efforts are conditional upon financial support to realize their pledges. The concept of governance has given rise to a popular area of theoretical, empirical and normative enquiry in climate change law and policy. In the area of climate finance, it has served as an analytical tool to evaluate the design and formation of the GCF as the financial mechanism under the guidance of the Conference of Parties (COP), owing perhaps to the increasing financial expectations by developing countries, and the need to address transparency and accountability concerns within the mechanism. This study used the concept of ‘governance’ as a basis for providing legal arguments to further contexturise the theories of ‘rules’ and ‘institutions. The study utilised qualitative research methods in its review of both primary sources and secondary sources. The data review and analysis was mainly based on desk research that included the Books, journals, legislations, negotiation text, and outcome decisions of various COPs and the governing instruments of GCF. This study evaluates the extent to which rules and institutions of GCF reflect the governance principle in a well-defined procedure rules in order to facilitate effective climate finance to developing countries. GCF promises to mobilise financial resources from developed country parties and serves as a channel for new financial resources towards developing countries, in order to catalyse public and private climate finance both at national and international levels. However, fundamental questions continue to be raised over the governance of the GCF as its rules and institutions take shape. The study concludes that rules of procedure and institutional credibility have a strong correlation with facilitating effectiveness in climate finance. The research further observes that rules and institutions of GCF is one legal requirement to that necessitates support low emission and climate resilient investments to developing countries.
De Gruyter Handbook of Sustainable Development and Finance
Finance is one of the central aspects necessary for combatting climate change and is covered by a wide range of mechanisms, institutional arrangements and governing bodies with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), validating claims that the Convention is indeed both a regime complex and a complex regime. The chapter begins by outlining those arrangements historically and how they, and the responsibilities pertaining to them, have evolved over time. It continues with a summary of some of the main points of contention, not the least of which have been disputes over the provision of resources from developed to developing countries, which have served to reinforce the North/ South divide, notably in the context of climate finance. The remainder of the chapter summarises the key themes and findings of the contributing authors to this section of the Handbook, who discuss the strengths and weaknesses of some of the central mechanisms for financing climate action within the UNFCCC, and beyond. They provide recommendations as to how the integrity of finance can be safeguarded, both within the Convention and beyond, where the impacts of povertyand COVID-19make resilience in the face of the escalating climate emergency especially difficult.
WIREs Climate Change, 2021
This article consists of a critical review of the conceptual scholarship on the gov-ernance of climate finance and includes an overview of the institutional arrangements and governance logics that provide climate finance. New decentralized, polycentric structures allow for climate finance to more effectively reach the sub-and non-state actors most directly implementing climate change gover-nance. However, the expansion of climate finance into market-inflected forms of blended finance, as well as debt-based financing, express a neoliberal logic that shifts power to market actors. This may challenge the efficacy of climate finance. We suggest that further research is needed on polycentric systems in climate finance, since an apparent expansion in the diversity of providers is also accompanied by a counter-intuitive concentration of decision-making power with financial fund managers. We join others in suggesting that the weight of scholarship advocates for a strong return to public authored finance and governance, under the auspices of Green New Deal programs and more widely.
Climate change has emerged as a major global issue that affects all nations and has become a phenomena requiring global governance in the modern globalized world. Though the African contribution to the increase Greenhouse Gas (GHG) is very small, climate change is a concern of African countries. This paper is aimed to analyze the African position and challenges in the governance of climate change. Nonetheless, there are opportunities created for adaptation and mitigation, the implementation of these measures is constrained by lack of financial, institutional and human capacities. Accordingly, the Africans position in the international system and lack of the capacities required for meaningful engagement leads to a challenge to participate effectively in global climate change negotiations. Despite numerous internal difficulties facing the African countries in climate governance and negotiations, this paper argues that African countries have shown an improvement in response, and willingness to cooperate and participate compared to previous times. Especially, in recent years, African states have managed to negotiate more effectively, both individually and as a group. Introduction The issue of environment truly emerged onto the international political agenda at the 1972 UN-run Stockholm conference; however, it was only in the latter decades of the twentieth century that environmental problems came to be recognized as more than local or even regional. Though environment in general and climate change, in particular, is a global problem that requires global solutions, its impacts require the active involvement of multiple national and local-level stakeholders in shaping and implementing the solutions. Accordingly, global climate governance, or the purposeful mechanisms and measures aimed at steering social systems towards preventing, mitigating, or adapting to the risks posed by climate change (IPCC, 2014), has come to be one of the central themes of debate and concern among different academic, political and economic domains. Climate change governance takes into account principles of accountability, management and institutional strengthening which are applied when tackling the various challenges posted by climate change. It also includes a wide range of steering mechanisms ranging from informal cooperation between different institutions and actors to hierarchical forms of regulation. Therefore, climate change governance can be described as a wide variety of
This paper analyses the existing climate financing channels and identifies the requirements of institutional arrangements in South Asia on climate finance. The obejective is to create a complementary institution on climate finance that will potentially facilitate climate actions in the Region
OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, 2016
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Development, 2019
Tens of billions of US dollars are programmed from developed to developing countries to assist them in dealing with the impacts of climate change or to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is the world of climate finance, a stream of money which includes public funding set to swell to $100 billion yearly by 2020. These sums conceal agenda-setting stories on how different countries are coping with climate change. Drawing on data analysis and interviews with beneficiaries of climate finance, this article examines local and adaptation funding as two entry points into the field, connecting different perspectives on climate finance.
This article looks at the current climate finance architecture and its impact on developing countries climate change responses. The primary aim is to capture the contradictions that exist in the climate finance architecture particularly between those recommended by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and those advanced by developed countries otherwise known as non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms. The overall observation is that once non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms emerged and the more they were justified using the UNFCCC, the global response to the climate change problem was fatally wounded through a procedural derailment of UNFCCC objectives. This article calls for a review of non-UNFCCC with the aim of divesting them of the profit factor which in this case is the problematic.
Journal of Law Policy and Globalization, 2014
This article looks at the current climate finance architecture and its impact on developing countries climate change responses. The primary aim is to capture the contradictions that exist in the climate finance architecture particularly between those recommended by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and those advanced by developed countries otherwise known as non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms. The overall observation is that once non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms emerged and the more they were justified using the UNFCCC, the global response to the climate change problem was fatally wounded through a procedural derailment of UNFCCC objectives. This article calls for a review of non-UNFCCC with the aim of divesting them of the profit factor which in this case is the problematic.
Global Environmental Politics, 2015
Global climate governance has undergone a significant transformation in the past decade. Previously it might reasonably have been characterized as a system governed by the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, with a secondary role for national policy regimes. Since then, a large array of governance initiatives acting across international borders have joined the UNFCCC regime, including those created by subgroups of governments, private sector actors of various types (specific industrial sectors, institutional investors, etc.), non-governmental organizations, and subnational actors like cities and regions. These initiatives are variously understood through ideas such as transnational, private, or non-state governance. 2 Many academic and policy debates about the UNFCCC, however, have largely ignored these developments. "Multilateralists" tend to focus on the design of intergovernmental agreements, with an at least implicit assumption that a "good" design of such a climate regime, combined with national government action, would be necessary and perhaps sufficient to meet the challenge of climate change. 3 By contrast, many "transnationalists" are pessimistic about the multilateral process and at times ignore the UNFCCC and its role, instead focusing on the conditions that give rise to alternative forms of climate governance and how these activities might collectively result in climate governance from the "bottom up." 4 In practice, we know these two spheres interact. The latest round of UNFCCC negotiations launched in Durban in 2011 focuses on increasing
Kyoto’s Governance Footprint in the Global South: An Overview of Climate Finances and REDD+ in Asia, Latin America, and Africa
Abstract: When assessing the more pressing challenges of the Paris Agreement, four aspects become relevant. First, the lack of reliable sources and resources of climate finances–related information. Second, only developed countries’ contributions are being accounted and disseminated. The omission of the resources invested by the developing world to combat climate change skews theoretical analysis, limits accuracy in policy, and has the potential to alienate the Global South against adopting climate policies. Third, loans represent a majority share of the climate finances and are swelling the debt of developing countries, especially in Latin America. Finally, Kyoto’s leaves as legacy a governance model predominantly hierarchical both at general climate finances as well as in REDD+ in the three regions. The goal of this article is to draw a baseline on the quantity and quality of climate finances and specifically those of REDD+, a mechanism targeted at developing countries. There were three distinct stages to this review: (1) the assessment of 13,000 projects implemented in Asia, Africa, and Latin America between 2008 and 2015; (2) the assessment of 312 REDD+ initiatives implemented in the three regions in this period; and (3) the analysis of the governance model propelled by these transactions. Policy implications of the results presented in this article conclude this analysis.
Global Environmental Politics, 2015
Global climate governance has undergone a significant transformation in the past decade. Previously it might reasonably have been characterized as a system governed by the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, with a secondary role for national policy regimes. Since then, a large array of governance initiatives acting across international borders have joined the UNFCCC regime, including those created by subgroups of governments, private sector actors of various types (specific industrial sectors, institutional investors, etc.), non-governmental organizations, and subnational actors like cities and regions. These initiatives are variously understood through ideas such as transnational, private, or non-state governance. 2 Many academic and policy debates about the UNFCCC, however, have largely ignored these developments. "Multilateralists" tend to focus on the design of intergovernmental agreements, with an at least implicit assumption that a "good" design of such a climate regime, combined with national government action, would be necessary and perhaps sufficient to meet the challenge of climate change. 3 By contrast, many "transnationalists" are pessimistic about the multilateral process and at times ignore the UNFCCC and its role, instead focusing on the conditions that give rise to alternative forms of climate governance and how these activities might collectively result in climate governance from the "bottom up." 4 In practice, we know these two spheres interact. The latest round of UNFCCC negotiations launched in Durban in 2011 focuses on increasing
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a significant and potentially innovative addition to UNFCCC frameworks for mobilizing increased finance for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Yet the GCF faces challenges of operationalization not only as a relatively new international fund but also as a result of US President Trump’s announcement that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement. Consequently the GCF faces a major reduction in actual funding contributions and also governance challenges at the levels of its Board and the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP), to which it is ultimately accountable. This article analyzes these challenges with reference to the GCF’s internal regulations and its agreements with third parties to demonstrate how exploiting design features of the GCF could strengthen its resilience in the face of such challenges. These features include linkages with UNFCCC constituted bodies, particularly the Technology Mechanism, and enhanced engagement with non-Party stakeholders, especially through its Private Sector Facility. The article posits that deepening GCF interlinkages would increase both the coherence of climate finance governance and the GCF’s ability to contribute to ambitious climate action in uncertain times.
2021
Climate Financing is the state, national or multinational funding that aims to facilitate climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. The Kyoto Protocol Convention and the Paris Agreement call for financial help to those who are less privileged from developed countries that have more financial capital. The need for Climate Finance is linked to the enormous investments needed to reduce emissions. In this edition of the Conversations in Development Studies Journal, we try to explore the need for considerable financial capital to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the threat of climate change. We focus on Climate Finance as articulating the needs and financial flow of different geographical regions and designing a more robust monitoring and guiding parametric framework that is done at a national, sectoral, or local level. This edition of the Journal also explores Climate Finance and South Asian Projects of fossil fuel transition in India.
2015
Development finance institutions (DFIs) are in a position to be key actors in aligning development and the 2° challenge. One of the principal challenges t oday is to scale-up the financial flows to the trillions of dollars per year necessary to achieve the 2°C lo ng-term objectives. Achieving this transition to a low-carbon, climate resilient (LCCR) economic model requires the integration or ‘mainstreaming’ of climate issues as a prism through which all investment decisions should be made. This paper presents an overview of the opportunities and challenges of linking a LCCR transition with the objectives of development finance. It first presents the two-fold challenge of climate change and development for countries around the world. Second, the paper explores the role of development finance institutions and their support for the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economic model. Finally, it examines a necessary paradigm shift to integrate climate and development objective...
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