Particle Creation by Black Holes: S.W. Hawking

Communications in Mathematical Physics

Abstract. In the classical theory black holes can only absorb and not emit particles. However it is shown that quantum mechanical effects cause black holes to create and emit particles as if they were hot bodies with temperature ~ ~ 10 where ~ is the surface gravity of the black ...

Using generalized special relativity together with Newton's laws of gravitation and treating particles as quantum strings a useful expression for self energy was found. The critical radius of a star when particles are created is that of a black hole. The critical radius and mass are dependent on the speed of light and gravitational constant. For mass formation the radius and mass should be small which agrees with the fact that elementary particleshave very small mass and radius. The formation should also take place at Planck time which also conforms with that proposed by big bang model.

A conjecture is made that the standard derivation of the black hole evaporation effect which uses infinite frequency wave modes is inadequate to describe black hole physics. The proposed resolution is that the problem is not due to the absence of the as yet unknown "correct" derivation but rather that the effect does not exist.

Physical Review D, 1997

In these notes we explore the basics of Hawking radiation in black holes’ physics. Notes prepared for the Desy theory Workshop (13.06.2023).

This paper describes a particularly transparent derivation of the Hawking effect for massive particles in black holes. The calculations are performed with the help of Painlevé-Gullstrand’s coordinates which are associated with a radially free-falling observer that starts at rest from infinity. It is shown that if the energy per unit rest mass, e, is assumed to be related to the Killing constant, k, by k2 = 2e – 1 then e, must be greater than ?. For particles that are confined below the event horizon (EH), k is negative. In the quantum creation of particle pairs at the EH with k = 1, the time component of the particle’s four velocity that lies below the EH is compatible only with the time component of an outgoing particle above the EH, i.e, the outside particle cannot fall back on the black hole. Energy conservation requires that the particles inside, and outside the EH has the same value of e, and is created at equal distances from the EH, (1 – rin = rout – 1). Global energy conservations force then the mass of the particle below the EH to be negative, and equal to minus the mass the particle above the EH, i.e., the black hole looses energy as a consequence of pair production.

Hawking radiation is black-body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes − which make a black hole to glow like a piece of hot metal, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the English theoretical cosmologist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974. Hawking radiation − which is widely regarded as one of the first real steps toward a quantum theory of gravity and allows physicists to define the entropy of a black hole − reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes are not quite black! Instead, they glow slightly with photons, neutrinos, and other massive particles. They shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes are predicted to be larger emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.

Arxiv preprint hep-th/9202014, 1992

It is argued that the qualitative features of black holes, regarded as quantum mechanical objects, depend both on the parameters of the hole and on the microscopic theory in which it is embedded. A thermal description is inadequate for extremal holes. In particular, extreme holes of the charged dilaton family can have zero entropy but non-zero, and even (for $a>1$) formally infinite, temperature. The existence of a tendency to radiate at the extreme, which threatens to overthrow any attempt to identify the entropy as available internal states and also to expose a naked singularity, is at first sight quite disturbing. However by analyzing the perturbations around the extreme holes we show that these holes are protected by mass gaps, or alternatively potential barriers, which remove them from thermal contact with the external world. We suggest that the behavior of these extreme dilaton black holes, which from the point of view of traditional black hole theory seems quite bizarre, can reasonably be interpreted as the holes doing their best to behave like normal elementary particles. The $a<1$ holes behave qualitatively as extended objects.

Review and "non quantum" analysis of Stephen Hawking's paper "Particle Creation by Black Holes" (1975), questioning his "Black Hole Evaporation" hypothesis. Supporting the analysis is the extremely broad range of scientific "difference of opinions" where theoretical Black Hole physics is concerned.