Microgrids

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2017

Humanity's growing energetic demand and the need for the electric fluid coming to not interconnected zones in the world has brought with it the deployment of a huge amount of researches related to the distributed generation, the distributed energetic resources, and the smart networks. Those have been approached as mechanisms for global growth and energetic supply. Thus, this article details the researches led by a significant number of experts who have definitely generated the fundamental pillars of evolution regarding network. Moreover, when it comes to its core, where the trend, the control and the operation of the new generation schemes, they provide the change from a traditional energetic system to a sustainable energetic system. Keywords-Algorithms, renewable energy sources, distributed generation, artificial intelligence, microgrid. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, traditional energy systems face different types of issues such as the high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), high generation costs, network tension variations, overloaded lines, dynamic stability issues, and service interruptions.[1],[2]. In order to face these issues, an innovative and very common approach is the generation of electric energy at a local level. This type of energy generation is called Distributed Energy (DG) and the resources that provide it are called Distributed Energetic Resources (DER)[3],[4]. In fact, due to the energy generation in proximity to the load centers, the distributed generation resources would solve the demand over the transmission networks. Today, different countries are trying to increase the penetration of distributed generation in their electronic networks. Each country attempts to use in the most appropriate way the distributed energetic resources based on its resources and conditions. Unfortunately, each DER type has its inconveniences. For example, a photovoltaic system cannot generate electricity for a continued 24h period, because its energetic source is the sun, which does not provide radiation at all times. The same applies to wind power, because the wind currents are not constant, and therefore, the required speed is not fully available for the system's continued operation. Typically, intermittence is a disadvantage of the DG resources. That is why there's a need for integrating the DER which is crucial when providing high-quality electricity and satisfying the system's demand.[5],[6]. The DERs are classified into two categories: Dispatchable and not dispatchable. The first one is related to resources which output potency can be adjusted by the network operators. The second one indicates that the generated energy of the DERs cannot be adjusted by the network operators. For this last category, a particular example would the wind and solar generation units. The Microgrids (MG) are an integrated way of DER, where the loads and storage units are installed for supplying energy to small communities such as universities, hospitals, schools, towns, paths, shopping malls, as well as industrial projects. Thus, it is possible to classify the generation-consumption relation. One of these classifications can be given by the type of resource used, which are mainly chosen in function of its availability in the installation place[7]. Also, they can be classified whether they have storage options or not. Typically, the MG has two types of functioning, manual or automatic in island mode[6],[8]. In a strict sense, on the island configuration, the MG is not connected to the electronic network; conversely, this one works independently. This MG type is quite useful for rural areas where electrification is complicated or not very profitable. On the other hand, the MG that works continually in the network allows having an aid or backup to other generation units in order to satisfy the network demand. Normally , the MG operation can be easily changed among these two modes.

2003

The demand for electricity is expected to continue its historical growth trend far into the future and particularly over the 20-year projection period discussed in this report. To meet this growth with traditional approaches will require added generation, transmission, and distribution, costing up to $1.4 billion/GW ($1,400/kW in year 2000 dollars) on the utility side of the meter. The amount of capacity needed in each of these categories must supply peak demand and provide a reserve margin to protect against outages and other contingencies. The "nameplate" capacity of many power system components is typically utilized for only a few hundred hours per year. Thus, traditional approaches to maintaining the adequacy of the Nation's power generation and delivery system are characterized by lower than desirable asset utilization, particularly for assets located near the end-user.

IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2015

2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007

In this paper we conjecture that revolutionary advances in future energy services are needed and that these are only possible by means of information technology (IT). To support this claim, we first briefly describe the fundamental needs for changing the ways energy services have been provided, and possible consequences resulting from not adopting qualitatively new paradigms. We next make the case why managing energy services of the future to meet such needs will only be possible when pursuing a systematic deployment of ITbased mechanisms for processing, delivering and consuming energy. We stress open R&D questions to which basic answers are needed in order to rip benefits of IT. Notably, a multidisciplinary approach to modeling and simulating a cyberphysical system (CPS) comprising the physical energy grids, and its support communications, sensing, and computing cyber layers is essential. Designing regulatory policies for facilitating penetration of IT at the value is also viewed as one of the key R&D challenges. Finally, we introduce our vision of an ITframework in support of Dynamic Energy Control Protocols (DECPs) and illustrate potential benefits from implementing DECPs.