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2017
There are certain common features that tie the South Asian states together like historical factors, geographical factors, common colonial past of most the South Asian states, economic underdevelopment of the region and gender discrimination. A gendered perspective is very important to understand the complexity of South Asian politics. Women leadership in South Asia has a specific significance. Gail Omvedt (2005, pg. 4746) calls it a paradox. She points out that South Asia has more powerful women politicians than any other set of countries in the world. Women have been prime ministers, leaders of major parties, heads of state and regional governments and at the same time overall women‟s participation is dismal. Jahan (1987) vividly portrays two images of women in politics in South Asia. “One image is that of powerful women leaders (Indira Gandhi, Srimavo Bandaranaike, Benazir Bhutto, Hasina Wazed, Khaleda Zia), swathed in beautiful traditional dresses, surrounded by party leaders who...
Development (ISRD) Chandigarh, India. Prior to the current assignment he worked in many known organisations/ institutes in India. He has over 15 years experience in development project management, specializing in design, development, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting on internationally and locally funded programs, projects and initiatives. 2 Women in Politics in South Asia South Asia is a land of one of the oldest civilizations in the world where people from all races and religions have coexisted over a long period of time. South Asia as a region has unique features and many contradictions. It is culturally, socially, economically and politically diverse, with a common cultural base but linguistic and religious differences. This layering of different cultures has given it a unique identity that is unparalleled anywhere else in the world. Despite its cultural diversity, strong feudal and traditional values and patriarchal cultural practices, which are common characteristics across the region, have hindered capacity building and the improvement and takeup of opportunities for women, marginalized and tribal, ethnic and minority communities in South Asia. This has prevented marginalized communities, including women, from participating in political decision-making processes.
Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences
Societies are made or marred by leaders. The rise and fall of dynasties are also due to the role played by the leaders. It is an acknowledged fact that leaders are the central actors of most of the activities of the world. Their dynamic role can determine the fate of the society in the context of politicoeconomic changes in positive manners. It is generally fixed impression that qualified leaders are rare and when it comes to woman leadership the fact becomes more accurate as women leadership is not experienced by many states. No matter, women have been playing a decisive role in all walks of life; however, it is evident that their participation in political matters and affairs as a leader is limited. When it comes to the case of South Asian politics, the women leadership is marginalized either due to their own training or because of prevailing political norms where male bias is unavoidable. This paper argues that in South Asian States particularly India and Pakistan, women leadersh...
From the local to the global level, women’s leadership and political participation are restricted. Women are underrepresented as voters, as well as in leading positions, whether in elected office, the civil service, the private sector or academia. This occurs despite their proven abilities as leaders and agents of change, and their right to participate equally in democratic governance. Women face several obstacles to participating in political life. Structural barriers through discriminatory laws and institutions still limit women’s options to run for office. Capacity gaps mean women are less likely than men to have the education, contacts and resources needed to become effective leaders. As the 2011 UN General Assembly resolution on women’s political participation notes, “Women in every part of the world continue to be largely marginalized from the political sphere, often as a result of discriminatory laws, practices, attitudes and gender stereotypes, low levels of education, lack of access to health care and the disproportionate effect of poverty on women.” Individual women have overcome these obstacles with great acclaim, and often to the benefit of society at large. But for women as a whole, the playing field needs to be level, opening opportunities for all
South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 2017
Global leadership has served as a hallmark topic in leadership research for the past few decades, in response to an unprecedented growth of international firms and markets (Ajarimah, 2001; Caligiuri, 2006; Gentry et al., 2014; Khilji et al., 2010; Mendenhall et al., 2012; Özbilgin and Syed, 2010). However, scholars have described it as a western-centric (Arvey et al., 2015) and male-dominated (Kyriakidou, 2012; Murray and Syed, 2010; Syed and Murray, 2008) field. The intersectional effects of gender, ethnicity and other forms of identity remain relatively underexplored in the leadership literature. With the purpose of providing an unconventional non-western perspective (Bamberger and Pratt, 2010; Khilji and Rowley, 2013) and also in line with the intersectionality perspective (Shields, 2008), this special issue (SI) comprises research that explores South Asian leadership experiences and perspectives about gender. An examination of the intersections between gender and leadership, and/or ethnicity and gender in leadership can help us to understand changes in social relations over time. An intersectional lens is also helpful in deconstructing categories within which policy makers and academics often confine groups and individuals. It provides a nuanced and holistic understanding of how women are located within various social situations and contexts.
International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2023
After independence, the Condition of women in India has developed. Almost half of India's population is female. A civilization or culture that does not respect and esteem women cannot be deemed civilized. New legislation and regulations in India have increased the number of opportunities for women's empowerment. Once the country won its independence, women were also granted the universal suffrage.Nevertheless, the proportion of women serving in the Lok Sabha and the Parliament is progressively growing. This has led to an increase in the participation of women in politics, and this article examines this tendency. It examines the evolution of women's political power and the history of the feminist movement. It also investigates probable factors for women's underrepresentation in politics. The essay also discusses Indian women's political advancement and future potential.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Media, and Social Science, 2019
In the process of democratisation, the matter of greater political participation of women and representativeness became a prerequisite of the realisation of more meaningful democracy. The more meaningful democracy was the democracy that paid attention to and struggled the interests of the majority of the people, namely women, in particular country such as in Indonesia. This condition also happened in India, where one of the indicators of participation of women in political parties was measured from the representation of women in the parliament under the quota, similar with Indonesia. According to this comparative study research, the low number of women participation in India caused by women still feel more convenience to stay domestically in private place and the domination of power structure. However, in Indonesia caused less support from parties, such as limited financial support for female candidates, limited access to political networks and prevalence of double standards. The role of men in politics was still dominant in these two countries. An alternative solution was supporting program to advance gender equality in politics through social media net working.
This paper examines current patterns of women's political participation in the four subregions (Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, South Asia and the Pacific Islands) of the Asia-Pacific region (summarised in table 1). Key enablers and obstacles to women's equal participation in formal politics (legislative institutions) and public life are analysed. Successful mechanisms for increasing women's descriptive and substantive representation, in particular countries are highlighted. In each subregion the existing or prospective impact of "fast track" policies such as gender quotas and temporary special measures are considered together with an assessment of future priorities for the political empowerment of women. A tools and resources section for subregion is provided with hyperlinks for further analysis. 2012 Women's Political Participation Report Asia-Pacific 2 Key Findings on Women's Political Participation in Asia-Pacific • On average women's political representation is lowest in the Pacific subregion at 3.65% (excluding Australia and New Zealand), then East Asia at 17.6% closely followed by Southeastern Asia at 18.09% (including Brunei) and South Asia with 19.76%. Women's representation is below the global average in all four subregions.
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, 2022
Background: Khasi women have a rich tradition and enjoyed social status and freedom in their community. Women are the leader of the family and make immense contributions to the socioeconomic wellbeing of the community. Leadership in the family and service sectors is highly visible but there is less participation in the political sector. Therefore the current study is to explore the socio-political leadership of Khasi women in the East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya. Materials and Methods: A mixed method study and sequential exploratory design were carried out in the current study. The respondents were from the Mawsynram and Shillong blocks of East Khasi Hills District. A total of 150 Khasi women filled out the google form questionnaire for quantitative data. For qualitative data, 10 respondents were interviewed. The questionnaire and Interview guide were focused on the family, social and political leadership of Khasi women. Quantitative data analysis was done through SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) for generating frequency whereas qualitative analysis was done through thematic analysis. Results: The quantitative results revealed that women rule in the family and society. They strongly agree on women should be given equal representation in local bodies. The qualitative finding depicts that women's leadership in family and service is high. The study also found that Khasi women have less participation in the political sector. The reasons are lack of awareness, opportunities, a traditional system, and poor interest. Conclusion: The overall findings show that women are involved in all kinds of family functioning, social service, and occupational sector. The women are well capable in their family functioning and service sector, and then they can be much capable in political leadership. The current study suggested that women's participation in politics will help to connect the issues in the family and service sectors. Therefore, need for empowering women in leadership in the Khasi community.
2013
Drawing on selected readings, this review introduces key theoretical positions and assumptions about women’s political leadership and translates them into the Melanesian context. It also identifies assumptions underpinning key questions relating to the appropriateness of donor assistance to activities and programs designed to support democratic governance in CDI‟s focus countries (Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Vanuatu and Fiji). Note: This paper is an excerpt of a larger paper published by CDI.
2020
This article highlights the erstwhile prominence of dynastic female leadership in the South Asian region, particularly prosperous throughout the 1960’s until the 1990’s. Yet, albeit the desire to flaunt with the level of progressiveness as exhibited by their female leaders, South Asia presents us with a paradox. Prevailing clientelist structures and family-based political networks have produced and fostered processes of dynastic succession, particularly evident in the case of the region. In order to diminish the power of political dynasties, and instead embrace and promote genuine female empowerment and leadership, the countries of South Asia must redirect their efforts into encouraging higher levels of participation in governance by women from more marginalized communities. Only in this manner can South Asia truly claim to work towards female emancipation in terms of all levels of governance. While this article does not explore the overall phenomenon of contemporary female participation in politics, it attempts to highlight the necessity for South Asian States to reconsider their conception of female leadership.
Occasional Paper 2012
This study focuses on gender equality and democratic governance in the five largest states of the South Asian region, namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Beginning with a general introduction to the region, the first section highlights the shared historical and cultural heritage of South Asia and delineates the challenges confronting individual states in the region. The second section explains the difference between Western/ European, and South Asian understandings of democracy, followed by a discussion on the concepts of gender, democracy and governance. The significance of the state and the women's movement is discussed, and the importance of gender equality as one of the core principles of democratic governance emphasised. The third section delineates and discusses four issues, namely, interest, representation, limits of representative democracy, and neo-liberalism that this paper argues has a bearing on the debate on gender quotas. The fourth section discusses women's movement mobilisation for reserved quotas in local and national governance institutions in the abovementioned states. Women's participation in governance institutions is assessed, and the necessity of bridging class inequality and effecting distributive justice underlined. The fifth section identifies key issues with regard to women's mobilisation for equality in politics in South Asia; the advantages as
Commonwealth Secretariat eBooks, 2013
List of tables, figures and boxes x Abbreviations and acronyms xi 1 Women's Political Participation in the Commonwealth: Issues and Challenges 1.1 Challenges to women's effective participation in politics 1.2 Electoral systems favourable to women's participation 1.3 Quotas and electoral systems 1.4 Rationale for the publication 2 The Impact of Women's Political Leadership on Democracy and Development in South Africa
Nowadays, issues of political participation of women become increasing all over the world. But still it doesn't reach the expected level and their participation limited at a lower level position. The situation is similar in Dire-Dawa administration. The main purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting women's participation in political leadership in Dire-Dawa Administration. What are the socio-cultural, economic and political factors, what is the attitudes of women toward politics and is there favorable policy environment are the major research questions. To do so, this study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approach and descriptive type of survey was used in order to get better and deep information. Besides both primary and secondary data sources were used to examine the issues under discussion and data has collected using questionnaires, interview and FGD. 135 sample sizes were employed and respondents were selected randomly from the selected 5 sectoral bureaus and administrative council. In addition, 7 higher political leaders including the mayor for interview and 6 chairman of standing committee and 3 heads of women organization (league, federation and union) for FGD were purposefully selected to support the study. Inferential statistics were also employed to analyze the quantitative data. Questionnaire survey was administered by women employee and women member of the administrative council. The study result shows that although there is improvement in the participation of women in political leadership, their representation in different leadership position especially at the higher level position is very low. There are different factors behind this. Socio-cultural, economic, political, psychological and inappropriate implementation of policies and strategies are among the major factors. Finally, the study concluded by providing possible recommendations that, to increase the participation of women's in political leadership position, much work should be done to solve influencing factors such as empowering women economically, working on the perception of the societies and men political leaders, creating conducive political environment for women, develop women confidence on themselves by using different mechanism and properly implementing the stated policies, strategies, programs and packages to solve those factors hindering women participation and gender inequality.
2023
Purpose-The main goal of the study is to participate in academic debates and explore women's leadership and related challenges and opportunities in governance, and the extent to which women's leadership has been enhanced by administrative reforms. The goal is to broaden the scope of action by promoting women's engagement and leadership in local government. Design/methodology/approach-This is a qualitative study that uses inductive content analysis to examine the relationship between administrative reforms and women's leadership development in the context of local government in Southeast and South Asia. Findings-There is a positive impact of administrative reforms on women's leadership development. There is evidence that women are preparing for leadership roles in administration, which is a sign of progress in political change and modernization of society. They have been empowered by political and administrative education in a transformative way. Research limitations/implications-This article contributes to the literature that expands knowledge about governance, female leadership and administrative reform. They are interrelated because they are precursors to the development of women's leadership in countries. Practical implications-The findings of this study can help governments in South and Southeast Asia become more aware of strategies to promote gender balance in governance. The unsatisfactory situation was found to exist because of problems related to socio-political, economic, cultural, and personal development. Originality/value-This study is the first to highlight the relationship between administrative reform and the development of women in leadership positions in a rarely studied developing country.
Political Science, 2019
The very construction of “South Asia” is intertwined both with its colonial past and with its intersecting politics shaped by ideologies and conflict over territory. Most of the SAARC countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Afghanistan) have been occupied by at least one colonizer or had treaties between monarchs that ended in massive uprisings, marking the birth of these independent nation-states. In the postcolonial nation-states of South Asia, gender has been used as a frame of reference and as an analytical tool to understand the collective effort in nationalist movements and nation-building as well as in articulating various forms of discrimination. Women forged an alliance on the question of subordination, both locally and regionally. Individuals outside the heteronormative world raised their voices and reclaimed their spaces within the heteropatriarchy. Heterogeneity in race, ethnicity, language, class, caste, age, and nationalities off...
Eastern Journal of Dialogue and Culture 15/1, 2022
Kudumbasree, the second-largest women's network in Asia, has nurtured the decision-making capabilities and leadership qualities among women in Kerala. This paper is based on the findings of an empirical study on 40 women LSGI members from the Wayanad district of Kerala who were previously members of the Kudumbasree. Unstructured telephonic interviews were used to collect data from the sample. The key component of this research was to analyse how Kudumbasree activities have contributed to their capacity building to contest and win the LSGI elections. It is important to identify the capabilities of women and train them so that they can rise to the highest level of political empowerment and contribute to the fostering of gender equality. The support received from religious communities and authorities is specially acknowledged by the study participants and is a positive change happening to the cause of women empowerment in the recent decades.
Gender Mainstreaming in Politics, Administration and Development in South Asia
Gender mainstreaming is about removing disparities between men and women-about equal access to resources, inclusion and participation in the public sphere, representation in government, and empowerment, all with the aim of achieving equal opportunities for men and women in family life, society, administration, politics, and the economy. Gender mainstreaming does not refer only to women (Monsen, 2010, p. 2). It means that all social and development-related policies must reflect on gender and consider it as an essential element in the policy formulation process.
Pragyantaran, 2022
South Asian women face a number of challenges while attempting to access leaderships in civil society and political organizations. Considering inadequate prevalence of women in leadership, they are encouraged to be the part of political process by reservation system; however, they are in equal footing with men counterparts in serving people at household, community, sub-national and national levels. A study jointly conducted in 2014-15 by Norwegian research agency NIBR in collaboration with SAIPL in Nepal, MYRADA in Karnataka, India and Royal University of Bhutan in Bhutan inaugurated various dimensions of challenges in political participation of women in these countries. Education and training, access to the resources and building capability for leadership were some major challenges they had to face. Lack of knowledge on planning process for the coming year led them often towards uncomfortable situations with allocated resources for previously set programmes. Among the women in leaderships in grassroots levels in these three countries, Nepali women were more knowledgeable and independent in taking decisions compared to Indian and Bhutanese.
2012
In 2009, the Royal Norwegian Embassy, India signed an agreement with Unifem, now UN Women, South Asia Regional Office to initiate a three-year programme entitled 'Promoting Women's Political Leadership and Governance in India and South Asia'. The programme aims to empower elected women representatives in local governance to make public policy and resource allocation patterns responsive to women's human rights. The programme covers 5 countries of South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). In India, the programme is co-owned by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. The Programme has been designed with the spirit to capture the specific issues and challenges with regard to women's political empowerment that each country experiences. This is a demand driven programme that seeks to understand and address issues of women's participation in local governance from the grassroots perspective. Generation of a body of knowledge on women&#...
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