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2021
Microemulsion (ME) are one of the potential and emerging drug carrier systems that help to improve the drug release and enhance the bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. These are considered as thermodynamically stable system which mainly consists of three to five components such as aqueous phase, an oil phase, surfactant, cosurfactant, and in some cases electrolyte. Microemulsion became more popular as a drug delivery system, due to some of its unique features such as its capacity to increase the bioavailability, long shelf life and ease of preparation, and huge scope of application. The delivery system is widely used in different filed such as pharmaceutical, food industries, and cosmetics industries. As per literature, around 40% of the newly arrived drug molecules are poorly water-soluble in nature and results in poor bioavailability. Therefore, ME drug delivery system may play a key role to overcome the mentioned issue. Hence, the review has been written with an aim ...
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2009
Microemulsions are clear, transparent, thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water, stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. Recently, there has been a considerable interest for the microemulsion formulation, for the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drug as drug carriers because of its improved drug solubilization capacity, long shelf life, easy of preparation and improvement of bioavailability. In this present review, we discuss about the various advantages of microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, along with its preparation, evaluation and research work carried out on microemulsions.
2014
Microemulsions are defined as clear, transparent, thermodynamically stable, isotropic mixtures of oil and water, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. Recently microemulsion formulations are widely used for the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drug as drug carriers due to their improved drug solubilisation capacity, long shelf life, ease of preparation and improvement of bioavailability. In this present review, we will discuss about the various advantages of microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, along with its preparation, classification, evaluation parameters and research work carried out on microemulsions.
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology, 2018
Microemulsions are defined as clear, transparent, thermodynamically stable, isotropic mixtures of oil and water, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. Recently microemulsion formulations are widely used for the delivery of hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drug as drug carriers due to their improved drug solubilisation capacity, long shelf life, ease of preparation and improvement of bioavailability. In this present review, we will discuss about the various advantages of microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, along with its preparation, classification, evaluation parameters and research work carried out on microemulsions.
International Research Journal Of Pharmacy, 2018
Micro-emulsions are unit optically and macroscopically isotropous mixtures of a minimum of a hydrophilic associated, a hydrophobic and an ampiphilic half. These are unit stable than different emulsion forms, clear, usually conjoint with a co surfactant their diameter is within the parameter of 10-140µm. These days, the micro-emulsion formulations are unit accepted everywhere to deliver the hydrophilic yet because the lipophilic medications as drug carriers as a result they need lots of additional wonderful drug solubilizing ability, long time period, better bioavailability, the comfort of preparations, ultra-low surface tension and enormous surface space. During this critical review, the varied benefits, disadvantages, limitations, of micro-emulsions within the prescription drugs, ways of preparation, types of micro-emulsion, analysis parameters and therefore the totally different analysis works on the micro-emulsions squares measure represented.
Recent progress in combinatorial drug has led to the generation of a large number of new compounds. microemulsions are versatile systems of great technological and scientific interest to the researchers because of their potential to incorporate a wide range of drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) due to the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. A micro emulsion is a transparent, thermodynamically stable mixture of two immiscible liquid stabilized by surfactant (or mixture of surfactant). Microemulsions have many advantages for instance, more drug solubility, thermodynamic stability, manufacturing and permeation is easy over conventional formulations that convert them to important drug delivery systems. The design and development of microemulsions aimed at controlling or improving required bioavailability levels of therapeutic agents. Through this review an attempt has been made to focus on several recent developments occurred in the field of microemulsions based applications and which confirms its role as a suitable cargoes for delivery of drugs. In that note, the relevance of this paper and the truncated basic aspects and application on microemulsions are discussed.
Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 2020
Microemulsions are have appear as novel vehicles for drug delivery system, microemulsions clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactants, frequently in combination with co-surfactants. Microemulsions acts as potential drug carrier systems for oral, topical, and parenteral administration. They are having the advantages like spontaneous formation, thermodynamically stable, ease of manufacturing and scale-up, improved drug solubilization and bioavailability, long self-life.
2023
Most pharmacological medications frequently exhibit poor dosage proportionality, significant intra-and inter-subject variability, and limited oral bioavailability when taken orally. It has been estimated that around 40% of innovative medication candidates don't dissolve very well in water. The development of a microemulsion drug delivery system may be the solution to the problem of how well lipophilic drugs work in the body (ME). A microemulsion is an idealised mixture of isotropic oils and surfactants, which may also comprise co-solvents. Microemulsions are also known as nano-emulsions. It is possible to make a fine oil-in-water emulsion on its own by pouring the mixture into the water phase and then gently swirling it around. The movement of the stomach and intestines that occurs during digestion makes it possible for in vivo emulsification to occur. The use of microemulsion is becoming more common and is essential in many different technological domains all over the world. These uses include oil recovery that is more economically feasible, combustion, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, agriculture, metal cutting, lubrication, food, enzymatic catalysis, organic and bioorganic processes, and more.
Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2016
Microemulsions are interesting formulations for cosmeceutical applications due to their good appearance, high solubilization power, thermodynamic stability, and enhancement of skin penetration. In addition, they can spontaneously form when suitable types and amounts of components are simply mixed. In this study, the phase behavior of the nonionic systems with various parameters was studied by construction of phase diagrams using titration method. Natural oils, i.e., coconut oil (CO), rice bran oil (RBO), and palm oil (PO), were analyzed for their fatty acid compositions and then mixed with blends of nonionic surfactants (Tween80: Span80) and water or mixtures of water and a cosolvent, propylene glycol (PG), to find the microemulsion regions. Subsequently, some microemulsions were selected for physical characterization. The largest microemulsion regions which were obtained from CO, RBO, and PO covered the sizes of 11.65, 9.84, and 9.24 %, respectively. The surfactant mixture at weight ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable for CO and PO, but for RBO, it was 2:1. PG could increase the microemulsion regions of PO from 9.24 to 15.33 %, depending on PG concentrations. Hence, the sizes of the microemulsion regions were related to oil types, surfactant mixtures, and ratios between water and PG. The studied microemulsions were water-in-oil (w/o) type, and their internal droplets were in the nanosize range. They exhibited Newtonian flow behavior and their mean viscosity values were from 247.53 to 690.35 cP which were correlated with the types and concentrations of the components in the formulations. In conclusion, natural oils could form w/o microemulsions with nonionic surfactants. The microemulsion formation and characteristics were related to many parameters of the components.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL PHARMACY AND LIFE SCIENCES, 2015
Self Micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are usually used to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Approximately 60-70% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility and present a major challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability. SMEDDS is isotropic (one phase system) mixture of oil or modified oils, surfactants and co-surfactants, which form the fine oil-in-water microemulsion when introduced into aqueous phase under condition of gentle agitation. The digestive motility of the stomach and intestine provide the agitation necessary for self-microemulsion in-vivo. Triglyceride is the one of the component of SMEDDS, which helps in the absorption of drugs from the GI tract. SMEDDS enhance the bioavailability enabling reduction in dose of the drug. SMEDDS is evaluated by various methods like visual assessment, droplet polarity and droplet size, size of emulsion droplet, dissolution test, charge of oil droplets, viscosity determination, in-vitro diffusion study. This article gives an overview of improvement in the rate and extent of oral absorption of drugs by SMEDDS approach. The characterization of SMEDDS and application of SMEDDS is also introduced, with particular emphasis being placed on the developments of Solid self micro-emulsifying delivery system and dosage form of SMEDDS.
2018
Microemulsions (MEs) are isotropic mixtures with or without a cosurfactant along with combination of oil, water and surfactant and most stable as per view of thermodynamics. These systems of drug delivery are currently of prior interest to the pharmacists because of their embryonic potential to act as therapeutic enzymes and peptide based drug delivery vehicles with incorporation of a wide range of active therapeutic protein and peptide molecules. These therapeutic macromolecules in microemulsion drug delivery form is not solely based on compositions of the vehicle but also on the internal structure or composition of the phases which may nurture protein drug distribution in the vehicles for enhanced drug solubilisation capacity, ease of preparation, enhancement of bioavailability and maximum shelf life. In order to appreciate the potential of protein based microemulsions as delivery vehicles for enhanced drug permeation via skin and tolerability of these systems, this review offers ...
Microemulsions are one of the best candidates as novel drug delivery system because of their long shelf life, improved drug solubilization with ease of preparation and administration. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and optically isotropic liquid solutions of oil, water and amphiphile. They have emerged as novel vehicles for drug delivery which allow controlled or sustained release for ocular, percutaneous, topical, transdermal, and parenteral administration of medicaments. Microemulsions can be easily distinguished from normal emulsions by their low viscosity, transparency and more accurately their thermodynamic stability. Microemulsions have great range of applications and uses such as in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, cutting oils, biotechnology, food, cosmetics, analytical applications, environmental detoxification etc. The main objective of this review paper is to discuss microemulsions as drug carrier system with other possible applications.
Therapeutic Delivery, 2013
Microemulsions (MEs) are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent isotropic solutions of oil and water successfully formulated by using a combination of suitable surfactant and cosurfactant. While the selection of oil is based primarily on the solubility of drug in it, surfactant is generally selected on the basis of its hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value. MEs are characterized by ultra-low interfacial tension between the immiscible phases and offer the advantage of spontaneous formation, thermodynamic stability and ease of manufacture. The solubilization power of MEs for lipophilic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic solutes form a viable approach for enhancing bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and percutaneous permeation of poorly permeable drugs, mainly due to the large area to volume ratio available for mass transfer.
International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs
Microemulsions are excellent candidates as potential drug delivery systems because of their improved drug solubilization, long shelf life, and ease of preparation and administration. The formulation of microemulsion for pharmaceutical use requires a thorough understanding of the properties uses, and limitations of the microemulsion. Three distinct microemulsions – oil external, water external and middle phase can be used for drug delivery, depending upon the type of drug delivery upon the type of drug and the site of action. In this article, Since the term micro emulsion’ was first coined almost fifty years ago to describe clear, isotropic, thermodynamically stable systems composed of oil, water, surfactant and cosurfactant, numerous and varied reports of the applications of microemulsions have appeared in the literature. Reports of the use of microemulsions in separation science began to appear in the literature in the early 1990’s when they were first used as mobile phases for HPL...
International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis
Microemulsions, comprising oil, water and a surfactant, in association with some co-surfactant, are thermodynamically stable systems. They have found applications in a large number of chemical and pharmacological processes due to their unique properties such as large interfacial area, low interfacial tension, and most importantly, the ability to solubilize and deliver hydrophobic drugs. Microemulsions are ore, topical and parenteral administration. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable. Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. This review highlights the properties and several recent developments in the use of microemulsions for medical treatment purposes including targeted drug delivery.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 2011
The aim of the present study was to design novel o/w microemulsion of Glimepiride and to study its dissolution behavior by raising its solubility. Oil and surfactant were selected based on their drug solubilizing capacity and HLB value. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were developed at different ratios of Cremophor RH 40 and Transcutol P to know the microemulsion existing zone. Glimepiride loaded microemulsion using Labrafil M 1944 CS, Cremophor RH 40, Transcutol P as oil, surfactant and cosurfactant respectively, was prepared and characterized. Accelerated stability study of the developed microemulsion was carried out for 6 months. Drug solubilization capacity of the microemulsion system was determined. Solubility of Glimepiride by the O/W microemulsion was increased by 5785 times to that of water (0.019mg±0.002). In-vitro drug diffusion study revealed that after 10 hrs of diffusion, more than 18% of the drug was diffused from the microemulsion system, as compared to the commercially...
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012
Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. These systems are currently of interest to the pharmaceutical scientist because of their considerable potential to act as drug delivery vehicles by incorporating a wide range of drug molecules. In order to appreciate the potential of microemulsions as delivery vehicles, this review gives an overview of the formation and phase behaviour and characterization of microemulsions. The use of microemulsions and closely related microemulsion-based systems as drug delivery vehicles is reviewed, with particular emphasis being placed on recent developments and future directions.
Since the discovery of microemulsions by Jack H. Shulman, there have been huge progresses made in applying microemulsion syst ems in a plethora of research and industrial processes. Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. Microemulsions are optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solutions of oil, water and amphiphile. To date microemulsions have been shown to be able to protect labile drug, control drug release, increase drug solubility, increase bioavailability and reduce patient variability. Furthermore, it has proven possible to formulate preparations suitable for most routes of administration. Since the discovery of microemulsions, they have attained increasing significance both in basic research and in industry. Due to their unique proper ties, namely, ultralow interfacial tension, large interfacial area, thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilise otherwise immiscible liquids, uses and applications of microemulsions have been numerous. Microemulsions are readily distinguished from normal emulsions by their transparency, low viscosity and more fundamentally their thermodynamic stability. Microemulsions are shown to be effective dermal delivery mechanism for several active ingredients for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Topical microemulsions allow rapid penetration of active molecules due to the large surface area of the internal phase, and their components reduce the barrier property of stratum corneum. Microemulsions thereby enhance dermal absorption compared with conventional formulations and are therefore a promising vehicle due to their pot ential for transdermal drug delivery.
Micro emulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent system of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. These versatile systems are currently of great technological and scientific interest to the researchers because of their potential to incorporate a wide range of drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) due to the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. They have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of various poorly soluble drugs.The discoveries of micro emulsions have attained increasing significance both in basic research and in industry. Due to their unique properties namely ultralow interfacial tension, large interfacial area, thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilise other immiscible liquids, uses and applications of micro emulsions have been numerous. Micro emulsions avoid first pass metabolism, and their ease of administration with good control over rate of drug delivery. In topical formulations they have been proved to increase the cutaneous absorption of both lipophilic and hydrophilic API's. In this type of applications the micro emulsions attribute to the performance to generally a higher solubility of the API'S of micro emulsions, generating increased concentration gradient towards skin.
Frontiers in Nanotechnology, 2021
Microemulsions, comprising oil, water and a surfactant, in association with some co-surfactant, are thermodynamically stable systems. They have found applications in a large number of chemical and pharmacological processes due to their unique properties such as large interfacial area, low interfacial tension, and most importantly, the ability to solubilize and deliver hydrophobic drugs. In addition to the oral and intravenous route, they are suitable for drug delivery through the ophthalmic, vaginal, pulmonary, dental, and topical routes. This review highlights the properties and several recent developments in the use of microemulsions for medical treatment purposes including targeted drug delivery.
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 2008
Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent (or translucent) systems of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant with a droplet size usually in the range of 20-200 nm. They can be classified as oil-in-water (o/w), water-in-oil (w/o) or bicontinuous systems depending on their structure and are characterized by ultra low interfacial tension between oil and water phases. These versatile systems are currently of great technological and scientific interest to the researchers because of their potential to incorporate a wide range of drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) due to the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. These adaptable delivery systems provide protection against oxidation, enzymatic hydrolysis and improve the solubilization of lipophilic drugs and hence enhance their bioavailability. In addition to oral and intravenous delivery, they are amenable for sustained and targeted delivery through ophthalmic, dental, pulmonary, vaginal and topical routes. Microemulsions are experiencing a very active development as reflected by the numerous publications and patents being granted on these systems. They have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of various poorly soluble drugs including cyclosporine and paclitaxel as professed by Hauer et al., US patent 7235248, and Gao et al., US patent 7115565, respectively. Furthermore, they can be employed for challenging tasks such as carrying chemotherapeutic agents to neoplastic cells and oral delivery of insulin as diligently described by Maranhao, US patent 5578583 and Burnside et al., US patent 5824638 respectively. The recent commercial success of Sandimmune Neoral ® (Cyclosporine A), Fortovase ® (Saquinavir), Norvir ® (Ritonavir), etc. also reflects the tremendous potential of these newer drug therapeutic systems. A critical evaluation of recent patents claiming different approaches to improve the drug delivery is the focus of the current review.
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