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2017, Energy Procedia
As a result of the major challenges the world is facing today due to global warming and the ever decreasing conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels, developing methodologies for harnessing all possible forms of renewable energy has become a heavily researched area within the power and energy research communities. Deploying energy storages increases the possibilities of harnessing several sources of renewable energy in a more meaningful manner. Some of the key areas where energy storages could make things better, when it comes to harnessing renewable energy sources are, Wind energy, Bio energy, Geothermal energy, Solar energy and Wave energy. The paper investigates application examples of energy storages in these areas through a thorough review of reported scientific literature. On the other hand, major energy consuming areas such as transportation, manufacturing, electricity consumers etc. could also benefit by the introduction of energy storages. As an example, in transportation, increasing usage of hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and emerging new concepts in transportation such as electric highways have raised the significant role of energy storage solutions for transportation to its highest level. It is believed that this way of looking at the energy storages will strategically position them with the significance they deserve within the energy and power engineering research community.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2014
A significant percentage of the global energy demand is expected to be met through widespread supply of renewable electricity in the near future. However, renewable energy outputs are variable due to a stochastic characteristic of their sources. Electrical power system operators around the world are faced with difficulties of integrating these variable power sources into the existing power grids. Energy storage systems are one of the possible solutions for mitigating the effects of intermittent renewable resources on networks, allowing increased renewable energy utilization, and providing flexibility and ancillary services for managing future electricity supply/demand challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of energy storage technologies that are currently engaged for power applications, including pumped hydro, compressed-air, battery, flywheel, capacitor, supercapacitor, superconducting magnetic and thermal systems. The study compares the characteristics of these systems, and presents their technological development status and capital costs. Some directions for future work are also highlighted. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to some new storage technologies such as: adiabatic, underwater, isothermal and small-scale compressed-air; sub-surface, seawater and variable-speed pumped hydro, and pumped heat systems, which hold opportunity for future smart electrical grid applications, but there is need for more research to actualize their promising potentials.
In this paper, an updated review of the state of technology and installations of several energy storage technologies were presented, and their various characteristics were analyzed. The analyses included their storage properties, current state in the industry and feasibility for future installation. The paper includes also the main characteristics of energy storage technologies suitable for renewable energy systems.
IEEE Access, 2019
It is an exciting time for power systems as there are many groundbreaking changes happening simultaneously. There is a global concensus in increasing the share of renewable energy-based generation in the overall mix, transitioning to a more environmental-friendly transportation with electric vehicles as well as liberalizing the electricity markets, much to the distaste of traditional utility companies. All of these changes are against the status quo and introduce new paradigms in the way the power systems operate. The generation penetrates distribution networks, renewables introduce intermittency, and liberalized markets need more competitive operation with the existing assets. All of these challenges require using some sort of storage device to develop viable power system operation solutions. There are different types of storage systems with different costs, operation characteristics, and potential applications. Understanding these is vital for the future design of power systems whether it be for short-term transient operation or long-term generation planning. In this paper, the state-of-the-art storage systems and their characteristics are thoroughly reviewed along with the cutting edge research prototypes. Based on their architectures, capacities, and operation characteristics, the potential application fields are identified. Finally, the research fields that are related to energy storage systems are studied with their impacts on the future of power systems.
2013
Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 2011
Integration of renewable sources in electrical networks has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the power supplied by renewable energy sources is not as secure and easy to adjust to changes in demand, as the power supplied by traditional power systems. As a result, storage devices are also integrated into the electrical network in order to ensure reliability and quality in the performance of the power system. This paper presents the current state of development of various storage technologies proposed for use in electric power systems. Thus, characteristic expressions, specific and comparative data (in technical and economic terms) are shown.
2012
The integration of renewable energy system into modern power grids has significantly increased during the last decade. Solar and wind energy are the most popular renewable energy sources recently. Solar energy has reached about 17,3 GW in 2010 whilst about 340 TWh of wind energy source has been installed worldwide. In this paper, the overview of updated information regarding proposed storage energy systems for renewable energy is presented. It is useful information for practitioners in considering the possible options of storage energy technologies to be connected with renewable energy sources.
In the current situation with the unprecedented deployment of clean technologies for electricity generation, it is natural to expect that storage will play an important role in electricity networks. This paper provides a qualitative methodology to select the appropriate technology or mix of technologies for different applications. The multiple comparisons according to different characteristics distinguish this paper from others about energy storage systems.
Energy Storage system, 2019
Inspecting the worldwide energy scenario, we observe that there are wide fluctuations between the demand and supply of electrical energy. The demand for electrical energy varies throughout the day, even when supply stays constant. When the demand is less than supply, excess energy is simply wasted, while peak demand may exceed the power supply. As the world is moving towards a low carbon economy in effort to reduce carbon emissions, new types of renewable energy sources are being utilized. Some of these energy sources are intermittent in nature – they are widely available in some parts of the day only. Some examples can be solar energy and wind energy. Energy storage technologies can provide the optimum solution to these problems. By storing the excess electrical energy produced by the base load plants during the off peak hours, or by harnessing the excess energy from the intermittent renewable sources when they are present in abundance, the energy storage devices make the electrical energy readily available when demand exceeds supply. In this thesis, we carried out a comprehensive study of six state-of-the-art energy storage technologies, which include solar thermal energy storage (solar TES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel energy storage, metal hydride energy storage, pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and cold thermal energy storage (CTES). We also carried out an analysis on the storage capacity of different storage technologies required to store a unit quantity of energy, which in this case is the energy content of a gallon of gasoline. Our results revealed that PHES requires the largest weight, while CAES requires the least weight, even though CAES is the least efficient of all the available storage technologies.
Conference IRSEC2015, 2015
In this paper, we present an overview of energy storage in renewable energy systems. In fact, energy storage is a dominant factor. It can reduce power fluctuations, enhances the system flexibility, and enables the storage and dispatching of the electricity generated by variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Different storage technologies are used in electric power systems. They can be chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, electromagnetic or thermal. Energy storage facility is comprised of a storage medium, a power conversion system and a balance of plant. In this work, an application to photovoltaic and wind electric power systems is made. The results obtained under Matlab/Simulink are presented.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2020
Incorporating renewables in the power grid has challenges in terms of the stability, reliability, and acceptable operation of the power system network. One possible solution is to integrate an energy storage system with the power network to manage unpredictable loads. The implementation of an energy storage system depends on the site, the source of electrical energy, and its associated costs and the environmental impacts. Moreover, an up-todate database with cost numbers, energy use, and resulting emissions is required for decision-making purposes. This paper reviews the techno-economic and environmental assessments of mechanical, electro-chemical, chemical, and thermal to give an update on recent developments and generate a relevant database for costs and emissions. We reviewed 91 publications, 58 on techno-economic assessment and 33 on life cycle assessment. We found that, because of economies of scale, the levelized cost of energy decreases with an increase in storage duration. In addition, performance parameters such as round-trip efficiency, cycle life, and cycle length highly influence the final costs and environmental footprints of various storage technologies. However, further research is required to build a bottom-up model that can handle all the technical parameters to quantify the levelized cost of energy and environmental footprints of the storage systems simultaneously. Environmental regulations have set GHG emission reduction targets in several sectors [5-7]. Renewable energy is a promising source that can play a vital role in mitigating GHG emissions and fulfilling global energy demand [8-11]. Among the renewable energy sources, globally solar and wind have shown remarkable growth, from 182 GW in 2009 to 660 GW in 2015 [12]. However, their integration into the existing power network has challenges in terms of efficiency, stability, and reliability, as most renewable sources are intermittent by nature [13-18].
The accelerated growth of the energy economy is still highly dependent on finite fossil fuel reserves. Modern power systems could not exist without the many forms of electricity storage that can be integrated at different levels of the power chain. This work contains a review of the most important applications in which storage provides electricity-market opportunities along with other benefits such as arbitrage, balancing and reserve power sources, voltage and frequency control, investment deferral, cost management and load shaping and levelling. Using a 5 function normalization technique a comparative assessment of 19 electrical energy storage (EES) technologies, based on their technical and operational characteristics, is carried out and the technology-application pairs identified across the power chain are presented. In terms of safety and simplicity, Pb-acid and Li-ion systems are viable options for small-scale residential applications, while advanced Pb-acid and molten-salt batteries are suited to medium-to-large scale applications including commercial and industrial consumers. In addition to their expected use in the transportation sector in the coming years, regenerative fuel cells and flow batteries have intriguing potential to offer in stationary applications once they are mature for commercialization. For large-scale/energy-management applications, pumped hydro is the most reliable energy storage option (over compressed-air alternatives) whereas flywheels, supercapacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are still focused on power-based applications. As different parts in the power system involve different stakeholders and services, each technology with its own benefits and weaknesses requires research and development in order to emerge over others and contribute to more effective energy production in the future.
Energies, 2020
Driven by global concerns about the climate and the environment, the world is opting for renewable energy sources (RESs), such as wind and solar. However, RESs suffer from the discredit of intermittency, for which energy storage systems (ESSs) are gaining popularity worldwide. Surplus energy obtained from RESs can be stored in several ways, and later utilized during periods of intermittencies or shortages. The idea of storing excess energy is not new, and numerous researches have been conducted to adorn this idea with innovations and improvements. This review is a humble attempt to assemble all the available knowledge on ESSs to benefit novice researchers in this field. This paper covers all core concepts of ESSs, including its evolution, elaborate classification, their comparison, the current scenario, applications, business models, environmental impacts, policies, barriers and probable solutions, and future prospects. This elaborate discussion on energy storage systems will act as...
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008
Electricity generated from renewable sources, which has shown remarkable growth worldwide, can rarely provide immediate response to demand as these sources do not deliver a regular supply easily adjustable to consumption needs. Thus, the growth of this decentralized production means greater network load stability problems and requires energy storage, generally using lead batteries, as a potential solution. However, lead batteries cannot withstand high cycling rates, nor can they store large amounts of energy in a small volume. That is why other types of storage technologies are being developed and implemented. This has led to the emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management of energy from renewable sources, allowing energy to be released into the grid during peak hours when it is more valuable.
The ministry of water and electricity of Saudi Arabia (MOWE) is undertaking research studies and assessments for the optimal selection of renewable energy storage systems to be used with power plants. A comprehensive survey of the renewable energy resources in Saudi Arabia is presented in this paper. A review of the global electricity storage systems has been conducted to select the best storage system to be implemented with the new establishment of many solar and wind plants in the Kingdom. The study aims to suggest the best storage systems that can be used to store the power generated from renewable energy resources in Saudi Arabia. Even though, the survey covered all the available energy storage technologies, only the mature well-developed storage technologies are presented in this paper. Recommendations were made for the best technologies to be used to store electricity produced from renewable energy in Saudi Arabia.
International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS, 2024
This review article offers a thorough analysis of current research and development initiatives related to renewable energy storage. The demand for effective and dependable energy storage technology has increased in tandem with the focus on renewable energy sources. The abstract examines a number of important facets of renewable energy storage, including developments in battery technology, new materials for energy storage, and creative solutions to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. The review discusses how energy storage contributes to improved grid stability, easier integration of renewable energy sources, and a more robust and sustainable energy infrastructure. It also discusses how crucial cost competitiveness and scalability are to mass adoption. The abstract also discusses resource availability, legal frameworks, environmental effect concerns, and potential and difficulties related to renewable energy storage. In order to expedite the shift to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future, interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial, and the conclusion offers insights into future prospects for research and development in this regard.
Energy Storage - Technologies and Applications, 2013
2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2014
Nowadays, with the large-scale penetration of distributed and renewable energy resources, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) stands out for its ability of adding flexibility, controlling intermittence and providing backup generation to electrical networks. It represents the critical link between the energy supply and demand chains and, moreover, a key element for increasing the role and attractiveness of renewable generation into the power grid, providing numerous technical and economic benefits to the power system stakeholders. On islanded systems and micro-grids, being updated about the state-of-the-art of EES systems and their benefits becomes even more relevant. Hence, in the present paper a comprehensive analysis of EES leading technologies' main assets, research issues, global market figures, economic benefits and technical applications is provided.
Applied Energy, 2015
h i g h l i g h t s An overview of the state-of-the-art in Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is provided. A comprehensive analysis of various EES technologies is carried out. An application potential analysis of the reviewed EES technologies is presented. The presented synthesis to EES technologies can be used to support future R&D and deployment.
IEEE Access
Power systems are undergoing a significant transformation around the globe. Renewable energy sources (RES) are replacing their conventional counterparts, leading to a variable, unpredictable, and distributed energy supply mix. The predominant forms of RES, wind, and solar photovoltaic (PV) require inverter-based resources (IBRs) that lack inherent synchronous inertia desired for the grid and thereby warrant additional interventions for maintaining grid stability by organizing various contingency planning. Such scenarios become more pertinent in the wake of rapid decarbonization objectives adopted by different countries, stringent grid code compliance, and improved grid resilience milestones. energy storage technologies can potentially address these concerns viably at different levels. This paper reviews different forms of storage technology available for grid application and classifies them on a series of merits relevant to a particular category. The varied maturity level of these solutions is discussed, depending on their adaptability and their notion towards pragmatic implementations. Some specific technologies that require particular mention are-hydrogen (H 2) storage with fuel cells (FC) as the reconversion medium, molten metal, and gravity batteries due to their highly scalable and siteable characteristics participating in load shifting; batteries and H 2 FC due to their high flexibility for peak shaving; and flywheels and supercapacitors for quick response applications, such as frequency regulation and voltage support. Various performance metrics are critically evaluated by comparing them on their usability scale, thus helping readers make a subjective judgment on a particular technology while being aware of the forthcoming limitations. Finally, the paper delves into some emerging trends that decide the selection of a particular technology based on life cycle assessment, economic viability, and commercial and environmental considerations that are presented under the given circumstances. The paper is believed to offer a broad overview of possible directions for the electric grid business, eventually emphasizing the need for more hybrid solutions with opportunities for short and long-term storage options.
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1996
The values of benefits and costs have been estimated for applying energy storage to three situations on the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation system. One situation b a valuable industrial customer requiring high quality, reliable power. The second situation i s the need for reliable power at the end of a radial distribution feeder. The third situation is a case of thermal overload on a transmission line to a growing load in an environmentally sensitive location. The first case requires a small storage system (30 MJ); the second and third require relatively large systems (250 and 550 MWh, respectively). A variety of energy storage technologies was considered for each case. This paper presents the benefitkost results for the technologies considered for each case.
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