Engine Tribology in Daily Life

ESSENTIALS OF VEHICLE TRIBOLOGY, 2019

The vehicle is one of the most common machines in use today, and it is no exaggeration to state that it is crucial to the economic success of all the developing and developed nations of the world and to the quality of life of their citizens. The vehicle itself consists of thousands of component parts, many of which rely on the interaction of their surfaces to function. There are many hundreds of tribological components, from bearings, pistons, transmissions, clutches, gears, to wiper blades, tires, and electrical contacts. The application of tribological principles is essential for the reliability of the vehicle, and mass production of the vehicle has led to enormous advances in the field of tribology. For example, many of the developments in lubrication and bearing surface technology have been driven by requirements for increased capacity and durability in the vehicle industry. For the purpose of classifying the tribological components, one can divide the motor vehicle into engine, transmission, drive line, and ancillaries such as tires, brakes, and windshield wipers. In the following sections, each automotive component is discussed in detail. Lubricants used with these automotive tribological components are described in the last section of this study. The reciprocating internal combustion engine as shown in Fig. 1 is the prime mover in the motor vehicle, as well as in many other modes of ground and sea transport, including motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, vans, trucks, buses, agricultural vehicles, construction vehicles, trains, boats, and ships. Further applications can be found in the field of electrical power generation, where the internal combustion engine is used for primary and standby electricity generation and for combined heat and power plants. The popularity of the reciprocating internal combustion engine is testament to its performance, reliability, and versatility. However, there are also some major drawbacks. Thermal and mechanical efficiencies are relatively low, with much of the energy of the fuel dissipated as heat loss and friction. The internal combustion engine is also a significant contributor to atmospheric pollution through hydrocarbon, particulate, and NO x (nitrogen oxides) emissions and to the greenhouse effect via carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. A viable alternative with the required portfolio of attributes including cost, however, has yet to be found and, hence, the reciprocating internal combustion engine is set to dominate the road vehicle market for the foreseeable future. Fig. 1 Main engine components in a reciprocating internal combustion engine A. Importance of Engine Tribology To reduce friction and wear, the engine tribologist is required to achieve effective lubrication of all moving engine components, with minimum adverse impact on the environment. This task is particularly difficult given the wide range of operating conditions of load, speed, temperature, and chemical reactivity experienced in an engine. Improvements in the tribological performance of engines can yield:

2013

Indeed, the engine industries have seen a tremendous growth in the research and development of new-age technologies over the past ten years or so. Even though a huge database is now available on present-day engine technologies, a skillful presentation of those data is a demanding task. At this count, an endeavor has been made here to brief the pros and cons of present-day engine technologies in an elusive manner. In a nut–shell, this article provides an extensive review of the primary principles that preside over the internal combustion engines design and operation, as well as a simplifying framework of new-age engine technologies has been organized and summarized in an elegant way to contribute to this pragmatic field.

International Journal of Engine Research, 2019

Tribology International, 2004

The spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engine has been the powerplant of choice for automotive and light truck applications for over 100 years. Whether this engine type will remain dominant in the future will depend on automakers' ability to find economically viable solutions to many constraints. Legislative demands continue to mount for better fuel economy, reduced exhaust emissions, increased recycleability and freedom from hazardous substances. Simultaneously, consumers are reluctant to accept any decrease in performance, features, range, quality and reliability. The tribological implications of changes in current engine materials are discussed. While these challenges are formidable, it is considered likely that, through evolution, the reciprocating engine will remain ahead of its more revolutionary competitors (e.g. fuel cells) for many years to come.

Friction, 2016

The increasing global environmental awareness, evidenced by recent worldwide calls for control of climate change and greenhouse emissions, has placed significant new technical mandates for automotives to improve engine efficiency, which is directly related to the production of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Reduction of parasitic losses of the vehicle, powertrain and the engine systems is a key component of energy conservation. For engine efficiency improvement, various approaches include improvements in advanced combustion systems, component system design and handling—such as down-sizing, boosting, and electrification—as well as waste heat recovery systems etc. Among these approaches, engine friction reduction is a key and relatively cost-effective approach, which has been receiving significant attention from tribologists and lubricant-lubrication engineers alike. In this paper, the fundamentals of friction specific to the environments of engine components tribology are re...

areas of thermodynamics, combustion, energy, power, and propulsion. During the past two decades, his research activities have centered on the operating characteristics and fuels requirements of automotive and aircraft engines. A major emphasis has been on computer models which predict the performance, efficiency, and emissions of spark-ignition, diesel, and gas turbine engines; and in carrying out experiments to develop and validate these models. He is also actively involved in technology assessments and policy studies related to automotive engines, automobile fuel utilization, and the control of air pollution. He consults frequently in &he automotive and petroleum industries, and for the U.S. Government.

A-I Thermodynamic Properties of Air, 379 A-2 Properties of Fuels, 380 A-3 Chemical Equilibrium Constants, 381 A-4 Conversion Factors for Engine Parameters, 382 REFERENCES 384 ANSWERS TO SELECTEDREVIEW PROBLEMS 392 INDEX 395 Preface xiii

Combustion Engines, 2017

Piston assembly in the most powerful 2.0l diesel engine-case study of the current tribological system and innovative concepts for the future This article is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the scenario of the vehicle powertrains development. The directions of the internal combustion engines development in search of the possibility of effective economic and ecological indicators improvement have been indicated. It has been pointed out that this goal can be achieved through the use of nanotechnology in order to exceed the downsizing barriers resulting from the permissible mechanical loads for conventional materials. The article presents the study of the construction and materials used in the piston assembly of the most advanced four-cylinder, compression-ignition diesel engine currently in manufacture. Original concepts of nanotechnology have been proposed to reduce friction losses in major friction components of future engines with extremely high loads. The main idea is to verify the hypothesis that the sub-micron surface texture of the friction components obtained in the process of applying anti-wear outer layers can lead to an effective reduction of friction losses under real engine operating conditions. Computer simulations of the effects of introducing the surface texture in the upper sealing ring on friction loss confirm this hypothesis by showing friction value being reduced by 3-4% relative to the standard ring profile. In the summary, further advanced technologies designed to effectively utilize the unique properties of carbon nanotubes have been described.

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018

This paper investigates the importance of tribology towards the global economy. The current world energy crisis, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the increasing of environmental hazards over the years have urged academicians and scientists to continuously seek for methods to overcome these problems while improving the quality of life in the same time. Energy saving can be achieved through the implementation of tribological improvements in various sectors such as transportation, manufacturing, power generation and residential sectors. The friction reductions eventually lead to wear reduction, energy loss reduction and CO2 emission reduction due to the lesser energy consumption. Therefore, it can be concluded that advanced tribological technologies benefits the entire world in the economical aspect through energy saving and emission reductions.