Deployment of benevolent alien genes for pest management

Jewish and Israeli Law - An Introduction, 2017

Chapter 1: General introduction 1.1 Why have a Science Review? 1.2 What has the Science Review involved? 1.3 How is scientific knowledge acquired? 1.4 Who has been involved in the Review? 1.5 What is the structure of the Report? 1.6 What is the relationship between this Review and the work of the UK statutory advisory committees on GM? 1.7 How will the Report be used? Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Publicity 2.2 The website 2.3 The Science Review Panel 2.4 Open meetings 2.5 Strand coordination 2.6 The Framework of the Review 2.7 The review of public concerns (the Corr Willbourn report) Chapter 3: The role of science in the regulatory process 3.1 Substantial equivalence 3.2 The precautionary principle Chapter 4: How reliable is GM plant breeding? Does GM work? Is GM technology too imprecise? Are GM genes more unstable than resident genes? Is it necessary to produce many transgenic plants to obtain an acceptable one? Chapter 5: The safety of food and animal feed derived from GM crops page 5.4 The fate of transgenic DNA Could transgenes (or parts of their DNA sequences) in food survive digestion and behave differently in comparison to traditional foodstuffs in their ability to relocate, recombine or modify the consumer's genome or that of associated gut microflora? If so, would this pose an increased risk to health compared to the consumption of non-GM derived food? 5.5 The effect of GM derived feed in the food chain Could the consumption of GM derived feed and crops by farm animals prove more of a health hazard to consumers of the resulting food products, or to the animals, than the use of non-GM material? Chapter 6: Environmental impacts of GM crops 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Invasiveness/persistence of GM plants Could GM plants be invasive or persistent, and what might be the impacts? 6.3 Toxicity to wildlife Could GM plants be toxic to wildlife, and what might be the impacts? 6.4 Development of resistance Could crops engineered with novel resistance genes lead to the emergence of new forms of pests, diseases and weeds that are resistant to chemical sprays? Will new forms of insects and diseases evolve which are able to bypass GM resistance genes? 6.5 New weed control strategies offered by GM herbicide tolerant crops Will herbicide tolerant crops offer new weed control strategies and, if so, what are the likely impacts, positive and negative? 6.6 Horizon scanning Apart from herbicide tolerant crops, what are the major new traits that might give rise to significant environmental impacts, positive or negative? 6.7 Changes in agricultural practice Might GM crops change agricultural practice in the UK? If so, what might be the likely consequences? 6.8 Limitations of science Is the science available to predict the environmental impact of GM plants? Chapter 7: Gene flow, detection and impact of GM crops 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Gene flow between crop varieties Can the extent and consequences of gene flow from GM crops to other crop varieties (GM and non-GM) be predicted and controlled? Is coexistence between GM and non-GM crops possible and can we detect unintended GM presence? 7.3 Gene flow from GM crops to agricultural weeds and wild relatives Can the extent and consequences of gene flow from GM crops to agricultural weeds and wild relatives be predicted and controlled? Could gene flow from GM crops generate superweeds or eliminate wild plant populations? 7.4 Can DNA from GM crops transfer to soil microbes? In nature, how important and prevalent is horizontal gene transfer from plants to microbes in the soil, and does the presence of transgenic DNA make this more likely to occur? To what extent are the ecological effects of horizontal gene transfer from plants to soil microbes predictable? 7.5 Can genetic material in GM plants transfer to viruses? Can plant-virus-derived transgenes recombine with, and be transferred to viruses? If horizontal gene transfer is possible between GM plants and viruses could this result in new viruses that could cause irrecoverable damage to the ecosystenm or to crops?

Metamaterials Modeling and Design, 2017

Chapter 1: General introduction 1.1 Why have a Science Review? 1.2 What has the Science Review involved? 1.3 How is scientific knowledge acquired? 1.4 Who has been involved in the Review? 1.5 What is the structure of the Report? 1.6 What is the relationship between this Review and the work of the UK statutory advisory committees on GM? 1.7 How will the Report be used? Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Publicity 2.2 The website 2.3 The Science Review Panel 2.4 Open meetings 2.5 Strand coordination 2.6 The Framework of the Review 2.7 The review of public concerns (the Corr Willbourn report) Chapter 3: The role of science in the regulatory process 3.1 Substantial equivalence 3.2 The precautionary principle Chapter 4: How reliable is GM plant breeding? Does GM work? Is GM technology too imprecise? Are GM genes more unstable than resident genes? Is it necessary to produce many transgenic plants to obtain an acceptable one? Chapter 5: The safety of food and animal feed derived from GM crops page 5.4 The fate of transgenic DNA Could transgenes (or parts of their DNA sequences) in food survive digestion and behave differently in comparison to traditional foodstuffs in their ability to relocate, recombine or modify the consumer's genome or that of associated gut microflora? If so, would this pose an increased risk to health compared to the consumption of non-GM derived food? 5.5 The effect of GM derived feed in the food chain Could the consumption of GM derived feed and crops by farm animals prove more of a health hazard to consumers of the resulting food products, or to the animals, than the use of non-GM material? Chapter 6: Environmental impacts of GM crops 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Invasiveness/persistence of GM plants Could GM plants be invasive or persistent, and what might be the impacts? 6.3 Toxicity to wildlife Could GM plants be toxic to wildlife, and what might be the impacts? 6.4 Development of resistance Could crops engineered with novel resistance genes lead to the emergence of new forms of pests, diseases and weeds that are resistant to chemical sprays? Will new forms of insects and diseases evolve which are able to bypass GM resistance genes? 6.5 New weed control strategies offered by GM herbicide tolerant crops Will herbicide tolerant crops offer new weed control strategies and, if so, what are the likely impacts, positive and negative? 6.6 Horizon scanning Apart from herbicide tolerant crops, what are the major new traits that might give rise to significant environmental impacts, positive or negative? 6.7 Changes in agricultural practice Might GM crops change agricultural practice in the UK? If so, what might be the likely consequences? 6.8 Limitations of science Is the science available to predict the environmental impact of GM plants? Chapter 7: Gene flow, detection and impact of GM crops 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Gene flow between crop varieties Can the extent and consequences of gene flow from GM crops to other crop varieties (GM and non-GM) be predicted and controlled? Is coexistence between GM and non-GM crops possible and can we detect unintended GM presence? 7.3 Gene flow from GM crops to agricultural weeds and wild relatives Can the extent and consequences of gene flow from GM crops to agricultural weeds and wild relatives be predicted and controlled? Could gene flow from GM crops generate superweeds or eliminate wild plant populations? 7.4 Can DNA from GM crops transfer to soil microbes? In nature, how important and prevalent is horizontal gene transfer from plants to microbes in the soil, and does the presence of transgenic DNA make this more likely to occur? To what extent are the ecological effects of horizontal gene transfer from plants to soil microbes predictable? 7.5 Can genetic material in GM plants transfer to viruses? Can plant-virus-derived transgenes recombine with, and be transferred to viruses? If horizontal gene transfer is possible between GM plants and viruses could this result in new viruses that could cause irrecoverable damage to the ecosystenm or to crops?

During the long history of crop cultivation in India, insect pests have always been a biotic constraint. Field pests and store house pests of crops were evidently as familiar and dreaded enemies of the farmer, then as now. Large and visible pests like beetles, bugs and caterpillars, and invisible enemies like fungi and bacteria attacked crops on the field. In gveda, it is mentioned that several insects and pests used to destroy the standing crops.

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different dates of sowing during 2009-2010 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur to study seasonal incidence of parasitoid fauna on groundnut leaf miner. Highest leaf miner incidence was recorded during September (15.40 larvae/ plant) on st groundnut crop sown on 1 of August 2009, and the next peak incidence was th observed during August (13.70 larvae/ plant) on that sown on 15 July 2009.

S ustainable agricultureintegrates all components to enhance an environmental, economic and social wellbeing alongwith making food availability to allwith respect to quality as well as quantity. In India the area under food production is 159.7 mha. Population increases at a geometric rate whereas food production is increasing at an arithmetical rate. Area remains constant, production and productivity are the major concern to concentrate.This make scarcity of food. Today, 58% of population are dependent on Agriculture and it contributes 10 % for the total export. Declining natural resources, challenging global trade, increasing costs of energy and attracting towards the rapid urbanization, diminishing food grain production,unemployment, less productive men power, changes in the global climate, declining productivity, soil erosion, biotic and abiotic stress to the plants, rise of industrial belts, malnutrition, affecting the local weather patterns with more frequent extreme events and food security are the pressing concerns of Indian Agriculture. Our efforts to tackle the problems are in progress. Still there is a need to implicate all the techniques and bring farmers, researchers, policy makers, under a single umbrella to make these efforts productive. Some of the areas to be focused are:

Invasive Species -are the organisms that cause harm or damage to the ecological environment.

Indian Phytopathology, 2010