Folk etymology of the English language

I have attempted in this paper to describe loan words in English and etymology of English words. Etymology as defined by Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (2010) is the study of the origin of words, historical perspectives, and modification in the meanings of these words. The etymological analysis of the words helps one recognize that words originate through a limited number of fundamental parameters such as borrowing the words from other languages; formation of words such as derivation and compounding; and onomatopoeia and sound symbolism. Of course, the English vocabulary consists of two types: the native and borrowed words. Interestingly, the number of borrowed words from different languages and sources is greater than the collection of native words.

2001

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without Contents An introduction to the textbook Chapter One: Word origins 3 The affixes of English 3.1 Prefixes 3.2 Suffixes Chapter Six: Replacement rules 1 Assimilation and types of assimilation 2 Labial assimilation 2.1 Exceptions to labial assimilation 3 Voicing assimilation 3.1 Sound versus spelling 3.2 Left-to-right voicing assimilation viii Contents 11 Fossilized allomorphy 12 Gradation 2.1 Gradation in Germanic 13 Rhotacism 3.1 Rhotacism in Latin 3.2 Rhotacism in Germanic 14 Metathesis (transposition) 15 Obscure cognates: completely unpredictable allomorphy 16 False cognates 6.1 Boundary misplacement 6.2 Homophony in roots and affixes 6.2.1 Root homophony 6.3 Affix homophony 6.3.1 Phonetic rules and homophony 6.3.2 Homophony of grammatical suffixes Contents ix 6.3.3 Mixed homophony: affixes and roots 17 Pseudo-affixes 18 Semantic variation 19 Multiple derivatives-multiple meanings Multiple affixes-same meaning Chapter Nine: Semantic change and semantic guesswork 1 Terminology 1.1 Diversity of meanings 1.2 Other-onyms 2 How meanings change ("semantic change") 2.1 External forces 2.1.1 Technology and current relevance 2.2 Accidental associations 2.3 Internal forces 2.3.1 Analogy 2.4 Loss of specificity 3 The results of semantic change 3.1 Scope 3.2 Status: amelioration and pejoration 3.3 Mixed examples 3.4 Narrowing/specialization 4 Types of status change 5 Changing cultural relevance 6 Semantic guesswork

2020

Morphology is the study of word formation and it discusses the ways of new words are created in the languages of the world (Leiber 2009). According to M.Hashemi and M. Aziznezhad (2011) "etymology is the scientific study of the origin, history as well as the derivation of words". Through analyzing these definitions one can argue that by analyzing the processes of word formation which are discussed in morphology, the classifications of the origin of the words can be learnt. It can be agreed to the argument depending on a comparison of word formation analysis and the classification of the origin of words which is mentioned in this piece of writing.

2001

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without Contents An introduction to the textbook Chapter One: Word origins 3 The affixes of English 3.1 Prefixes 3.2 Suffixes Chapter Six: Replacement rules 1 Assimilation and types of assimilation 2 Labial assimilation 2.1 Exceptions to labial assimilation 3 Voicing assimilation 3.1 Sound versus spelling 3.2 Left-to-right voicing assimilation viii Contents 11 Fossilized allomorphy 12 Gradation 2.1 Gradation in Germanic 13 Rhotacism 3.1 Rhotacism in Latin 3.2 Rhotacism in Germanic 14 Metathesis (transposition) 15 Obscure cognates: completely unpredictable allomorphy 16 False cognates 6.1 Boundary misplacement 6.2 Homophony in roots and affixes 6.2.1 Root homophony 6.3 Affix homophony 6.3.1 Phonetic rules and homophony 6.3.2 Homophony of grammatical suffixes Contents ix 6.3.3 Mixed homophony: affixes and roots 17 Pseudo-affixes 18 Semantic variation 19 Multiple derivatives-multiple meanings Multiple affixes-same meaning Chapter Nine: Semantic change and semantic guesswork 1 Terminology 1.1 Diversity of meanings 1.2 Other-onyms 2 How meanings change ("semantic change") 2.1 External forces 2.1.1 Technology and current relevance 2.2 Accidental associations 2.3 Internal forces 2.3.1 Analogy 2.4 Loss of specificity 3 The results of semantic change 3.1 Scope 3.2 Status: amelioration and pejoration 3.3 Mixed examples 3.4 Narrowing/specialization 4 Types of status change 5 Changing cultural relevance 6 Semantic guesswork

International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) Volume 7, Issue 8, August 2019, PP 1-13 ISSN 2347-3126 (Print) & ISSN 2347-3134 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0708001 www.arcjournals.org, 2019

Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 2007

Etymology is a branch of linguistics describing the origin of words, their change and development. To-day the far reaching advances in linguistics and in ELT and EFL oblige us, teachers of English to know well not only the language itself but about the language as well. So are they for the English vocabulary. This paper explains the reasons for the percentage of borrowings in the English language. Explanations for this should be sought in the eventful history of England. If to summarize the origin of the English vocabulary, it can be roughly called Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Scandinavian and French. However, the borrowings are not confined only to these languages. There are borrowings from Arabic, Turkish, Indian and many others. Some of the borrowings have been fully adapted to the phonetic system of the English language, while others look and sound as loan words. The English language can be regarded as the most hospitable language in the world.

Language in India, 2013

This paper investigates the genetic relationship between derivational affixes or morphemes like ensure, whiten, opinion, activity in Arabic and English mainly as well as German, French, and Latin. Applying the lexical root theory as a theoretical framework, it shows, unlike traditional claims in comparative historical linguistics that Arabic and English, for example, are members of different language families, how such morphemes are related to and derived from one another, where Arabic may be their end origin. More precisely, a-, e-, n-, m-, t-, be-, and s-based affixes are found in all the above languages to be identical cognates with the same or similar forms and Language in India www.languageinindia.com

2016

The paper focuses on some problems of word formation in Estonian and Finnic, which are etymologically relevant. Diachronic derivational relations may not be ascertained by the synchronic approach, e.g. either due to sound changes in the stem (cf. Estonian kõõl-us ‘tendon, string’ and keel ‘tongue; language; string’), or because a root does not occur separately or is rare. A suffix may have been dropped from active use or is subject to extensive variation, e.g., many Estonian verb stems containing the component -ka, -ki, -ku etc. (kilka-ma ‘to scream’) could be interpreted as derivatives with respective suffixes (kil-ka-ma, cf. kil-ise-ma ‘to clink’). The interpretation of the morphological structure of loanwords is often complicated. The loanwords may contain derivational suffixes of the donor language, sometimes even resembling genuine ones, e.g. Estonian lusikas, Finnish lusikka ’spoon’ does not contain historically the Finnic suffix -k(k)a but is borrowed from Old Russian lŭžĭka....