A Review On: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2022

The most common congenital heart disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). According to certain historical research, HCM affects roughly one in every 200-500 people, and is also a common reason behind SCD or arrhythmias in young athletes. HCM is seen in almost every age group of people. The morphological manifestations are highly variable, and range from asymptomatic to failure of the heart, and sudden or unexpected cardiac death. In the majority of people, hypertrophy of the left ventricle, and altered ventricular morphology induce dynamic LVOT obstruction. HCM symptoms are treated with pharmacological treatments, including septal reduction therapies and other pharmacotherapies. Another beneficial therapy for people with HCM is surgical myectomy of the heart. Several pharmaceutical medicines, such as β-blockers, are also discussed in this study. Some phenotypic variants of HCM are explained in this article. cMRI, electrocardiography, and echocardiography are some of the powerful tools used for HCM diagnosis. The main clinical concerns and therapy options for HCM are summarized in this study.

BMJ, 2006

Heart, Lung and Circulation, 2007

Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, 2005

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex, inherited cardiac disease that has been subject to intense investigation since it was first described in 1957. Over the past 40 years, understanding has evolved regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of HCM. Analyses of HCM populations from nonreferral centres have refined the insights into the natural history and the occurrence of sudden cardiac death, which is the most devastating component of its natural history. Therapeutic strategies are diverse and may vary during the course of the disease. Optimal therapy depends on symptoms, haemodynamic findings and the presence of risk factors for sudden cardiac death. At present, invasive therapy for patients with obstructive HCM and drug-refractory symptoms includes surgery or percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation. This report summarises the diagnostic criteria, clinical course and therapeutic management of HCM. Attention is also paid to certain issues of special in...

Circulation, 2002

A 42-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of progressive exertional dyspnea and fatigue over the past 2 years. Both symptoms were greatly intensified during paroxysms of atrial fibrillation, which occur every 3 or 4 months. The patient was asymptomatic until 5 years ago, when she suffered a single syncopal episode precipitated by a bout of coughing in the erect position. She subsequently experienced episodes of presyncope under similar circumstances and at increasing frequency, but she learned to abort frank syncope by immediately lying or sitting down. Examination revealed a grade 3/6 systolic murmur along the left sternal border and at the apex. The diagnosis of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was established by 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, which showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy, a subaortic systolic pressure gradient at rest estimated at 80 mm Hg, and mild mitral regurgitation. Her symptoms did not respond to the sequential administration of atenolol, verapamil, disopyramide, or the combination of atenolol and disopyramide. Although amiodarone reduced the frequency of the paroxysms of atrial fibrillation, she has required cardioversion for individual episodes and receives warfarin.

The American journal of managed care, 2021

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an underdiagnosed genetic disorder, resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins. It has a highly variable clinical presentation, with some individuals remaining asymptomatic and others having significant limitation of functional status. The disorder is typically characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy that is not explained by another cause. Patients are further classified based on whether there is obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. To-date, there are no pharmacologic therapies that alter the natural history of the disease. Therapeutic approaches have instead focused on symptom relief and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Newer therapies under investigation represent potential means to improve limiting symptoms.

Structural Heart, 2021

More than 60 years after the first description of "asymmetric septal hypertrophy of the heart", hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) as a disease, has continued to provide clinicians and researchers fertile grounds for debate and investigation. HCM, as a complex disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach, runs the gamut of all we learned in medical school and beyond-physiology, clinical medicine, genetics, imaging, diagnostics, pharmacotherapies, electrophysiology, interventional cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgical interventions. In this review, we discuss thirty contemporary controversies and considerations in HCM.

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)

It is a septal hypertrophy, asymmetric type, causing left ventricular outflow obstruction due to thickening of the left ventricular wall; this pathology has a worldwide prevalence of 0.02-0.23%; and it is the most important cause of sudden death in young people. It is characterised by myocardial hypertrophy leading to diastolic dysfunction; epidemiologically, it occurs equally in men and women, although women tend to be more symptomatic, more disabled and present at a younger age. The patient may be asymptomatic or may present with dyspnoea, precordial pain and syncope. For diagnosis, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram and echocardiography may be used; MRI and cardiac catheterisation only in cases to identify the aetiology and severity of the disease. For treatment, background medication such as beta-blockers may be used, or alcohol ablation techniques may be performed. However, in some cases, pacemakers or implantable defibrillators may be needed. The aim of this literature review is t...

Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2009

The understanding of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has changed dramatically over the last few decades, and it is now understood to be caused by a mutation in one of several cardiac sarcomeric genes. Due to complications such as outflow tract obstruction, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, stroke, infective endocarditis and sudden cardiac death, appropriate and early identification of these patients is imperative. This review attempts to summarise the current state of knowledge on HCM, and provide insight of the appropriate investigations needed in patients with HCM. It also outlines treatment strategies for these patients. Much remains unknown about this complex and intriguing disease, and continued research in identifying the genetic basis of HCM, along with the assessment of therapeutic strategies, will help to optimise patient care.