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2010
If a decision maker prefers x to y to z, would he choose orderd set [x;z] or [y;x]? This article studies extension of preferences over individual alternatives to an ordered set which is prevalent in closed ballot elections with proportional representation and other real life problems where the decision maker is to choose from groups with an associated hierarchy inside. I introduce ve ordinal decision rules: highest-position, top-q, lexicographic order, max-best, highest-of-best rules and provide axiomatic characterization of them. I also investigate the relationship between ordinal decision rules and the expected utility rule. In particular, whether some ordinal rules induce the same (weak) ranking of ordered sets as the expected utility rule.
Public Choice, 2012
Suppose an organization has a committee with multiple seats, and the committee members are to be elected by a group of voters. For the organization, the possible alternatives are the possible sets of individuals who could serve together. A common approach is to choose from among these alternatives by having each voter cast separate votes on the candidates for each seat. When this type of ballot is used, important characteristics of the set of individuals on the committee (such as what percentage of the members will be female) might not be explicitly considered by the voters. Another approach that has been used is to have each voter cast a ballot which ranks all possible sets of members. However, this approach can require the voters to weigh a relatively large number of alternatives. This paper considers group decisions where it is desirable to: (1) explicitly consider characteristics of alternatives and (2) have a relatively small number of options upon which a voter has to express his preferences. The approach that we propose has two steps: First voters vote directly on pertinent characteristics of alternatives; Then these votes are used to indirectly specify preferences on alternatives. The indirectly specified preferences are ones that are naturally modeled using
Social Choice and Welfare, 1996
This paper considers the construction of sets of preferences that give consistent outcomes under majority voting. Fishburn [7] shows that by combining the concepts of single-peaked and single-troughed preferences (which are themselves examples of value restriction) it is possible to provide a simple description of the extent of agreement between individuals that allows the construction of sets that are as large as those previously known (for fewer than 7 alternatives) and larger than those previously known (for 7 or more alternatives). This paper gives a characterisation of the preferences generated through these agreements and makes observations on the relation between the sizes of such sets as the number of alternatives increases.
2002
This paper studies strict preference relations on product sets in-duced by "ordinal aggregation methods". Such methods are inter-preted here as performing paired comparisons of alternatives based on the "importance" of attributes favoring each element of the pair: alternative x will be preferred to alternative y if the attributes for which x is better than y are "more important" than the
Theory and Decision - THEOR DECIS, 2000
We characterize two lexicographic-type preference extension rules from a set X to the set ? of all orders on this set. Elements of X are interpreted as basic economic policy decisions, whereas elements of ? are conceived as political programs among which a collectivity has to choose through majority voting. The main axiom is called tournament-consistency, and states that whenever majority pairwise comparisons based on initial preferences on X define an order on X, then this order is also chosen by a majority among all other orders in ?. Tournament-consistency thus allows to predict the outcome of majority voting upon orders from the knowledge of majority preferences on their components.
Social Choice and Welfare, 1998
Subset voting'' denotes a choice situation where one ®xed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is oered to a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms,``approval voting``from political science, the``weak utility model'' from mathematical psychology, and``social welfare orderings'' from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary and sucient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988).
Theory and Decision, 2012
European journal of operational research, 2007
Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics (Kyungshang)
The goal of this paper is to show that neither mean-based voting systems nor median-based ones can fulfill requirements of an ideal democracy. We then work out an original voting function obtained by hydrizing Borda Majority Count (mean-based) and Majority Judgment (median-based). The so-called "Mean-Median Compromise Method" slices between mean and average values. It proposes, moreover, a new tiebreaking method computing intermedian grades mean.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2005
This paper studies strict preference relations on product sets induced by "ordinal aggregation methods". Such methods are interpreted here as performing paired comparisons of alternatives based on the "importance" of attributes favoring each element of the pair: alternative x will be preferred to alternative y if the attributes for which x is better than y are "more important" than the attributes for which y is better than x. Based on a general framework for conjoint measurement that allows for intransitive preferences, we propose a characterization of such preference relations. This characterization shows that the originality of these relations lies in their very crude way to distinguish various levels of "preference differences" on each attribute when compared to the preference relations usually studied in conjoint measurement. The relation between such preference relations and P. C. Fishburn's noncompensatory preferences is investigated.
1997
A class of preferential orderings in non-monotonic logics assumes that various extensions of a model (possible worlds) can be ordered based on both their likelihood and desirability. I suggest that there is a basic incompatibility between this qualitative notion of preference and the decision-theoretic notion of utility. I demonstrate that while reasoning and decision making in the former can focus on a single state, it is meaningless in expected utility theory to say that a state or a set of states is important for a decision. This, I believe, is thought-provoking as it poses the question whether a qualitative formalism should be compatible with its quantitative counterpart or whether it can aord to be at odds with it. I discuss the dierence between normative and cognitive utility and the implications of this dierence for work on user interfaces to systems based on probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods.
2003
There are many ways to aggregate individual preferences to a collective preference or outcome. The outcome is strongly dependent on the aggregation procedure (election mechanism), rather than on the individual preferences. The Dutch election procedure is based on proportional representation, one nation-wide district, categoric voting and the Plurality ranking rule, while the British procedure is based on non-proportional representation, many districts, categoric voting and the Plurality choice rule to elect one candidate for every district. For both election mechanisms we indicate a number of paradoxes. The German hybrid system is a combination of the Dutch and British system and hence inherits the paradoxes of both systems. The STV system, used in Ireland and Malta, is based on proportional representation (per district) and on ordinal voting. Although designed with the best intentions – no vote should be wasted – , it is prone to all kinds of paradoxes. May be the worst one is that more votes for a candidate may cause him to lose his seat. The AV system, used in Australia, is based on non-proportional representation (per district) and on ordinal voting. It has all the unpleasant properties of the STV system. The same holds for the French majority-plurality rule. Arrow’s impossibility theorem is presented, roughly saying that no ‘perfect’ election procedure exists. More precisely, it gives a characterization of the dictatorial rule: it is the only preference rule that is IIA and satisfies the Pareto condition. Finally we mention characterizations of the Borda rule, the Plurality ranking rule, the British FPTP system and of k-vote rules.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2006
Social choice is studied in this paper as a mapping from information on utilities over states of the world to an ordering of those states of the world. The idea of using this type of information originates in the work of Sen and Roberts. This paper differs in that it uses theorems from analysis to derive its results in a straightforward manner. It also gives information on the way in which all states of the world, on any path through the set of states of the world, must be ordered.
2011
Several rules for social choice are examined from a unifying point of view that looks at them as procedures for revising a system of degrees of belief in accordance with certain specified logical constraints. Belief is here a social attribute, its degrees being measured by the fraction of people who share a given opinion. Different known rules and some new ones are obtained depending on which particular constraints are assumed. These constraints allow to model different notions of choiceness. In particular, we give a new method to deal with approval-disapproval-preferential voting.
The Political Economy of Governance, 2015
Consider an electoral system with multiple (exogenously given) candidates running for office over a one-dimensional policy space. More abstractly, consider a collective choice problem with ordered alternatives. We study one particular property of collective choice rules: whether the median alternative is chosen. Merrill (1988) studies a very similar question: the percentage of elections in which, for different values of the parameters, the Condorcet winner is elected, but he conducts this analysis under sincere voting, or, alternatively, in a decisiontheoretic framework. Nurmi (1987) compares the normative properties of various electoral rules, again under the assumptions of sincere voting. We pursue a gametheoretic approach with strategic voters and study the Nash equilibrium outcomes under different choice rules. Apesteguia et al. (2011) similarly compare various decisions rules according to their welfare properties, finding that scoring rules are best for utilitarian aggregate welfare, minmax and maxmin utilities. Our focus is narrower: we seek to determine whether a rule picks the median candidate in a unidimensional policy space and whether or not the median is also the utilitarian optimum.
International Journal of Management Research and Social Science , 2021
Election is the main challenge to the political and social science. In the meantime, in the literature, several methods to decide the winner of elections have been proposed; theoretically there is no reason to be limited to these models. Hence, in this paper, we assume three new approaches (1. election result prediction by pre-election preference information using Markov chain model [to identify the efficient electoral strategy for each candidate]. 2. Improved Borda's function method using the weights of decision makers [or voters]. And 3. A new interval TOPSIS-based approach applying ordinal set of preferences [so, data is ordinal form that first convert to interval value and then inject them into the conventional interval TOPSIS model]) for ranking candidates in voting systems. Ultimately, three numerical examples in social choice context are given to depict the feasibility and practability of the proposed methods. In sum, this paper suggests a mind line for decreasing the wrong choice winner risks correlated with voting systems.
2020
Well-behaved preferences (e.g., total pre-orders) are a cornerstone of several areas in artificial intelligence, from knowledge representation, where preferences typically encode likelihood comparisons, to both game and decision theories, where preferences typically encode utility comparisons. Yet weaker (e.g., cyclical) structures of comparison have proven important in a number of areas, from argumentation theory to tournaments and social choice theory. In this paper we provide logical foundations for reasoning about this type of preference structures where no obvious best elements may exist. Concretely, we compare and axiomatize a number of ways in which the concepts of maximality and optimality can be lifted to this general class of preferences. In doing so we expand the scope of the long-standing tradition of the logical analysis of preference.
European Journal of Operational Research, 1992
In this paper we study a particular method that builds a partial ranking on the basis of a valued preference relation. This method which is used in the MCDM method PROMETHEE I, is based on "leaving" and "entering" flows. We show that this method is characterized by a system of three independent axioms. I-Introduction Suppose that a number of decision alternatives are to be compared taking into account different points of view, e.g. several criteria or the opinion of several voters. As argued in Barrett et al. (1990) and Bouyssou (1990), a common practice in such situations is to associate with each ordered pair (a, b) of alternatives, a number indicating the strength or the credibility of the proposition "a is at least as good as b", e.g. the sum of the weights of the criteria favoring a or the percentage of voters declaring that a is preferred or indifferent to b. In this paper we study a particular method allowing to build a partial ranking, i.e. a reflexive and transitive binary (crisp) relation 2 , on A given such information. Since a partial ranking is not necessarily complete, the method considered in this paper will allow two alternatives to be declared incomparable. Though this may seem strange, it must not be forgotten that the available information may be very poor or conflictual. Declaring that a and b are incomparable thus means that it seems difficult to take, at least at this stage of the study, a definite position on the comparison of a and b.
Mathematical Social Sciences, 2002
We develop a general concept of majority rule for finitely many choice alternatives that is consistent with arbitrary binary preference relations, real-valued utility functions, probability distributions over binary preference relations, and random utility representations. The underlying framework is applicable to virtually any type of choice, rating, or ranking data, not just the linear orders or paired comparisons assumed by classic majority rule social welfare functions. Our general definition of majority rule for arbitrary binary relations contains the standard definition for linear orders as a special case.
Operations Research Perspectives, 2014
Voting power theories measure the ability of voters to in ‡uence the outcome of an election under a given voting rule. In general, each theory gives a di¤erent evaluation of power, raising the question of their appropriateness, and calling for the need to identify classes of rules for which di¤erent theories agree. We study the ordinal equivalence of the generalizations of the classical power concepts-the global in ‡uence relation, the Banzhaf power index, and the Shapley-Shubik power index-to multi-choice organizations and political rules. Under such rules, each voter chooses a level of support for a social goal from a …nite list of options, and these individual choices are aggregated to determine the collective level of support for this goal. We show that the power theories analyzed do not always yield the same power relationships among voters. Thanks to necessary and/or su¢ cient conditions, we identify a large class of rules for which ordinal equivalence obtains. Furthermore, we prove that ordinal equivalence obtains for all linear rules allowing a …xed number of individual approval levels if and only if that number does not exceed three. Our …ndings generalize all the previous results on the ordinal equivalence of the classical power theories, and show that the condition of linearity found to be necessary and su¢ cient for ordinal equivalence to obtain when voters have at most three options to choose from is no longer su¢ cient when they can choose from a list of four or more options. Subject classi…cations: Multi-choice organizations and political rules, (j,k) voting rules, power theories, rank-order equivalence.
Social Choice and Welfare, 1999
In this paper the probability of the voting paradox for weak orderings is calculated analytically for the three-voter-three-alternative case. It appears that the probability obtained this way is considerably smaller than in the corresponding case for linear orderings. The probability of intransitive majority relations for weak orderings in the 3´3 case is calculated as well, both with unconcerned and with concerned voters. Basic in the calculations are three theorems which are formulated in the ®eld of domain conditions and restricted preferences.
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