Evaluation Based on Cone Penetration Tests

World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2014

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the liquefaction-induced ground deformations of sand-like soils based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) at Semani site, Fieri prefecture in Albania. These tests are performed during the process of investigation of this area, in which a Liquid Natural Gas Terminal-Power Plant was supposed to be built. This paper presents the assessment of the liquefaction and of the liquefaction-induced ground deformations such as lateral spreading displacement and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement. The liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement are estimated based on CPT data according to the method in MNO-12 "soil liquefaction during earthquake", presented by Idriss and Boulanger (2008). This evaluation is very important and should be taken into consideration for the design of engineering structures that will be constructed in this area. All the calculation's results are shown in graphs. At the end, there are highlighted some conclusions regarding the liquefaction-induced ground deformations in this site.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) is the only state institute in Sumatera, specifically located in South Lampung region, which is a coastal area with dominant sandy soil type. It soil type can allow liquefaction. The purpose of the research is to analyze the mitigation potential of liquefaction with the deterministic method. It is expected that the research result could be used as a reference in planning of the ITERA future development. This analysis takes into account deterministic data that compares Cyclic Resistance Ratio of the soil (CRR) with Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) caused by an earthquake. CSR depends on the depth of soil layer, total vertical pressure, effective vertical pressure, earthquake magnitude and maximum acceleration in each layer of soil. CRR is obtained from the empirical correlation with the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) results. Judging from the results of the CPT test, the soil type in ITERA is loose sand and clay. Based on earthquake parameters and CPT test data at 12 points, ITERA is in the category of medium liquefaction potential with a safety factor value of less than 2.

Civil Engineering Journal, 2023

The phenomenon of soil liquefaction can be an induced effect of earthquake shaking where the saturated soil loses some or all of its bearing capacity and stiffness. Likewise, the increase of water pressure in the soil pores under the seismic wave causes a decrease of the shear strength. As a result, the soil becomes liquefied and susceptible to producing permanent deformations. The phenomenon of liquefaction is generally unpredictable, and neglecting it can influence the stability of structures and infrastructure foundations. Since the 1964 Alaska and Niigata earthquakes, more research works have been conducted to assess land liquefaction vulnerability. This study is undertaken in this field, whose objective, on the one hand, is to signal the phenomenon of liquefaction in the north of Morocco as a geo-technical part known for its instability and, on the other hand, to study the semi-empirical methods to adequately evaluate the liquefaction potential while specifying the most appropriate method for our case study. Similarly, the study is based on data derived from experimental results of in-situ tests applied to the embankment crossing the valley of "Oued Gharifa" on a high-speed rail line section from KP 228+400 to KP 229+375. Moreover, this research aims to show and discuss the evaluation of liquefaction potential of the experimental results of the CPT (cone penetration test) using three semi-empirical methods, namely the Juang method, the Olsen method, and the Robertson method. In doing so, we are going to compare the application results of the three semiempirical methods in light of evaluating the liquefaction likelihood of the studied area, taking into account the nature of the soil, the variation of the safety coefficient, and the liquefaction potential for each method as well.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2018

The paper is based on the tests carried out for the evaluation of the strength parameters and the liquefaction potential of the soil using the SCPT (Static Cone Penetration Test). The approach combines with a literature review of the various similar carried out analysis of the soil to know the venture of failure and classify if the soil is succumbed to liquefaction or not as well as the detailed description of the instrument used. Determining the area whether it is or it isn’t prone to liquefaction one can have an insight before utilizing it for having a safer approach towards the same. This in return provides us invaluable information of the behavior of the soil and gives us a proper glance of the usability factors for the same as well as brings about the precautionary measures to be taken. We get a detailed layer by layer understanding of the soil characterization which is the most important factor before heading towards any construction above the surface of the same and hence the...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020

To evaluate soil resistance against liquefaction, a simplified procedure has been developed based on directly field soil testing. There are four recommended field tests, including CPT and SPT. Soil resistance to liquefaction is measured by the safety factor SF, which is the ratio between the capacity of the soil to resist liquefaction cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) and the soil stress occurs due to an earthquake cyclic stress ratio (CSR). If SF <1, liquefaction occurs. This research was carried out at Sanur area, Southeast Denpasar City, Bali, by conducting 6 pairs of CPT and SPT tests, each of 6-meter depth. The Ground Water Level (GWL) at this area is 1.5 meter below the soil surface. The soil type is silty sand to sandy silt, with the unit weight between 1.617 to 1.837 g/cm^3. The calculation results, both with CPT and SPT, show that the soil layer did not experience liquefaction with earthquake magnitude Mw = 4.0. At Mw = 5.0, liquefaction occurs in most soil layers, except th...

Earthquakes - From Tectonics to Buildings, 2021

The paper develops a framework to analyze the interactions among seismic soil liquefaction significant factors using the interpretive structural model (ISM) approach based on cone penetration test. To identify the contextual relationships among the significant factors, systematic literature review approach was used bearing in mind the selection principle. Since multiple factors influence seismic soil liquefaction, determining all factors in soil liquefaction would be extremely difficult, as even a few seismic soil liquefaction factors are not easy to deal with. This study highlighted two main characteristics of seismic soil liquefaction factors. First, the seismic soil liquefaction factors–peak ground acceleration F2 (amax), equivalent clean sand penetration resistance F5 (qc1Ncs), and thickness of soil layer F11 (Ts) influenced soil liquefaction directly and were located at level 2 (top level) in the ISM model, meaning they require additional seismic soil liquefaction factors excep...

2021

Liquefaction is associated with a host of related phenomenon. Liquefaction driven settlements in sands is such a phenomenon. Liquefaction susceptible areas are prone to such settlements. The densification of loose sand deposits when acted upon by seismic loading is a well-established fact. However, the matter becomes critical when the sand deposit is saturated and there is no chance of drainage. Due to this phenomenon, excess pore water pressure builds up during the earthquake loading, leading to loss of strength or liquefaction. Settlement occurs after the release of excess pore water pressure, leading to a reconsolidation phenomenon. However, the settlement induced depends upon a lot of factors, like length of the drainage path, gradation, etc. However, in the case of dry sands, the seismic settlement is induced under constant effective vertical stress. In both the cases, for dry as well as saturated, settlement of sand occurs due to cyclic loading. In this paper an attempt is mad...

2010

Over the past decade, major advances have occurred in both the understanding and the practice with regard to the evaluation of soil liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Among these advances, there are two analytical frameworks (i.e., Seed et al. (2003) and Idriss and Boulanger (2008) procedures), which are widely accepted by the industry. The most significant achievement of the new procedures is their new criteria for assessment of liquefaction potential of low-plasticity silts and clays. These two new procedures are changing the way the design and regulatory communities consider soil liquefaction evaluation and may likely become standard-ofpractice in the near future. This paper relates these two new procedures with the Youd et al. (2001) procedures by comparing the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), the factor of safety (FS) against liquefaction, and the post-earthquake reconsolidation settlement () at different depths using both Standard Penetration Test (SPT)-based and Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based methods. In addition, paired SPTs and CPTs are used to evaluate the relative performance between the SPT-based and the CPT-based correlations for each of these three procedures. Assessments of conservatism are made not only for the three analytical frameworks but also for correlations between SPT and CPT data. Discussions and recommendations oriented for practitioners are made on some components of each analytical framework.

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2002

This paper presents a study of liquefaction-induced ground deformations at the Hotel Sapanca site during the 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey earthquake. The paper discusses: (1) observed ground deformations and displacements after the earthquake, (2) the results of field investigations by means of borings and in situ index tests including standard penetration tests (SPT), static cone penetration tests (CPT) and piezocone (CPTU) tests, (3) analyses of observed ground settlements and lateral deformations by a suite of methods, and (4) comparisons of observed and calculated ground movements. q

Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2010

The North Central Coast of Vietnam has a wide distribution of loose sand which is often exposed on the surface. The thickness changes from a few meters to over ten meters. This sand with the loose state can be sensitive to the dynamic loads, such as earthquakes, traffic load, or machine foundations. It can be liquefied under these loadings, which might destroy the ground and buildings. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is widely used in engineering practice and its values can be useful for the assessment of soil liquefaction potential. Thus, this article presents some ground profiles in some sites in the North Central Coast of Vietnam and determines the liquefaction potential of sand based on SPT and using three parameters, including the Factor of Safety against Liquefaction (FS LIQ), Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI), and Liquefaction Severity Number (LSN). The research results show that the FS LIQ , LPI, and LSN values depend on the depth of sand samples and the SPT values. In this study, the sand distributed from 2.0 to 18.0m with (N1) 60cs value of less than 20 has high liquefaction potential with FS LIQ <1, LPI is often higher than 0.73, and LSN is often higher than 10. The results also show that many soil profiles have high liquefaction potential. These results should be considered for construction activities in this area.