Assessment of Urban Water Supply and Demand

Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2021

This thesis focused on performance evaluation of water supply distribution system: case study Gudo Bahir, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The main objective of this study is to check the hydraulic performance of Gudo Bahir water distribution system by assessing losses of water, hydraulic performance of water distribution modeling and water supply and demand gap. Hydraulic network of the study area is simulated using Bentley Water GEMS V8i by using the data on the water distribution network of the area and master plan map of the town. The hydraulic simulation in the existing network system to satisfy the reliability of hydraulic parameters such as the pressure at a junction, head loss at each pipe material and flow of water were modeled. The water demand and supply of Gudo Bahir were not balanced. The daily water consumption of the area was 41 l/c/day used daily for different domestic activities with the billed water amount 1,619,591 m 3 /year was produced and 1, 087,704 m 3 /year was consumed and around 32.67% water was considered to be non-revenue (NRW). The level of connection in the study area was found 72.7%. The other observed big problem in Gudo Bahir area were intermittent water supply, pipe leakage, and one borehole creates a problem with the water distribution system line because it is directly joins the water distribution line without any disinfectants.

2019

Water is an essential element required for life. The demand for water is continuously<br> increasing due to an increase in population, industrialization, urbanization and<br> improved standard of living. The problem of providing a safe water supply service in<br> Adama City was increase due to an increase in population. Due to this problem, the<br> demand for additional water sources and infrastructure is growing. The aim of this study<br> was, to evaluate the performance of the Adama city water supply system. The<br> performance evaluation of water supply services using IWA system of performance<br> indicator this was analyzed by SigmaV3.4 water supply service performance indicator<br> software, hydraulic performance were analyzed and the user perception was analyzed<br> by SPSS and Percapita water consumption and water loss were analyzed. The<br> performance measures of junction pressure were checked based on the coeffici...

2018

Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service in spite of obstacles which hinder water utilities not to provide the required service. This study assess the performance of Alem Gena town water supply subsystem based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply, water loss, water quality, customers satisfaction and operation and maintenance. These indicators have been cited the main factors which reflect the performance of many urban water supply systems. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records, other data not found in the water utility records is collected using instruments. Hydraulic performance of the system is also evaluated by modeling the system. Water quality tests were conducted and compared with the national and international standards. Household interviews were made to understand customers' satisfaction towards the water supply. The result shows that water loss is 37.38% higher than the generally accepted value of 25%. There is a frequent interruption of boreholes. The water quality test shows some parameters departed from the standard set on the Ethiopian and WHO water quality guidelines. In addition there is customer's complaint towards continuous access of water. The operation and maintenance in the town is identified to be poor. In conclusion, the town's water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water quality, operation and maintenance with the worst condition of continuous generation of water from sources continuously without interruption. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality service. KEY WORD: water loss, operation and maintenance, hydraulic water CAD modeling, Alem Gena town, Oromia region, Ethiopia.

Shambu town has faced a problem of potable water supply, still large number of people did not have access to adequate amount of potable water and frequent water interruption is a common problem. The objective of this research was to evaluate the existing water pressure map and water demand. To achieve this goal, the following input data were collected, base population, growth rate, and pressure map of the area, water production data, and reservoir data. The pipe network and junction network system was simulated to understand its behavior for different inputs using EPANET 2.0. The results showed that the water pressure were not feasible enough to provide adequate water. Replacing the appropriate diameters to the distribution as well expanding the distribution network in necessary engagements, the total water demand was projected to be 567648 m 3 /year or 18 L/s and the total water supply was estimated to be 252288 m 3 /year or 8 L/s. Only 44% of the population was covered by water supply .Thus, use of ground water, or boreholes with an estimated yield of 8 L/s are to be drilled.

2018

Problems in providing satisfactory water supply to the rapidly growing population especially that of the developing countries is increasing from time to time. The adequate and reliable water supply in developing towns of Ethiopia is becoming a challenge for most water utilities. The objective of this research was to assess the problem of Holeta town water supply and distribution system. This study assessed the performance of Holeta town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely high water loss, water quality, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance. The distribution system is evaluated by running the system of water supply by GEMS V8i.The water samples were collected from all existing water sources, reservoirs, collection chambers and household taps and water quality test was conducted for water quality parameters namely Total dissolved solid, residual chlorine, coli form, hardness, turbidity and PH. Field observations were made to gather data and observe the water supply system has high water loss, water quality problem, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance problems on site. The result showed that water loss was found to be 13.39%. The water supply coverage was very low which covers only 52.57%. Besides water demand and supply of Holeta town were not balanced, the water quality tests showed poor water quality result when compared to the standard set on the Ethiopian (National) and WHO Water Quality standards. Hence, it can be concluded that there is operation and maintenance problem and the water supply system performance is low. Holeta Water supply office should gather the X, Y, coordinates of its Water supply distribution system from source to customer water meters to know and evaluate hydraulic system using Water GEMS with GIS integrated software, for more precise and faster way of in demand allocation. it needs to be documented in a well-organized way .In general ,All relevant documents, feasibility studies, Bore Hole history, manufacturer manuals and detail designs, as built drawings of all existing water supply system components for the sources, reservoirs, pump houses etc need to be documented in a well-organized way and should be available in the water utility office for future reference is strongly recommended.

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

Urban water utilities in Ethiopia, including Debre Tabor Town, commonly suffer from an intermittent water supply, water quality issues, poor service delivery, and other problems. Thus, the main focus of this study was to evaluate the actual performance level of the water supply system of the town based on hydraulic efficiency, quality, cost recovery and customer satisfaction. The water distribution system status was measured by using reliability, resilience, and vulnerability as performance indicators. Weightage Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and household-based questionnaires were used to evaluate the water quality and customer satisfaction, respectively. Pressure and velocity-based sustainability index of 0.614 and 0.132 showed acceptable and unacceptable water supply status, respectively, and overall moderate sustainability. Results of the WAWQI revealed that more than half of the sampled tap waters were either poor or unfit for drinking purposes. The comparison of income...

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), 2021

Population growth in the town usually exerts enormous pressure on existing water supply systems. The continuous and repeated deficiency in the performance of the water network becomes one of the most critical issues in the water supply sector that requires immediate action. Asella town water supply system has problems related to water supply coverage, water quantity, velocity, and system pressure. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the hydraulic performance of Asella town's existing water supply distribution system with respect to pressure and velocity using Bentley Water GEMS v8i software. The average daily per capita water consumption and water supply coverage of the town in 2020 G.C is 35.31 l/p/d and 42.249% respectively.The simulated result for extended period simulation at peak hour consumption showed that the performance of distribution system related to pressure 47.08% for pressure value (<15m), 32.92% for pressure value (15-60m) and 20% for pressure value (>60m) head and the pressure at minimum consumption hour is 10% for pressure value (<15m), 45.85% for pressure value (15-60m) and 44.15% for pressure value (>60m. The velocity of pipe flow at peak hour consumption showed that 79.56% ofthe velocity (<0.6m/s), 14.09% ofthe velocity range (0.6-2m/s) and 6.35% ofthe velocity (>2m/s). From the total 650 nodes in the model, 306 nodes receive water with less than 15m pressure head of water and it indicates the critical point showing that needs a modification. The amount of water which actually reached the consumers on average from 2016 G.C to 2020 G.C is 64.76% of the total annual water production. It is recommended that, the water utility hasadded new water source to deliver adequate water and add parallel pipes or increasing its diameter to deliver water with the required pressure.

Abstract Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service in spite of obstacles which hinder water utilities not to provide the required service. This study assess the performance of Alem Gena town water supply sub-system based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply, water loss, water quality, customers satisfaction and operation and maintenance. These indicators have been cited the main factors which reflect the performance of many urban water supply systems. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records, other data not found in the water utility records is collected using instruments. Hydraulic performance of the system is also evaluated by modeling the system. Water quality tests were conducted and compared with the national and international standards. Household interviews were made to understand customers’ satisfaction towards the water supply. The result shows that water loss is 37% higher than the generally accepted value of 25%. There is a frequent interruption of boreholes. The water quality test shows some parameters departed from the standard set on the Ethiopian and WHO water quality guidelines. In addition there is customer’s complaint towards continuous access of water. The operation and maintenance in the town is identified to be poor. In conclusion, the town’s water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water quality, operation and maintenance with the worst condition of continuous generation of water from sources continuously without interruption. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality service.

2021

Wolaita Sodo town suffering the shortage of safe water supply service due to increasing population. The aim of study was evaluating the performance of water supply system to develop strategies to improve the situation for the future. It was carried out using six performance indicators suggested by International Water Association (IWA) this was analyzed by SIGMA lite and user perception data that analyzed by SPSS. As study indicates, average consumption for about 73% of households was less than 20 liter/capita/day. Most of the households (i.e. 53%) were dependent on public tap, vendors and unprotected spring as a primary water source. About 22% of households depend on neighboring water vendors and pay high price (i.e. average of 70.6 ETB/month) for poor drinking water source. Among the six IWA indicators of water supply service; operational indicators and quality of service indicators fully showed a good performance. However, from water resource indicators (consumer satisfaction & production/person/day); from personnel indicators (employees/connection), all physical indicators and from financial indicators (water tariff) need some improvement. Generally as the results of the study shows, there was a shortage of water supply service in the town due to the problem of existing water supply system.

Developing Country Studies, 2021

The development of infrastructure is fundamental to economic growth and development of countries. The objective of this study was to assess the serviceability of water supply & its infrastructure and associated challenges for providing safe drinking water in Ethiopia-Gimbi town. The research design was descriptive type and the related data was both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained from sample of 219 households, 7 officials and professionals of water office. Samples were drawn, using simple random from the sample frame. Moreover, the water supply infrastructure were observed and photographed and included. Analyses were done by using SPSS and presented by percentage, tables, and charts. The study has confirmed that Gimbi town is facing water supply service problem. The survey result showed that the water produced only covers 30.39% of the demand. Even if private meter connection is taken as best standards of water supply, the connection for residential consumer is only 22.57%. Furthermore, all areas could not get equal and proportional service. As a result, they are exposed to unprotected sources. The cumulative effect of the existing situations decreased the daily average consumption of pipe water to 6.08 liters per person per day. The study also identified population growth, inadequate source, frequent interruption, unaccounted-for water (41.25%), lack of sufficient funding and capacity, lack of standby diesel generator and limited stakeholders' participation as challenges. The paper recommends interventions to overcome water scarcity. These include: exploring additional source, redesigning distribution system, encouraging capacity building for staffs, having standby diesel generator, carrying out appropriate operation and maintenance, introducing rainwater harvesting program, launching appropriate water infrastructural assets management, using water reservoir, promoting stakeholders' participation to improve the problems.