THE EFFECTS OF PROPOSED BRIDGES ON URBAN MACROFORM OF ISTANBUL

2000

Istanbul, within its strategic location and historical background as the capital of three empires, has been the heart of national and international economic activities in Turkey.

Online Journal of Art and Design, 2020

Cities are spaces that are constantly changing/transforming and are directly or indirectly affected by everyintervention, through iterative cycles. Especially in Turkey, urban regeneration practices are taken into consideration only for issues such as production of residential areas and earthquake resistance, whereas transportation policies in urban regeneration regions are not determined ahead ofthe implementation. This has negative effects on urban transportation and sustainability. The displacement of segments of the society through urban transformation interventions causes transportation habits to change in turn, along with changes in the space. In this sense, transportation demand and transportation habits constitutethe main factors affecting the type and amount of spatial interaction in cities. Especially with the implementation of new transportation projects, the type and amount of spatial interaction is changing and existing plans may become unresponsive to the new needs. Increased accessibility affects land use demand, and changes in building conditions in the region affect population, transportation and land prices. These changes alterthe distribution, type and volume of travels in urban areas, and changing commutehabits may cause agglomeration of certain types of transportation, renderingexisting transportation networks inadequate. These problems can be seen in many areas such as public transportation, parking, pedestrian and bicycle flows, private vehicle traffic and accessibility. In this context, in order to evaluate the effect of high-scale transportation investments on urban transformation, socio-economic structure, transportation …

Istanbul city as a mega city bears strong background and concepts of history, tradition, culture, and art of Turkish community. Every year, Istanbul with unique traits is able to absorb too many tourists attention all around the world. However, in the recent years, it is under pressure of some projects which are executing or planning to be performed. Construction the third bridge, Istanbul canal, and third airport are examples of those controversial schemes which are still vague and indefinite in some aspects. Even though there are various discussions on the projects from different scientific views, it seems to be necessary to make a general analysis with strict decision on the possibilities of their executions. This article tries to give an image of Istanbul future with consideration to all what the plans are following. With putting together separate comments of researches and university professors on the project, it is attempting to predict the threats and effect in the future situation of Istanbul. Therefore, with regard to differently economic, social, political, ecological surveys of project together, it is summarised the effect of them as a table. Finally this article evaluates how much those projects make sense and meet the primary need of plans.

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2016

Urban infrastructure relations are composed of the necessary transmission channels and facilities for a healthy and sustainable urban environment in terms of space and society in a settlement. The existence of a healthy and sustainable urban environment could only occur by reducing the problems of infrastructure relations to a minimum level, by abolishing these problems and taking precautions for the possible ones, and by analyzing these problems correctly. Correctly interpreting and classifying the data about infrastructure problems and taking them into consideration in the decision making process are as important as the data gathering process. The EU has determined four important strategic aims for "sustainable urban development". One of these aims is the physical conditions, and infrastructure. In order to achieve these aims, a relation between urban infrastructures, urban planning decisions, and the construction of the superstructure must be established. The term "infrastructure systems" is commonly used for stating sewage projects, drinking water, electricity, natural gas, telephone, and telecommunication projects like cable TV. Infrastructure, symbolizing the development level of a country, is a topic that directly affects the health standards, the life standards, and the environment quality of people. Therefore, it is impossible to overlook infrastructure in creating a composed urbanization. In this paper, the urban infrastructure factor in Turkey will be elaborated in the context of urban growth, and particularly the planning process, in terms of the planning levels that are defined by law. The problems will be determined and will be opened to discussion.

WIT Transactions on The Built Environment-Urban Transport XVII, 2011

Economic and social changes are key factors of urbanization in developing countries. Urban mobility (transportation), which developed to satisfy certain needs, grew as an issue while urban areas expanded and populations increased parallel to urban expansion which was reflected to urbanization. A higher weight of road usage for urban (inner city) transportation has worrying results, especially in populated and widespread cities. Actions taken to support road development is exhausting nature and transforming it into an artificial environment. This situation, which is a consequence of uncontrolled development of urban macroform, along with underdeveloped city transportation technology, creates problems such as population-accessibility, sprawling of the city (without any step changes), insufficient mass-transport and time-location relation dependency on distance. The objective of this article is to explain how the urban form of Istanbul became unlivable, unperceivable and unsustainable, while the city converted from a pedestrian and waterfront city to an automobile and land-based city. Inner city transportation in Istanbul is mainly solved through roads, which causes worrying results regarding urban form. One result is the urban growth towards the natural resources residing at the north of the city. Transformation to a pedestrian city, which is integrated to a mass-transport system, is the remedy to stop this growth. This problem can be solved by strategic decisions taken within an integrated approach. In this article, the problem is investigated within urban form-urban (inner city) transportation relation and a solution is sought with a strategic approach.

Abstract: Urban spatial structure is increasingly characterized by decentralization, dispersion, concentration, and multiple centers. In Istanbul, dual development processes have been observed in the course of time. The first process is continuous urban expansion with low density development which was triggered mainly by squatter settlements at the periphery and recently occurring high density mass housing development due to low land values. The second process is the intensification and/or renewal process within built-up ...

This study aims to as a result of rapid examine the temporal land use changes in the mega city of Istanbul, Turkey between 1903 and 2010. Urbanization has been rapidly increased due to industrialization and immigration from the other regions of Turkey especially after the year of 1960s. In this study, spatial distribution of urban sprawls and their temporal changes were analyzed and presented using different types of spatial data such as hard copy map produced in the year of 1903 and remotely sensed data obtained in 1987 and 2010. The conducted methodology to process these spatial data is presented in the study.

Being the largest metropolitan city of Turkey, Istanbul always takes great attention from every aspects of academic researches. However, topics related to urban and transportation planning must be taken their places in the very first few rows because the city's planning suffer from many aspects such as lack of long-term planning or the application of it. Political interventions always come first before the planning policies or applications. In that sense, it is very critical to analyze the city's urban structure with current, historical and future data, if at least any of two were available. In this study, Istanbul's urban travel data for 1996 and 2006 are analyzed in order to explain how urban structure changes by using the hierarchical clustering analysis. In the analyses, three similarity measurements are used, namely, "single neighbor", "furthest neighbor", and "average" link distances. The result of the method yielding the highest score based on the internal validation criteria is selected as the most proper clustering that fits the data. The analysis of 1996 data has shown that the city follows a multicentre development pattern on both continents and at the upper level between European side of Bosporus Channel and Asian side on the east-west axis. On the other hand, the analysis of 2006 data show that the city sprawls towards northern, western and northwestern parts. The results support the urban sprawl and scattering and in turn the multi-center development at the lower and upper levels on both continents, based upon the socio-economic changes and local plan revisions at micro-scales through the ten-year period between 1996 and 2006.

Social Indicators Research

This study aims to understand the relationship between social structure and morphological character based on a case area from Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey considering several independent (cultural diversity, family type, income level, ownership status) and dependent (land use type, land cover, building type, building layout, settlement type, settlement pattern, street pattern, commercial pattern) variables. Existing data is processed in two steps and analyzed by categorical regression. Results of the study show that urban character of the Kadıköy historical city center is closely related with family type, income level and cultural diversity. As this study has unique contributions in search for alternative methodologies to overcome limitations in the availability of data, it is expected to open new dimensions for further studies in social sciences and urban studies.

IJAUS, 2017

D-100 state highway (still E-5 in everyday language) which is remembered mostly due to traffic accidents was in fact an important transportation backbone and infrastructure investment, which totally changed the macroform of post-Prost Istanbul. D-100 highway was completed in 1973 with the opening of the Bosphorus Bridge and its connecting freeways; and actually after 1974 when the Halic Bridge was put into service. In accordance with the criticisms of urbanists and architects of that period in UCTEA (Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects), the first bridge has created new demands and in 1988 second Bosphorus Bridge was opened. At the present time, the construction of third Bosphorus Bridge is finished and it is put into service.

Urban fabric refers to an environmental level normally associated with urban design. It comprises coherent neighborhood morphology (open spaces, building) and functions (human activity). Practically urban fabric develops according to different patterns, though the original style is the main factor, which defines its characteristics. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa… many cities were constructed in this period displaying many commune characteristics of Ottoman style. This study aims to compare different cities of the same style basing on the analysis of urban graph theory network analysis and centrality indices, in order to observe clearly the dissimilarities of their urban fabrics. In this research we use data from three different cities of the Ottoman style, grown under different circumstances; Izmir, south Turkey, Algiers, Algeria a littoral city in north Africa and an interior city, Constantine, Algeria in north Africa, materials and methods for this study was described as well. The results indicate that the observed results from the statistical analysis weren’t enough to finish by clear indices of urban comparison, so another solution was driven to deal that issue. The functional forms derived in the paper suggest that North Africa cities’ street networks can be most characterized by large dimensions of blocks, bigger difference from the orthogonal network patterns. These features are pointed out many times in the original models of Turkey as reference. The contribution of the present analysis does not lie only in confirming quantitatively the well-said features, but in the success in shaping the elements of main features by applying GIS, ArcGIS Urban Network Analysis toolbox indexes for centrality indices calculation and network analysis indices.

ekf.vsb.cz

Public buildings have taken the primary role in the changing physical structure of cities within the process of modernization. In this process, cities on the railway lines, showed a rapid development in social and economic perspectives with the help of on efficient transportaion system. In these cities, station complexes differ not only by life style but also by building type, stylish character and space configuration from the traditional Otoman buildings. This difference is also current fort he buildings which had build in the Westernization period, started in the Otoman Period. In the first years of modern and contemporary of republican Turkey, each station and/or its complex has a unique architectural character as regard of the building year period. These buildings have became modernization, which is fundamental axis, with development studies on entranca gate and focal point of modern cities. In the first years of Republic, itself adequate development of target of a important spatial indicators and station complexes were effected circles local and global dynamics and effects of urban development will be the goal of this study.

Transportation is one of the most significant dynamics that effect the urban sprawl and the image of Istanbul. From a perspective that focuses on the transformation of transportation phenomenon in Istanbul, it is possible to interpret the formal change and sprawl of the city. In this regard, the urban sprawl of the city which was parallel to the seashore first, expanded through the railway and highway axises. Later on, with the rapid, illegal and unplanned urban sprawl process, the city started to grow disorderly and has lost its identity as a seashore settlement and started to grew in fringes. So that the city had an organic character in the shape of an "oil stain" as Mübeccel Kıray stated. 1

Islamic Heritage Architecture, 2016

Turkey was westernized after the declaration of The Tanzimat Charter in 1839. The modernization of Ottoman Empire inevitably brought changes into the administrative, socioeconomic and spatial organization of the cities as well as in the lifestyles of urban dwellers. Urbanization and economic, cultural and social modernization processes created new buildings and establishments. The spread of particular techniques and concepts of urban intervention that were developed in some Western countries and saw their influences in other Western and non-Western countries has also resulted in changes in the urban pattern. The spread of ideas and some planning approach in Turkey was due to Western engineers and architects for applying the new planning models throughout after the great fires of I. stanbul in the 19th century. The implementation of Western urban planning principles and modern technology and the image of Western cities have affected the formation of new urban development and reconstruction activities in Turkish cities especially in I. stanbul. The aim of this article is to analyse the effects of planning practices initiated by the urban reforms of Tanzimat on the urban pattern of I. stanbul. These analyses are based on a hypothesis, as the Turkish planning practices in the Tanzimat period were influenced by Western planning practices.

AR-UP, 2019

Egypt is characterized by an abundance of cities built along the narrow valley of the Nile river and into the delta since ancient times, accounting for nearly 90% of the total population. This has led to a need to find alternatives to urban development and expansion beyond the borders of the narrow valley. One of these alternatives is the establishment of new urban communities extending deep into the Sahara, characterized by a wide horizontal extension, highways and arterial roads, entirely vehicle-oriented as a means for movement throughout the city because of a lack of public transportation. This paper evaluates this trend by analysing one of the newly established cities outside Greater Cairo, known as New Cairo city, which requires changes to its physical structure to increase the pedestrian crossing routes because of the high number of accidents involving pedestrians crossing main roads. Using space syntax as an informative theory, utilizing syntactic analysis of the impact of highways and arterial roads on integration and connectivity in the spatial structure shows isolated islands of districts with no pedestrian routes to connect them. This methodology allows us to determine the main points in the structure of the city where pedestrian accessibility can be added to provide a remedy to overcome the shortage of access points in the city’s network system. The study provides further value by discussing the impacts at pedestrian level, human dimensions in the living community, diversity of land uses and real estate financial classification.