PROTEASE-REVIEW

The review briefly elucidates the importance of proteases in living organisms and their wide range of potential applications in the vast areas of research and biotechnology. The important features of the proteases are also exploited in a number of ways and can be used to serve various applications in different industries. Apart from their natural potential of performing various important operations in living tissues, various microbial proteases have potential applications in a number of industries. In cellular environment, proteases are involved in the breakdown of the proteins' peptide bonds and transform them into smaller fragments of amino acids and peptides which are prerequisite for the differentiation and cellular growth. Proteases have also vast applications in a range of industrial procedures such as food, pharmaceutical, dairy and detergent. Microbial proteases have dominated roles in the industrial sectors. Microbial proteases are exploited for their characteristic feature of hydrolyzing the protein and the rest of the components of wheat and soy beans in the production of soy sauce. The production of proteases can be enhanced via substantiated fermentation methods. The variation in the composition of growth media such as changes in carbon and nitrogen ratio and some other features affecting microbial growth are significant in the evaluating the fermentation procedures. The production of microbial proteases is advantageous because they can be generated rapidly, their production is cost effective and the manipulation of microbial enzymes is quite easy. Proteolytic enzymes can be produced by either submerged fermentation (SmF) or solid state fermentation (SSF). But the latter is far more advantageous because it direct towards many potential benefits for the protease production. The review mainly focuses on the microbial protease production, their functional and structural aspects and the application of these proteolytic enzymes in different industries.

Proteases are enzymes with highly specialized proteolytic functions. They are ubiquitous in occurrence, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. They not only have several physiological functions and roles in the living beings but are also of great importance in various industries as well thus providing a lot of economic benefits.

2016

Proteases catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins and are one of the most widely used industrial enzymes. Though they are ubiquitously found in a wide diversity of sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms but microbial sources are preferred for the production of proteases due to technical and economic advantages. Microbial proteases have potential for application in different industries including detergent, leather, silver recovery, dairy, baking, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. These hydrolytic enzymes are efficiently involved in food industry for enhancing nutritional value, digestibility, palatability, flavour and reducing allergenic compounds as well as in management of domestic and industrial wastes. Furthermore, they are also involved in synthesis and structural elucidation of proteins. The present communication is an overview of the proteases produced from bacterial and fungal sources and their role in various industrial applications. Keyword: Pro...

Microbial proteases are among the most important hydrolytic enzymes and have been extensively since the advent of enzymology. They are essential constituents of all forms of life on earth. They can be cultured in large quantities in relatively short time by established fermentation methods and produce an abundant, regulate supply of the desired product. In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of alkaline protease as industrial catalysts. Proteases are enzymes occurring everywhere in nature be it inside or on the surface of living organisms such as plants, animals and microbes. Proteases are ubiquitous being found in all living organisms and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. The extracellular proteases are of commercial value and find multiple applications in various sectors. The inability of the plant and animal proteases to meet current world demands has led to an increased interest in microbial proteases which account for the total worldwide enzymes sale.

The focus of the present review is to provide an updated overview on the major sources and important applications of the microbial Proteases produced by a wide range of microorganisms that could resist extreme environments. In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of microbial proteases as industrial catalysts. These enzymes offer advantages over the use of conventional chemical catalysts for exhibiting high catalytic activity , high degree of substrate specificity, economically viable and can be produced in huge amounts etc. The selection of this topic is mainly based on the different characteristics of proteases to address wide application in various industrial sectors. Protease enzymes constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes being extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, protein hydrolysis, detergent, cheese-making, brewing, photographic, baking, meat, leather industries , inclusions in animal and human food as digestive aids etc. It can be obtained commercially from plants, animals and microbial sources.

2006

Summary Recent developments in industrial biotechnology have resulted in the exploitation ofnew and undiscovered microorganisms and the devising of improved methods for en-zyme production, which have led to increased yields of the enzyme, thus making a viableindustrial process feasible. This review tracks the developments in the field of acidic andneutral protease production with regard to the producers, methods of production andtheir improvement, the product and its applications. Key words : neutral protease, acidic protease, fermentation, genetic engineering, purifica-tion, enzyme assay Introduction Proteases are one of the industrially most importantenzymes. These proteolytic (protein digesting) biocata-lysts have been in use for many centuries, at first in thedairy industry as milk-clotting agents (rennet) for themanufacture of cheese. Proteases are enzymes that cata-lyse hydrolytic reactions in which protein molecules aredegraded to peptides and amino acids. These constitutea v...

2014

The modern world has been concerned about the ill effects of chemical use and hence is trying their level best to replace the chemicals with the ecofriendly products for the safer future. Thus scientists have been trying to introduce the enzymatic methods instead of chemical processes for the eco-friendly environment. Microbial proteases are one of the most important group of enzymes that find numerous uses in various industrial sectors such as leather, detergents, textile, waste, feed and other industries. Bacillus sp. is most commercial producer of microbial proteases and has been successfully used to replace various chemical methods that are can be hazardous to nature and its surroundings. Scientists are keener to produce alkaline proteases that can withstand harsh conditions and many successful products have been launched into the world market. This review highlights the microbial and alkaline proteases production, their findings as well as their different applicability.

Proteases are a broad family of hydrolytic enzymes with various applications in chemical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Owing to their physiological necessity, proteases are found in diverse sources including microorganisms. Our objective study was to search for a high quality and inexpensive source for the production of microbial proteases under different culture and growth conditions. Also, we aimed to characterize microbial proteases. Proteases-producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from a poultry waste site. Soil samples were inoculated in skimmed agar media and 48 h later, colonies producing clear zones were selected as the source of microorganisms producing enzyme. The isolates were used to inoculate liquid media and the clear supernatant was taken as a crude for enzyme preparation. The enzyme was isolated and purified with ammonium sulfate at 60-80% saturation followed by dialysis. Subsequently, characterization of the enzyme fraction with the highest activity was carried out. The results indicated that the isolated enzyme with (60-80%) fractionation of ammonium sulfate exhibited the highest specific activity. In addition, the optimal temperature for enzyme activity was determined at 70ºC at pH values of 0.05M of acetate buffer 3.6 and 0.05M of glycine-NaOH buffer 10.0. Finally, the kinetic parameters (Michaelis–Menten constant, Km and maximal reaction velocity, Vmax) were calculated as 0.11 µmole/ml and 0.5x104 nmole of tyrosine/ml/hour, respectively. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that the isolated bacteria represent a rich source of thermostable proteases. Indeed, more studies are still required to obtain such proteases in a purified form suitable for studying their applications.

Industrial Biotechnology

Proteolytic enzymes are present in all living organisms and help in cell growth and differentiation. Proteases are the hydrolytic enzymes that act as biocatalysts for the cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. Microorganisms have turned out to be a competent and inexpensive source of alkaline protease enzymes that can produce a continuous and consistent supply of desired product. Alkaline proteases have extensive application in various industrial sectors especially in detergent and leather industries. However, their application in food has not been much exploited. This review summarizes all the reports of applications of alkaline protease in different sectors with a main view on food applications. The effect of various physiochemical parameters on alkaline protease is discussed. Different sources of isolation and optimum pH and temperature of alkaline protease producing bacterial and fungal species are also reported.

Research Journal of Biotechnology

The use of enzymes in applied biotechnology has progressively increased in both industrial processes, products and in medical field. Proteolytic enzymes play an important regulatory role in many physiological processes and also represent a therapeutic target for several diseases including cancer, hypertension, blood clotting disorders, respiratory and viral infection. Proteases, a largest and ubiquitous class of enzymes, have a divergent role in biomedical field. The current review includes the basic information about the protease classification and optimized growth parameters to maximize the production of alkaline proteases and applications of proteases in a wide variety of industries including leather, textile, food manufacturing, pharmaceutical, detergent and waste management. The review also implicates the importance of genetic tools to obtain the novel engineered protease with improved catalytic performance and stability, pH and thermal tolerance.