Rotavirus Infection in Infants and Young Children

2009

Background. Current, nationally representative data on rotavirus disease burden and rotavirus strains in India are needed to understand the potential health benefits of rotavirus vaccination. Methods. The Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network was established with 4 laboratories and 10 hospitals in 7 different regions of India. At each hospital, children aged !5 years who presented with acute gastroenteritis and required hospitalization with rehydration for at least 6 h were enrolled. A fecal specimen was obtained and was tested for rotavirus with use of a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and strains were characterized using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results. From December 2005 through November 2007, rotavirus was found in ∼39% of 4243 enrolled patients. Rotavirus was markedly seasonal in northern temperate locations but was less seasonal in southern locations with a tropical climate. Rotavirus detection rates were greatest among children aged 6-23 months, and 13.3% of rotavirus infections involved children aged !6 months. The most common types of strains were G2P[4] (25.7% of strains), G1P[8] (22.1%), and G9P[8] (8.5%); G12 strains were seen in combination with types P[4], P[6], and P[8] and together comprised 6.5% of strains. Conclusions. These data highlight the need for development and implementation of effective prophylactic measures, such as vaccines, to prevent the large burden of rotavirus disease among Indian children. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. It is estimated that rotaviruses are responsible for more than one-half Potential conflicts of interest: none reported.

Background: Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in children under 5 years of age and is responsible for approximately 5% of all child deaths yearly. Rotavirus vaccination is considered an effective public health strategy to prevent infection and reduce the severity of disease. Multi-centre country trials on rotavirus vaccines demonstrated efficacy rates of more than 85% in developed countries but only about 65% in developing nations. Rotavirus vaccination was introduced into the Kenya Expanded Programme on Immunization (KEPI) in 2014. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection, severity of acute diarrhoea and to determine the rotavirus vaccination status among children aged 3-24 months presenting with acute diarrhoea at Kenyatta National Hospital after introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Kenya. Methods: A total of 365 children aged 3-24 months presenting with acute diarrhoea at KNH were recruited from August 2016 to April 2017. Data on rotavirus vaccination status, nutritional status, feeding practices and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained and a full clinical evaluation of the patients was done. Severity of the gastroenteritis was assessed using the 20 point Vesikari Clinical Severity Scoring System. The children who were admitted were followed up for 7 days using hospital ward registers. Comorbid conditions were established from patient's clinical records and physical examination. Stool specimens from study participants were tested for rotavirus using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent immunoassay kit-ProSpecT Rotavirus Microplate Assay. Results: Majority of the children (96.7%) had received rotavirus vaccinations. The overall rotavirus prevalence was 14.5% and was higher among 17-24 months at 19.5%. The prevalence somewhat differed by gender, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding status, age and education level of mother/caregiver. Overall, a half of the children had severe acute diarrhoea and there were some differences in severity by child/mother characteristics. Conclusion: There is still burden of rotavirus diarrhoea after introduction of rotavirus vaccine and the prevalence varies by child characteristics.

2017

Introduction. La gastro-entérite à rotavirus est la principale cause de diarrhée sévère chez les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants. Objectifs. Nous avons essayé à évaluer les aspects cliniques de la maladie rotavirale par rapport à la gastro-entérite non rotavirale. Méthodes. Nous avons effectué une étude d›observation, rétrospective qui comprenait des enfants hospitalisés à l’hôpital clinique de maladies infectieuses de Constanta, entre 2011-2012. Nous avons analysé les dossiers médicaux des patients en insistant sur les données démographiques, la température, la fréquence des vomissements et des selles diarrhéiques, le degré de déshydratation, la durée de réhydratation par voie parentérale et l’hospitalisation. Nous avons comparé deux groupes d’enfants: 505 avec la maladie rotavirale et 100 avec une maladie non rotavirale. Résultats. Il y avait des différences statistiquement significatives (p=0,001) entre l’âge moyen pour les deux groupes, le nombre de jours d’hospitalisation, le...

Vaccine, 2014

This study investigated the severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in hospitalized children less than 60 months of age and compared severity in the first five months of life to severity in children 6 to 23 months of age. Results from a 3 year surveillance study show an early peak of rotavirus disease, with 117 (31%) RVGE hospitalizations in children <6 months old. Higher incidence of severe dehydration, acidemia and acidosis at admission and prolonged hospitalization >7 days were seen in infants 0-5 months of age. The findings support the need for consideration of timely immunization or an accelerated immunization schedule with a birth dose to protect this vulnerable age.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2006

Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. This study compares rotavirus diarrhea in 351 children in a community-based cohort and 343 children admitted to a hospital during the same period. Clinical information and fecal specimens were obtained during diarrheal episodes. Fecal samples were screened for VP6 antigen, and the positive samples were G and P typed by reverse transcription-PCR. Rotavirus was detected in 82/1,152 (7.1%) episodes of diarrhea in the community and 94/343 (27.4%) cases in the hospital. The median age of affected children (7.5 versus 10.5 months) and the mean severity of symptoms (Vesikari score, 7.6 ؎ 3.4 versus 11 ؎ 2.5) were lower in the community. A larger proportion of children in the community were breast-fed than were children admitted to the hospital (73% versus 34.8%). In the community, the genotypes identified in symptomatic patients, in order of frequency, were G1 (36.5%), G10 (17.1%), G2 (15.9%), and G9 (7.3%) and mixed infections 7.3%). The most common G-P combinations were G1P[8], G2P[4], G1P[4], and G10P[11]. The distribution of G types from hospitalized children was G1 (46.8%), G9 (19.1%), G2 (8.5%), G10 (1.1%), and 4.3% mixed infections. The most common G-P combinations were G1P[8] and G9P[8]. This study documents significant genetic heterogeneity of rotaviruses in the community and the hospital. G10P[11] strains resembling a vaccine candidate strain caused disease in the community, indicating the need for careful epidemiological studies as well as safety studies for the vaccine candidates.

Epidemiology and Infection, 2013

In India, rotavirus infections cause the death of 98621 children each year. In urban neighbourhoods in Delhi, children were followed up for 1 year to estimate the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and common genotypes. Infants aged f1 week were enrolled in cohort 1 and infants aged 12 months (up to +14 days) in cohort 2. Fourteen percent (30/210) gastroenteritis episodes were positive for rotavirus. Incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in the first and second year were 0 . 18 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0 . 10-0 . 27] and 0 . 14 (95 % CI 0 . 07-0 . 21) episodes/child-year, respectively. The incidence rate of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in the first year of life was 0 . 05 (95 % CI 0 . 01-0 . 10) episodes/child-year. There were no cases in the second year. The common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (27 %) and G9P[4] (23 %). That severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in the first year of life is relevant for planning efficacy trials.

Journal of Community Service in Science and Engineering (JoCSE), 2023

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children under five years of age worldwide. This study was conducted to detect the prevalence of Rotaviruses in children attending selected hospitals in Sokoto State. Three hundred fifty stool samples were collected from diarrheic children under five years of age. Samples were analyzed for Group A rotavirus antigens using the CUSABIO Human Rotavirus (RV Ag) ELISA kit. Rotaviruses were detected in stool samples of 53/350 children, given a 15.1% prevalence, with the infection occurring throughout the study period. The percentage of Rotavirus infections was 52.8% and 47.2 % among males and females, respectively. The Rotavirus cases were significantly higher in children below two years of age 32/53 (60.4%) than children between 2-5 years of age 21/53 (39.6%). The result further showed that 35/53(66.1%) of the positive cases exhibited three major symptoms of the disease, while 13/53 (24.5%) exhibited diarrhea with either fever or vomiting, while 9.4%(5/53) showed only diarrhea. Vaccination and other related interventions, including routine diagnosis, should be provided to safeguard public health against the Rotavirus. Rotavirus adalah penyebab paling umum diare parah pada anak di bawah lima tahun di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeteksi prevalensi Rotavirus pada anak-anak yang dirawat di rumah sakit tertentu di Negara Bagian Sokoto. Tiga ratus lima puluh sampel tinja dikumpulkan dari anak-anak di bawah usia lima tahun yang menderita diare. Sampel dianalisis untuk antigen rotavirus Grup A menggunakan kit ELISA CUSABIO Human Rotavirus (RV Ag). Rotavirus terdeteksi pada sampel tinja 53/350 anak, dengan prevalensi 15,1%, dengan infeksi terjadi sepanjang masa penelitian. Persentase infeksi Rotavirus masing-masing adalah 52,8% dan 47,2% pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Kasus Rotavirus secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada anak-anak di bawah usia dua tahun 32/53 (60,4%) dibandingkan anak-anak antara usia 2-5 tahun 21/53 (39,6%). Hasilnya lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa 35/53 (66,1%) dari kasus positif menunjukkan tiga gejala utama penyakit, sementara 13/53 (24,5%) menunjukkan diare disertai demam atau muntah, sedangkan 9,4% (5/53) hanya menunjukkan gejala penyakit yang sama. diare. Vaksinasi dan intervensi terkait lainnya, termasuk diagnosis rutin, harus diberikan untuk menjaga kesehatan masyarakat terhadap Rotavirus.

Revista Interfaces, 2022

There is a strong association between rotavirus and gastroenteritis. The gastroenteritis by rotavirus is one of the most important causes of child internation at hospital. The rotavirus belongs to the Reoviridae family, genus Rotavirus and it have been classified into seven groups (A to G), where the A group is the major cause of diarrhea in children, and the B group in adults. The symptoms of the rotavirus gastroenteritis are high fever, vomiting, and severe diarrhea, leading to dehydration. Subclinical and asymptomatic rotavirus infections are very common among adults. The detection of rotavirus is done by various methods. The treatment is the use of Oral Rehydration Salts, the control is made through epidemiological vigilance and the immunization is done by the use of vaccines (as RRV-TV, in the US market, and 89-12, still being tested). Was realized this bibliographic research using the international databanks SCIELO, BIREME, PUBMED and HIGHWIRE. The diarrhea caused by this virus is the most common severe infection in children younger than 5 years and it leads to approximately 440.000 deaths per year. By this way, efforts to discovery of vaccines more effective should be stimulated and the health workers must be prepared to detect these viruses to alert the epidemiological vigilance.

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2017

Original Article intRoduction Diarrhoeal disease is a major public health concern for both developed and developing countries. Diarrhoea remains the second most common cause of death among children below 5 years globally. [1] Among various enteric pathogens, rotavirus appears to be the most important aetiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Rotavirus causes deaths of approximately 453,000 children annually, and most of them occur in developing countries in the Asian subcontinent, Africa and Latin America. [2-4] It is estimated that in India, rotavirus accounts for 122,000-153,000 deaths, 454,000-884,000 hospitalisations and 2 million outpatient visits in children <5 years of age. [5] Background: Diarrhoea remains the second most common cause of death among children below 5 years globally. Among various enteric pathogens, rotavirus appears to be the most important aetiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Increased understanding of epidemiology of rotavirus infections is needed to improve the vaccine efficacy. Aim: This study aims to determine prevalence rotavirus infection and prevalent circulating strains of rotavirus in and around Pune. Setting and Design: Prospective hospital-based study. The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee. Materials and Methods: Stool samples (n = 100) were collected from children aged <5 years, hospitalised for acute diarrhoea in paediatric ward at a tertiary care hospital. Samples were subjected for rotavirus antigen capture ELISA. The viral RNA was subjected to multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to amplify VP7 genotypes G1-G4, G8-G10 and G12 and VP4 genotypes P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[10] and P[11]. Nontypable rotavirus strains were sequenced. Results: About 35% stool samples were positive for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. G9P[4] (28.6%) was found to be the most prevalent rotavirus strain. The detection of emerging strain G12P[6] (14.3%) and rare reassortant strain G9P[4] was the significant finding. Conclusion: Genotypes found in circulation are not present in the currently used vaccine. Thus, an emergence of newer genotypes over a period calls for the continued surveillance and genomic characterisation of rotaviruses to improve the vaccine efficacy.

American Journal of Epidemiology, 2010

Rotavirus is a major cause of infectious intestinal disease in young children; a substantial prevalence of asymptomatic infection has been reported across all age groups. In this study, the authors determined characteristics of asymptomatic rotavirus infection and potential risk factors for infection. Healthy persons were recruited at random from the general population of England during the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993-1996). Rotavirus infection was identified using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare exposures reported by participants with rotavirus infection with those of participants who tested negative. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing responses in the data set. The age-adjusted prevalence of asymptomatic rotavirus infection was 11%; prevalence was highest in children under age 18 years. Attendance at day care was a risk factor for asymptomatic rotavirus infection in children under age 5 years; living in a household with a baby that was still in diapers was a risk factor in older adults. The results suggest that asymptomatic rotavirus infection is transmitted through the same route as rotavirus infectious intestinal disease: person-to-person contact. More work is needed to understand the role of asymptomatic infections in transmission leading to rotavirus disease. case-control studies; logistic models; polymerase chain reaction; risk factors; rotavirus infections Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IID, infectious intestinal disease; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.