HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS

2011

❝ ❝ ❝ ❝ ❝Operation and Maintenance of hydro power stations must aim at reducing failure rate by ensuring smooth operational levels of the power utility. This can be done by adopting timely preventive maintenance schedule regarding all vital areas of the power project. Engineers are well-advised here to follow the well-known dictum: " Prevention is better than cure " .❞ ❞ ❞ ❞ ❞

In this work we summarized the all the concepts of hydropower plants dams as well as all hydropower plants. Introduction There are many ways to generate electricity in modern day. One of them is to use the gravitational force of falling water, which is also known as hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity occurs in a dam, where the falling water is used to generate enough force to turn a turbine that is connected to an electricity generator. With this action, potential energy of water is transformed into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. This is both an efficient and green way of generating electricity: it is not as hard as the geothermal electricity because people do not have to find a perfect area to generate it; and it is also not as polluting as the nuclear power plants are. Therefore, hydroelectricity is much greener than the nuclear power plants which generate electricity, and much easier to generate than the geothermal electricity, where it is economically attractive, provides security of supply and has low levels of COR 2 Remissions Hydropower has been using in thirty country worldwide and its production is estimated at 1/5 total global production with 90% efficiency. The greatest benefit from the hydropower program is the abundant low-cost energy the projects contribute to electric power grids. Because hydroelectric power plants burn no fuel, operating costs are low and are immune to rising fossil fuel prices, when construction costs were low. As a result, these plants are playing a significant role in keeping electricity costs affordable for consumers, creating a positive impact on the economy. Not only, but a dams which use to produce energy also used to irrigation and keep water to expected drought periods. So hydropower is considered a major renewable energy where it just produce through magnetic induction, the generator converts the mechanical energy of the turbines to electricity. In Sudan there's 92% primary energy consumption comes from fossil fuels and 8% from hydropower. However, the current installed capacity is about 60% of hydropower. The country is making efforts to integrate more renewable energy resources and seeks 11% of renewable electricity generation except hydropower by 2031. Sudan has also adopted a national energy efficiency plan in 2012 and has set cumulative energy efficiency targets of 11.8% and seeks 32% by 2020[1, 2, and 3] Classification of Hydropower Plants According to Capacity Hydropower plants classified according its capacity to six types large, medium, small, mini, micro, pico and will be discuss below in details [4]. 1. Large hydropower plants: >100 MW 2. Medium hydropower plants: 25-100 MW 3. Small: 1-25 MW

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2023

Water's potential energy is used to generate electricity in hydroelectric power plants. It generates clean energy. Water may be utilised for agriculture and other purposes after it has been used to generate power. In 1882, a waterwheel on Wisconsin's Fox River was used to generate electricity for the first time. Early in the twentieth century, hydropower continued to play an important role in the global expansion of electrical service. Hydroelectric power plants range in size from a few hundred kW to thousands of MW. For generating capacities less than 100 KW, they are classified as micro hydro power plants

Green Energy and Technology, 2013

In present days, most government policies plan to increase their national electricity grid. The reality is that several villages, farmers, and settlers will not have access to electricity because of infrastructural and economic constraints. Although high technological solutions can be necessary to expand the main grid, small stand-alone projects may sometimes require very simple solutions. Even so, there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of how to implement them without major social or environmental impacts. This chapter shows the basic principles of hydropower resources, how to plan sites in rivers where the water flow and height differences are large enough so that new small hydropower plants can be built. Usually these plants will have a capacity of 10–20 \( {\text{kW}} \), for runoff the river applications, or from 20 to 100 \( {\text{kW}} \) for water flows above 0.3 m3/s during the dry season, and a height difference of at least a few meters. Even during the dry season, the electricity is often sufficient for powering light at night, computers or television sets and a refrigerator, which will already have major impacts on such places. In this chapter, the following hydro turbine systems are discussed: fixed-speed with an induction generator; variable-speed with a cage-bar induction generator; variable-speed with a multiple-pole synchronous generator or multiple-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator; and variable-speed with a doubly-fed induction generator.

Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide, 2011

Journal of Energy, 2008

U ovom radu izlaže se model kojim se u proračune pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti elektroenergetskog sustava uključuje crpno-akumulacijska hidroelektrana, a zatim i model utjecaja rizika nedostatka dotoka i zaliha vode na planiranje rada takvih postrojenja u okviru programskih sustava za operativna planiranja za vremenska razdoblja do razine godinu dana unaprijed. Utjecaj neizvjesnosti pojava dotoka veže se za karakteristike vodotoka na kojima su izgrađeni akumulacijski bazeni i hidroelektrana, ali i za radne cikluse i mogući način rada u sustavu. This paper deals with a model that comprises the pumped-storage hydro power plants in the power system reliability and availability calculations, as well as a model of the impact of inflow deficiency and water storage risks on the operational planning of such plants within the framework of operational planning systems for periods of up to one year. The impact of inflow uncertainties is related to the characteristics of watercourses where the water storage reservoirs and hydro power plants are built, but also to the operation cycles and possible operation modes in the system. Ključne riječi: model crpno-akumulacijske hidroelektrane, model pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti sustava, rizik nedostatka dotoka Keywords: inflow deficiency risk, power system reliability and availability model, pumped-storage hydro power plant model 2 OSNOVNI MODEL JEDINICE ZA CRPNO-AKUMULACIJSKI POGON Kako je u uvodu istaknuto, crpno-akumulacijski pogon moguće je modelirati na više načina, dakle modelima koji uključuju više mogućih

Pumped Storage Hydro Plantan essential component of electricity networkacts by way of balancing power flow in the grid i.e. as peaking stations. During low power demand periods, water is pumped from lower reservoir to the upper one; that subsequently generates hydro power by releasing the water into the lower reservoir, running through reversible turbines/motors and sending the energy back to the grid during peak energy demands.