Ventricular Septal Defects

Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 2000

The anatomy of atrial and ventricular septal defects is reviewed with reference to the normal cardiac septum. Owing to the limited extent of the atrial septum, true septal defects are confined to the area of the oval fossa. The sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects are interatrial communications being outside the conjhes of the atrial septum and close to important atrial structures. The description of ventricular septal defects as perimembranous, muscular and doubly committed, and juxtaarterial defects highlights the anatomy of the margins, the location, and proximity to the conduction system and valvar structures. Malalignment of septal structures can complicate the anatomy of ventricular septal defects producing inlet or outlet obstruction. (J Interven Cardiol2000; 13:475-486)

2020

Cite as: Monzón Castillo EP, Tejada Martínez G. Isolated ventricular septal defect. A case report. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2020;66(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31403/rpgo. v66i2267 ABSTRACT Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital anomaly. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a frequent congenital heart disease in newborns, affecting 25 to 30% neonates with cardiac defects. Muscular VSDs are more frequent than perimembranous VSDs. The association of cases with chromosomal anomalies and isolated VSD is relatively low. Spontaneous closure of isolated VSD is higher with small VSD cases, and the muscular VSD is more likely to close spontaneously than the membranous or perimembranous types. Therefore, diagnosis of isolated muscular VSD with no other anomalies can be considered a benign finding.

American Journal of Cardiology, 1999

Introduction: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease of all congenital heart defects. The aim of this study was to investigate the echographic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of ventricular septal defects (VSD) in the general cardiology department of the Hôpital National Ignace Deen. Methods: A retrospective data collection was carried out from January 2018 to December 2023 including 85 cases of isolated IVC was performed. The variables studied were epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary. Results: Of the 320 patients seen during the study period for congenital heart disease, 85 (26.556%) were isolated IVCs. Age at diagnosis ranged from 3 months to 16 years, with an average age of 3.59 years. The most represented ethnic group was the Fulani (50.58%). The 8.24% came from consanguineous marriage versus 22.35%. 91.76% of children had a history of bronchitis. The most common clinical signs found were systolic murmur (90.58%), growth retardation (51.76%). Only 4 cases (4.70%) had a malformation associated with IVC represented by DiGeorges disease (2.35%) and trisomy 21 (2.35%). Nearly half the patients had type IIb VIC (44.71%). The other half were represented by type 1 (18.82%), type IIa (20%), type III (10.59%) and type IV (5.88%). According to site more than twothirds of VICs (71.64%) were perimembranous in location, followed by infundibular (16.47%) and muscular (11.76%) VICs. In our study 55.29% presented an indication for both surgical intervention and medical treatment, while 16.47% required only medical treatment. In contrast, 28.23% were

2017

Defects between the ventricles are the commonest congenital cardiac malformations. As yet, however, there is no consensus as to how they can best be described and categorized. Although most of the cardiac structure have been extensively addressed, significant gaps continue to exist between the descriptions provided by morphologists and by those working in the clinical setting such as the cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2013

Background. Different types of ventricular septal defects (VSD) open to the inlet of the right ventricle. The atrioventricular conduction axis is markedly different within these subtypes, a feature of great surgical importance. To clarify these relationships, we have studied hearts with such VSDs from the Idriss archive at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The Lancet, 2011

Ventricular septal defects account for up to 40% of all congenital cardiac malformations. The diagnosis encompasses a broad range of anomalies, including isolated defects and those associated with other congenital cardiac malformations. Presentation, symptoms, natural history, and management of ventricular septal defects depend on size and anatomical associations of the anomaly, patient's age, and local diagnostic and interventional expertise. In this Seminar, we describe the anatomical range of ventricular septal defects and discuss present management of these malformations. Genetic determinants, diagnostic techniques, physiological considerations, and management challenges are examined in detail. Unfortunately, in many circumstances, evidence on which to guide optimum management is scarce. We present some longer term considerations of ventricular septal defects in adolescents and adults, with particular emphasis on patients with raised pulmonary vascular resistance and Eisenmenger's syndrome.

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2003

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2019

Background: Discussions continue as to whether ventricular septal defects are best categorized according to their right ventricular geography or their borders. This is especially true when considering the perimembranous defect. Our aim, therefore, was to establish the phenotypic feature of the perimembranous defect, and to establish the ease of distinguishing its geographical variants. Methods and results: We assessed unrepaired isolated perimembranous ventricular defects from six historic archives, subcategorizing them using the ICD-11 coding system. We identified 365 defects, of which 94 (26%) were deemed to open centrally, 168 (46%) to open to the outlet, and 84 (23%) to the inlet of the right ventricle, with 19 (5%) being confluent. In all hearts, the unifying phenotypic feature was fibrous continuity between the leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves. This was often directly between the valves, but in all instances incorporated continuity through the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum. In contrast, we observed fibrous continuity between the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves in only 298 (82%) of the specimens. When found, discontinuity most commonly was seen in the outlet and central defects. There were no discrepancies between evaluators in distinguishing the borders, but there was occasional disagreement in determining the right ventricular geography of the defect. Conclusions: The unifying feature of perimembranous defects, rather than being aortic-to-tricuspid valvar fibrous continuity, is fibrous continuity between the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves. While right ventricular geography is important in classification, it is the borders which are more objectively defined.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1985

The anatomy of the ventricular septum is reviewed, and ventricular septal defects are classified on the basis of their position and the presence or absence of septal malalignment. The standardized nomenclature for the various types of ventricular septal defects is presented, and analysis of these defects by two-dimensional echocardiography is described.