Cognitive impairment of dementias

2016

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

Background Approximately 77% of older adults with dementia in Brazil have not been diagnosed, indicating a major public health issue. Previous epidemiological dementia studies in Brazil were based on data from 1 geopolitical region. Methods We aimed to estimate the general and subgroup-specific (age, education, and sex) prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) classification using data from 5 249 participants aged 60 years and older from the ELSI-Brazil, a large nationally representative sample. Participants were classified as having normal cognitive function, CIND, or dementia based on a combination of the individual’s cognitive and functional status. Results We found a general prevalence of 5.8% (95% CI = 4.7–7.2) for dementia and 8.1% (95% CI = 6.8–9.5) for CIND. Dementia prevalence ranged from 3.2% (60–64 years old) to 42.8% (≥90 years old) by age, and from 2.1% (college level or higher) to 16.5% (illiterates) by education. Females had a higher dementia...

Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 2017

The increase in life expectancy in the Brazilian population raises questions about the preparation of the public health system in identifying elderly patients with signs of cognitive impairment. Currently, as a consequence of the long duration of preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease, efforts of early detection have been emphasized. Clinical dementia presents an important impact on the individual's caregivers, family, society and economy. Identifying individuals who already have some cognitive impairment, despite remaining functional, as well as analyzing associated comorbidities, constitutes an opportunity to analyze possibilities for future interventions. Dementias are clinical conditions that impose a burden on the health system with its high costs, whereas the identification of individuals with cognitive impairment without dementia can aid patients and their families to plan the future and mitigate costs. This narrative revision can provide general practitioners with ...

Despite the scarcity of randomized studies, the evidence accumulated to date can be applied to observational studies and can be defined with the relationship of lifestyle-related habits that act as risk factors and protective habits for the development of dementia. The Mediterranean diet, regular physical activity, regular sleep habits, cognitive stimulation and a socially active life are factors related to lifestyle that allow learning development and dementia to the general population and especially to patients with mild cognitive impairment. These conclusions are considered in the form of general recommendations to the health protection policies of the health agencies. Randomized studies are necessary to confirm the results of observational studies, to know the mechanisms of action and the recommendations for lifestyle to prevent the development of dementia.

Journal of Aging and Health, 2011

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) in the Mexican population. Method: The MHAS study is a prospective panel study of health and aging in Mexico with 7,000 elders that represent eight million participants nationally. Using measurements of cognition and activities of daily living of dementia cases and CIND were identified at baseline and follow-up. Overall incidence rates and specific rates for sex, age, and education were calculated. Results: Prevalence was 6.1% and 28.7% for dementia and CIND, respectively. Incidence rates were 27.3 per 1,000 person-years for dementia and 223 per 1,000 persons-year for CIND. Rates of dementia and CIND increased with advancing age and decreased with higher educational level; sex had a differential effect depending on the age strata. Hypertension, diabetes, and depression were risk factors for dementia but not for CIND. Discussion: These data provide estimates of prevalence ...

2012

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

Neuroepidemiology, 1995

Article abstract-objectiue: To determine the prevalence of AD and other dementias in a rural elderly Hindi-speaking population in Ballabgarh in northern India. Design: The authors performed a community survey of a cohort of 5,126 individuals aged 55 years and older, 73.3% of whom were illiterate. Hindi cognitive and functional screening instruments, developed for and validated in this population, were used to screen the cohort. A total of 536 subjects (10.5%) who met operational criteria for cognitive and functional impairment and a random sample of 270 unimpaired control subjects (5.3'10) underwent standardized clinical assessment for dementia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition diagnostic criteria, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria for probable and possible AD. Results: We found an overall prevalence rate of 0.84% (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.13) for all dementias with a CDR score of at least 0.5 in the population aged 55 years and older, and an overall prevalence rate of 1.36% (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.88) in the population aged 65 years and older. The overall prevalence rate for AD was 0.62% (95% CI, 0.43 to 0.88) in the population aged 55+ and 1.07% (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.53) in the population aged 65+. Greater age was associated significantly with higher prevalence of both AD and all dementias, but neither gender nor literacy was associated with prevalence. Conclusions: In this population, the prevalence of AD and other dementias was low, increased with age, and was not associated with gender or literacy. Possible explanations include low overall life expectancy, short survival with the disease, and low age-specific incidence potentially due to differences in the underlying distribution of risk and protective factors compared with populations with higher prevalence.

Physician Assistant Clinics, 2018

Cognitive impairment in older adults is underrecognized and dementia is underdiagnosed by providers in primary care. Early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults can improve care, reduce complications, and potentially reduce costs. Validated tools to screen for depression, mental status, and function are readily available, easy to use, and can easily be incorporated into regular care of older adults. A basic evaluation for memory or thinking complaints to identify treatable conditions should be part of primary care.

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease xx (20xx) x-xx, 2019

Dementia has become a major public health concern around the world. Dementia risk factors are significantly different among countries. The number of new cases of dementia anticipated each year worldwide is almost 7.7 million, one new case every four seconds. There are 3.6 million (46%) new cases per year in Asia, 2.3 million (31%) in Europe, 1.2 million (16%) in the Americas, and 0.5 million (7%) in Africa. Latin American and Caribbean low and middle-income countries are at high risk. Air pollution is an important risk modifiable factor for dementia across the world, and the recent report of the Alzheimer's disease continuum in children and young adults residing in Metropolitan Mexico City along with the presence of cognitive impairment in 55% of the young adult population residing in Mexican cities with fine particulate matter concentrations above the current USEPA annual standard of 12 g/m 3 makes this a severe public health problem in progress. It is imperative to keep generating epidemiological data on dementia worldwide and their relationship with air pollutants to improve the strategies to face all the challenges associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in particular. Alzheimer's disease is a fatal disease, we have no cure, and we ought to invest in protecting our citizens by intervening in modifiable environmental factors.

European Journal of General Practice, 2000

To assess the prevalence of dementia among the population of over 65 year olds attending primary healthcare outpatient clinics and to examine the association between this dementia and some sociodemographic variables. Methocis: Cross-sectional descriptive study encompassing persons aged over 65 years in the whole Spanish territory. The study population sample was collected through random sampling. A total of 5 169 persons were included. The Pfeiffer scale was used to assess all participants, and the Yesavage (for ruling out depression) and Hachinsky (for establishing aetiology) scales were used on those subjects with signs of dementia. The sociodemographic data were assessed by means of a survey. Resulis: Among the study population, 12.7% showed evidence of dementia (10.6% among males and 14.7% among females, P<o.Ol), which was severe in 20.5% of the cases. 70% of this dementia was of the degenerative type. Logistic regression analysis showed that there were differences for age, gender, social level and intake of more than three drugs in the prevalence of impairment of cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions: A high level of dementia exists in our elderly population. Their diagnosis in the primary healthcare setting is relatively simple and extremely useful in order to tackle cases at the earliest and most treatable stage.