Ventricular septal defect and associated complications

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences

BACKGROUND Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease in children. Our study was done with the aim to analyse the clinical profile and size and type of VSD in Paediatric patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Assam. METHOD This is a prospective cross-sectional study of 2 years' duration conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh. Children aged 1 month to 12 years with a clinical diagnosis of VSD were evaluated by echocardiography to confirm the diagnosis. Only isolated VSD cases were enrolled in the study. Data was entered and analysed by SPSS version 16. RESULT Among the total of 70 cases, 47.1% were female and 52.9% were male; 54.3 % cases presented in infancy and 46 patients (65.7%) had their first symptom before one year. Perimembranous was the commonest (74.3%) followed by muscular (22.9%) and doubly committed subarterial (2.9%) VSD. Common symptoms were cough (68.6%), fever (68.6%), breathlessness (52.9%), feeding problem (45.7%), failure to thrive (45.7%) and fatigue (40%). Pansystolic murmur (100%), tachypnoea (62.9%), tachycardia (62.9%), crepitations (57.1%), subcostal retraction (45.7%), hepatomegaly (34.3%) and wheeze (20%) were the frequent clinical findings. Complications associated were pneumonia (57.1%), malnutrition (51.4%), congestive cardiac failure (CCF) (34.3%) and pulmonary hypertension (17.1%). CONCLUSION Perimembranous was the commonest type of VSD. Small VSD presented with mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. Moderate and large VSD presented with severe symptoms and complications. Clinical examination and diagnostic modalities like chest X-ray, ECG and echocardiography is helpful in diagnosing VSD. Early diagnosis and management will help in preventing the associated complications, thereby reducing the mortality and morbidity in these children.

Military Medical Science Letters

The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital lesion characterized by the presence of an opening between cardiac chambers. The treatment might involve medical therapy to control symptoms or in certain cases, surgical resuscitation might be required. Objectives: The study was conducted to establish a database about the prevalence and pattern of VSD and their prognosis in children referred to by echocardiography in Ibn-Sena Teaching Hospital over the period of March 2019 to January 2020. Method: The present study is a prospective descriptive study conducted on all patients diagnosed with cardiac lesions revealed by echocardiography. The sample included in the study involves newborns (day 1) to 14-years-old children. Result: Out of 500 children included in the study; most of these cases were cyanotic congenital heart lesions and out of which two-third were perimembranous defects. Conclusion: The study concluded a higher prevalence of non-cyanotic lesions and peri-membranous type is the commonest VSD lesion.

International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 2021

Background and aims: Since ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease, this study aimed to investigate its prevalence, characteristics, and associated diseases in a referral children’s heart clinic in south of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that was conducted based on the databases of children with heart diseases, patients under 18 years of age referring to Imam Reza clinic were examined. All patients with at least one record of VSD in echocardiography during 2016-2017 were included. Demographic and echocardiographic characteristics including size of VSD, shunt gradient, pulmonary hypertension (PH), aortic regurgitation, and associated cyanotic and acyanotic defects were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of VSD found in 7458 echocardiography records was 12%, the median age of patients was 9.3, and the male/female ratio was 1.08. The perimembranous VSDs were determined to be the most common types of VSD. The most common associated compli...

Archives of disease in childhood, 2016

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital heart defects (CHDs). Previous studies indicate an increased risk of endocarditis, aortic regurgitation, left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with isolated VSDs. The present nationwide cohort study reports mortality and cardiac complications requiring hospitalisation or intervention in children with isolated VSDs. Medical information concerning all 943 871 live births in Norway in 1994-2009 was retrieved from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway project, the Oslo University Hospital's Clinical Registry of Congenital Heart Defects and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Isolated VSDs were identified in 3495 children without known chromosomal aberrations or extracardiac malformations. Surgical or catheter-based treatment of VSD was performed in 181 (5.2%) cases. Twelve (0.3%) children with VSDs died befor...

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2019

BACKGROUND Right and left ventricles of human heart are separated by interventricular septum. The septum develops in early embryonic period from three sources: primitive ventricular septum, bulbar septum and endocardial cushion. Primitive ventricular septum forms the major part of muscular septum, some contribution comes from bulbar septum. Endocardial cushion forms the membranous part of ventricular septum. Obviously, these three parts fuse to form a complete septum. Sometimes they do not fuse properly, or one of them does not proliferate properly, leading to formation of a defective septum containing one or more foramina. This condition is called ventricular septal defect. Commonly, endocardial cushion does not proliferate properly producing defect in membranous septum. Less commonly foramina are situated in muscular septum. Perimembranous VSD is described as foramen lies in membranous septum and surrounding it, which is due to non-proliferation of endocardial cushion as stated above, and also due to non-fusion of two bulbar septi. So VSDs may be perimembranous or muscular. In the University of Padua, Itali, Dr. Gaetono Thiene dissected several cadaveric heart specimens and found many cases of VSDs. Among them, perimembranous VSD was the most common (90%); some were muscular (10%) and some were having more than one orifice (10%). In our study, we try to find out the types of VSDs by echocardiography in living subjects and then compare it with the data of Dr. Gaetono Thiene. METHODS By simple random sampling method, two hundred patients of age group 1-12 years having clinical features of VSD were chosen in the Cardiology OPD, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. By echocardiography, VSD was confirmed along with its type. The findings were tabulated, and the data was statistically analysed. RESULTS We got 83% perimembranous VSD, 15.5% muscular VSD and 1.5% having more than one orifice in the ventricular septum. CONCLUSIONS Perimembranous VSD is so far the most common, next is the muscular VSD.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC

While there is much data on cardiac problems of adults, there is a limited statistical data available to evaluate the magnitude of the cardiac problems in children in Pakistan. Many of these children present with recurrent chest infections and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and are managed by general practitioners. A careful search for underlying cardiac problems and awareness about the presentation of CCF and its magnitude will definitely decrease the morbidity and mortality of these children. The objective of this study was to see the frequency and clinical presentation of CCF in children with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Forty-nine patients met the preset criteria during the study period of 6 months. A detailed history and physical examination with special emphasis on symptoms and signs was sought and the findings were noted in a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS-11. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all categorical variables. CCF in VSD was found m...

Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics

Background Cardiac morphogenesis is a dynamic and complex process that involves a complex interaction of many genetic and environmental factors. Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the commonest congenital heart defects (CHDs), accounting for ~ 40% of all cardiac malformations. In Pakistan, the prevalence of VSD is increasing (4–6 in 1000 live births). In the current study, we aimed to determine the pattern of different hematological parameters and various risk factors in VSDs in local pediatric patients. We recruited the clinically diagnosed VSD children (n = 125) from various hospitals. The diagnosis was made based on echocardiography, size, number, and exact location of the defect. Hematological parameters, chemical pathological assays, and liver function analysis were performed. The blood group distribution and various risk factors were also assessed. The statistical analysis was done using the SPSS (IBM statistics version 22) software. Results The results showed that for RBCs...

Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgão oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, 2014

This is the first study in Angola with the aim of characterizing ventricular septal defect (VSD) among children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study based on echocardiographic records of the largest pediatric cardiology center in Angola included all children and adolescents (0 to 18 years old) with VSD between April 2010 and March 2011. The diagnosis was made by transthoracic and Doppler echocardiography with a Medison SA 8000 system. The sample was divided into two groups: Group 1, isolated VSD; and Group 2, VSD associated with other congenital heart defects (CHDs). Age, gender, type of VSD, associated CHDs and genetic syndromes were assessed. A total of 490 CHDs were diagnosed, of which 283 were VSDs. In Group 1 (140, 49%) the mean age was 29±36 months. The most frequent age (mode) at diagnosis was 24 months. There was no predominance of gender (ratio 1:1). The majority (127, 91%) had perimembranous VSD. In Group 2 (143, 51%) 113 patients (79%) had one, 27 patients (19%) had t...

Turkish Journal of Pediatrics

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and spontaneous closure rate of ventricular septal defects in a randomly selected newborn population, using color flow Doppler echocardiographic screening. Color flow Doppler echocardiographic screening was performed in 1075 neonates within the first 72 hours of life. We also followed-up patients with ventricular septal defect for a year to detect spontaneous closure rate and its timing. The incidences of ventricular septal defect in all neonates, preterm neonates and term neonates were found as 47.4/1,000, 56/1,000 and 46.3/1,000 live births, respectively. All patients with ventricular septal defect except one were asymptomatic. Forty-six cases had a trabecular and five cases had perimembranous ventricular septal defect. With the exception of one case, all had a small ventricular septal defect (< or =3 mm). Spontaneous closure was observed in 88.6% of ventricular septal defects within the first year. Closure rate was found as 1...

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Introduction: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a common congenital heart disease. Three therapeutic approaches exist to treat this anomaly: observation and regular follow-up, surgical closure, and Tran’s catheter intervention. We seek through this study to determine the appropriate indications for surgical and non­surgical treatment of VSD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicentric study between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2020 on 942 VSD carriers. Cases with isolated VSD were studied for age of presentation, sex, type of VSD, and VSD outcome. Results: Majority of our patients (60.5%) had a perimembranous VSD. During 20 years of follow-up, 220 underwent an intervention for their cardiac anomaly (either surgery or catheterization) and 722 received medical treatment and were under observation. Among patients who were solely monitored, 36.7% patients had a complete spontaneous closure of their VSD, 20.9% had a partial closure, and 39.9% had an unchanged VSD size. Patients w...